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Akl EM, El-Eraki JM, Elfallah AA, Mohamed NH, Maher AM, Mansour AE, Abdelsalam OH. Does Indoxyl Sulfate Have a Role in Uremic Pruritus? A Laboratory and Interventional Study. J Cutan Med Surg 2024; 28:44-50. [PMID: 38156627 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231220935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pruritus is a common complaint in patients with end-stage renal disease. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a tryptophan end metabolite extremely renal excreted. Activated charcoal can interfere with IS intestinal absorption. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the serum level of IS and the effect of activated charcoal on uremic pruritus. MATERIALS AND METHODS In all, 135 participants were divided into 2 main groups. In total, 45 normal and healthy individuals as a control group and 90 patients on regular hemodialysis; 45 of these patients had uremic pruritus and the other 45 were not complaining of uremic pruritus. Serum IS was measured. Activated charcoal was used by patients with uremic pruritus. The severity of pruritus and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) were assessed. RESULTS The serum IS was significantly elevated in uremic patients than in control subjects (P < .001) and significantly elevated in uremic patients without pruritus (P < .001). Furthermore, there were positive significant correlations between the serum IS and both severity of pruritus (P < .001) and DLQI (P < .001). After activated charcoal usage, there was a significant decrease in IS level with the improvement of pruritus and quality of life of patients. CONCLUSIONS IS may play a role in uremic pruritus. Activated charcoal could be considered a treatment for uremic pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Mohamed Akl
- Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Jeylan M El-Eraki
- Specialist of Dermatology and Andrology, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Assma A Elfallah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Nelly H Mohamed
- Specialist of Clinical Pathology, Ministry of Health and Population, Benha, Egypt
| | - Amr M Maher
- Specialist of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Osama H Abdelsalam
- Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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Pieniazek A, Bernasinska-Slomczewska J, Hikisz P. Indoxyl sulfate induces apoptosis in mononuclear blood cells via mitochondrial pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14044. [PMID: 37640757 PMCID: PMC10462746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequence of chronic kidney disease is the accumulation of metabolic products called uremic toxins in the body. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a toxin with a high affinity for proteins. This study focuses on the deleterious effect of IS, especially apoptosis induction, in mononuclear blood cells (MNCs). Thus, in MNCs treated with IS at three different concentrations for 24 h, the survival, mitochondrial potential, caspases activity and expression, Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression, DNA damage, and PARP degradation were estimated. The study showed a decrease in survival and mitochondrial potential of MNCs treated with IS compared to the control. IS increased the activity of caspase 2-, 3-, 9-, and the expression of caspase 3-, and 9- in MNCs but does not affect the activity of caspase 6- and 8. The treatment of MNCs with IS also increased DNA damage and degradation of PARP. Indoxyl sulfate significantly influences the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. Indoxyl sulfate induces the programmed death of MNCs through the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The observed cellular changes are mostly dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pieniazek
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bernasinska-Slomczewska
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel Hikisz
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
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Ke H, Chen Z, Zhao X, Yang C, Luo T, Ou W, Wang L, Liu H. Research progress on activation transcription factor 3: A promising cardioprotective molecule. Life Sci 2023:121869. [PMID: 37355225 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Activation transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding family, can be induced by a variety of stresses. Numerous studies have indicated that ATF3 plays multiple roles in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertrophy, fibrosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, cardiomyopathy, and other cardiac dysfunctions. In past decades, ATF3 has been demonstrated to be detrimental to some cardiac diseases. Current studies have indicated that ATF3 can function as a cardioprotective molecule in antioxidative stress, lipid metabolic metabolism, energy metabolic regulation, and cell death modulation. To unveil the potential therapeutic role of ATF3 in cardiovascular diseases, we organized this review to explore the protective effects and mechanisms of ATF3 on cardiac dysfunction, which might provide rational evidence for the prevention and cure of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoteng Ke
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Zexing Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xuanbin Zhao
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Chaobo Yang
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wen Ou
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Lizi Wang
- Department of Health Management, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Haiqiong Liu
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Department of Health Management, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
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4
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Duncan RS, Riordan SM, Hall CW, Payne AJ, Chapman KD, Koulen P. N-acylethanolamide metabolizing enzymes are upregulated in human neural progenitor-derived neurons exposed to sub-lethal oxidative stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:902278. [PMID: 36003139 PMCID: PMC9393304 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.902278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acyl amides (NAAs) are a class of lipids that consist of an acyl group N-linked to an amino acid, neurotransmitter, taurine or ethanolamide group (N-acylethanolamines or NAEs) and include some endocannabinoids (eCB) such as anandamide. These lipids are synthesized in a wide variety of organisms and in multiple cell types, including neurons. NAEs are involved in numerous cellular and physiological processes and their concentrations are elevated in response to ischemia and physical trauma to play a role in neuroprotection. The neuroprotective properties of eCB NAEs make the protein targets of these compounds attractive targets for clinical intervention for a variety of conditions. The most promising of these targets include cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Further characterization of these targets in a more contemporary model system of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection will allow us to fully describe their role and mechanism of action in neuroprotection against oxidative stress leading to better utilization in the clinical setting. Human stem cell-derived or human neural progenitor cell-derived cells, such as ReN cells, have become more utilized for the study of human neuronal development and neurodegenerative diseases. ReN cells can be easily differentiated thereby circumventing the need for using transformed cell lines and primary neurons as cell model systems. In this study, we determined whether ReN cells, a superior cell model system for studying neurodevelopment, differentiation, and neuroprotection, express proteins involved in canonical eCB NAE signaling and whether oxidative stress can induce their expression. We determined that sublethal oxidative stress upregulates the expression of all eCB proteins tested. In addition, we determined that oxidative stress increases the nuclear localization of FAAH, and to a lesser extent, NAAA and NAPE-PLD. This study is a first step toward determining how oxidative stress affects CB1, CB2, FAAH, NAAA, and NAPE-PLD expression and their potential defense against oxidative stress. As such, our data is important for further determining the role of eCB metabolizing proteins and eCB receptors against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Sean M. Riordan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Conner W. Hall
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Andrew J. Payne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Peter Koulen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter Koulen,
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Kang E, Lee SW, Ryu H, Kang M, Kim S, Park SK, Jung JY, Lee K, Han SH, Ahn C, Oh K. Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Analysis of KNOW-CKD Data. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025554. [PMID: 35766277 PMCID: PMC9333375 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.025554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Few studies have examined the association between the early diastolic mitral inflow velocity/early diastolic mitral annulus velocity ratio (E/e') and chronic kidney disease progression. Methods and Results We reviewed data from 2238 patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease from the KNOW-CKD (Korean Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease); data from 163 patients were excluded because of missing content. A >50% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline, doubling of serum creatinine, or dialysis initiation and/or kidney transplantation were considered renal events. At baseline, median (interquartile range) ejection fraction and E/e' were 64.0% (60.0%-68.0%) and 9.1 (7.4-11.9), respectively. Proportions of ejection fraction <50% and E/e' ≥15 were 1.3% and 9.6%, respectively. More than one quarter of patients (27.2%) had an estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min per 1.73 m2. During the mean 59.1-month follow-up period, 724 patients (34.9%) experienced renal events. In multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, the hazard ratio with 95% CI per 1-unit increase in E/e' was 1.027 (1.005-1.050; P=0.016). Penalized spline curve analysis yielded a suggested threshold of E/e' for renal events of 12; in our data set, the proportion of E/e' ≥12 was 4.1%. Conclusions Increased E/e' was associated with an increased hazard of renal events, suggesting that diastolic heart dysfunction is a novel risk factor for chronic kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjeong Kang
- Department of Internal MedicineEwha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sung Woo Lee
- Department of Internal MedicineUijeongbu Eulji University Medical Center, Uijeongbu‐siGyeonggi‐doSouth Korea
| | - Hyunjin Ryu
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Minjung Kang
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seonmi Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sue K. Park
- Department of Preventive MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical ScienceSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Ji Yong Jung
- Department of Internal MedicineGachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of MedicineIncheonSouth Korea
| | - Kyu‐Beck Lee
- Department of Internal MedicineKangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal MedicineInstitute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Medical CenterSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kook‐Hwan Oh
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
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ATF3 Promotes Arsenic-Induced Apoptosis and Oppositely Regulates DR5 and Bcl-xL Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084223. [PMID: 33921748 PMCID: PMC8072958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is one of the most common environmental pollutants eliciting serious public health issues; however, it is also a well-recognized chemotherapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia. The association between arsenic exposure and lung diseases has been established, but underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. Here we investigated the toxicology of arsenic in airway epithelium. Arsenic rapidly induced the activating transcription factor ATF3 expression through the JNK and p38 pathways. The ATF3-deficient BEAS-2B cells were relatively resistant to apoptosis upon arsenic exposure, indicating a facilitatory role of ATF3 in arsenic-induced apoptosis. We further showed that ATF3 oppositely regulated the transcription of death receptor (DR5) and Bcl2-like 1 (Bcl-xL) by directly binding to the promoter DR5 and Bcl-xL. Altogether, our findings establish ATF3 as a pro-apoptotic protein in arsenic-induced airway epithelial apoptosis through transcriptionally regulating DR5 and Bcl-xL, highlighting the potential of ATF3 as an early and sensitive biomarker for arsenic-caused lung injury.
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7
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Lusini M, Nenna A, Chello M. Endocannabinoid system: A new player in the percutaneous and surgical treatment of coronary artery disease? Int J Cardiol 2020; 322:211-212. [PMID: 32861715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lusini
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Chello
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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Bansal N, Zelnick L, Go A, Anderson A, Christenson R, Deo R, Defilippi C, Lash J, He J, Ky B, Seliger S, Soliman E, Shlipak M. Cardiac Biomarkers and Risk of Incident Heart Failure in Chronic Kidney Disease: The CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012336. [PMID: 31645163 PMCID: PMC6898812 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiac biomarkers may signal mechanistic pathways involved in heart failure (HF), a leading complication in chronic kidney disease. We tested the associations of NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide), high‐sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT), galectin‐3, growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15), and soluble ST2 (sST2) with incident HF in chronic kidney disease. Methods and Results We examined adults with chronic kidney disease enrolled in a prospective, multicenter study. All biomarkers were measured at baseline. The primary outcome was incident HF. Secondary outcomes included HF with preserved ejection fraction (EF≥50%) and reduced ejection fraction (EF<50%). Cox models were used to test the association of each cardiac biomarker with HF, adjusting for demographics, kidney function, cardiovascular risk factors, and medication use. Among 3314 participants, all biomarkers, with the exception of galectin‐3, were significantly associated with increased risk of incident HF (hazard ratio per SD higher concentration of log‐transformed biomarker): NT‐proBNP (hazard ratio, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.79–2.39); hsTnT (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.21–1.56); GDF‐15 (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.26–1.66) and sST2 (hazard ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05–1.35). Higher NT‐proBNP, hsTnT, and GDF‐15 were also associated with a greater risk of HF with reduced EF; while higher NT‐proBNP GDF‐15 and sST2 were associated with HF with preserved EF. Galectin‐3 was not associated with either HF with reduced EF or HF with preserved EF. Conclusions In chronic kidney disease, elevations of NT‐proBNP, hsTnT, GDF‐15, sST2 were associated with incident HF. There was a borderline association of galectin‐3 with incident HF. NT‐proBNP and hsTnT were more strongly associated with HF with reduced EF, while the associations of the newer biomarkers GDF‐15 and sST2 were stronger for HF with preserved EF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan Go
- Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California Oakland CA
| | | | | | - Rajat Deo
- University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | | | | | - Jiang He
- Tulane University New Orleans LA
| | - Bonnie Ky
- University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
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9
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Mitochondria as a Source and a Target for Uremic Toxins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123094. [PMID: 31242575 PMCID: PMC6627204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the uremic syndrome is a very challenging task. More than 130 substances are now considered to be "uremic toxins" and represent a very diverse group of molecules. The toxicity of these molecules affects many cellular processes, and expectably, some of them are able to disrupt mitochondrial functioning. However, mitochondria can be the source of uremic toxins as well, as the mitochondrion can be the site of complete synthesis of the toxin, whereas in some scenarios only some enzymes of the pathway of toxin synthesis are localized here. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondria as both the target and source of pathological processes and toxic compounds during uremia. Our analysis revealed about 30 toxins closely related to mitochondria. Moreover, since mitochondria are key regulators of cellular redox homeostasis, their functioning might directly affect the production of uremic toxins, especially those that are products of oxidation or peroxidation of cellular components, such as aldehydes, advanced glycation end-products, advanced lipoxidation end-products, and reactive carbonyl species. Additionally, as a number of metabolic products can be degraded in the mitochondria, mitochondrial dysfunction would therefore be expected to cause accumulation of such toxins in the organism. Alternatively, many uremic toxins (both made with the participation of mitochondria, and originated from other sources including exogenous) are damaging to mitochondrial components, especially respiratory complexes. As a result, a positive feedback loop emerges, leading to the amplification of the accumulation of uremic solutes. Therefore, uremia leads to the appearance of mitochondria-damaging compounds, and consecutive mitochondrial damage causes a further rise of uremic toxins, whose synthesis is associated with mitochondria. All this makes mitochondrion an important player in the pathogenesis of uremia and draws attention to the possibility of reducing the pathological consequences of uremia by protecting mitochondria and reducing their role in the production of uremic toxins.
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Zhang D, Cao Y, Zuo Y, Wang Z, Mi X, Tang W. Integrated bioinformatics analysis reveals novel hub genes closely associated with pathological mechanisms of immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1235-1245. [PMID: 31316619 PMCID: PMC6601137 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerular disease. The major pathological changes associated with it affect cell proliferation, fibrosis, apoptosis, inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. However, the molecular events underlying IgAN remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, an integrated bioinformatics analysis was applied to further explore novel potential gene targets for IgAN. The mRNA expression profile datasets GSE93798 and GSE37460 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. After data preprocessing, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of DEGs was performed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the DEGs were built with the STRING online search tool and visualized by using Cytoscape, and hub genes were identified through the degree of connectivity in the PPI. The hub genes were subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, and co-expression analysis was performed. A total of 298 DEGs between IgAN and control groups were identified, and 148 and 150 of these DEGs were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. The DEGs were enriched in distinct GO terms for Biological Process, including cell growth, epithelial cell proliferation, ERK1 and ERK2 cascades, regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway and ECM organization. The top 10 hub genes were then screened from the PPI network by Cytoscape. As novel hub genes, Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit and early growth response 1 were determined to be closely associated with apoptosis and cell proliferation in IgAN. Tumor protein 53, integrin subunit β2 and fibronectin 1 may also be involved in the occurrence and development of IgAN. Co-expression analysis suggested that these hub genes were closely linked with each other. In conclusion, the present integrated bioinformatics analysis provided novel insight into the molecular events and novel candidate gene targets of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Yiling Cao
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Yongdi Zuo
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Xuhua Mi
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Wanxin Tang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
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