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Horn PJ, Chapman KD. Imaging plant metabolism in situ. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:1654-1670. [PMID: 37889862 PMCID: PMC10938046 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has emerged as an invaluable analytical technique for investigating the spatial distribution of molecules within biological systems. In the realm of plant science, MSI is increasingly employed to explore metabolic processes across a wide array of plant tissues, including those in leaves, fruits, stems, roots, and seeds, spanning various plant systems such as model species, staple and energy crops, and medicinal plants. By generating spatial maps of metabolites, MSI has elucidated the distribution patterns of diverse metabolites and phytochemicals, encompassing lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, phenolics, terpenes, alkaloids, vitamins, pigments, and others, thereby providing insights into their metabolic pathways and functional roles. In this review, we present recent MSI studies that demonstrate the advances made in visualizing the plant spatial metabolome. Moreover, we emphasize the technical progress that enhances the identification and interpretation of spatial metabolite maps. Within a mere decade since the inception of plant MSI studies, this robust technology is poised to continue as a vital tool for tackling complex challenges in plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Horn
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX 76203, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton TX 76203, USA
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Scholz P, Chapman KD, Ischebeck T, Guzha A. Analysis of Pectin-derived Monosaccharides from Arabidopsis Using GC-MS. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4746. [PMID: 37638300 PMCID: PMC10450732 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide present in the plant cell wall, whose composition is constantly remodelled to adapt to environmental or developmental changes. Mutants with altered pectin composition have been reported to exhibit altered stress or pathogen resistance. Understanding the link between mutant phenotypes and their pectin composition requires robust analytical methods to detect changes in the relative monosaccharide composition. Here, we describe a quick and efficient gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based method that allows the differential analysis of pectin monosaccharide composition in plants under different conditions or between mutant plants and their respective wild types. Pectin is extracted from seed mucilage or from the alcohol-insoluble residue prepared from leaves or other organs and is subsequently hydrolysed with trifluoracetic acid. The resulting acidic and neutral monosaccharides are then derivatised and measured simultaneously by GC-MS. Key features Comparative analysis of monosaccharide content in Arabidopsis-derived pectin between different genotypes or different treatments. Procedures for two sources of pectin are shown: seed coat mucilage and alcohol-insoluble residue. Allows quick analyses of neutral and acidic monosaccharides simultaneously. Graphical overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Scholz
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Green Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Athanas Guzha
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Scholz P, Chapman KD, Ischebeck T, Guzha A. Quantification of Botrytis cinerea Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4740. [PMID: 37638304 PMCID: PMC10450733 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yield losses attributed to plant pathogens pose a serious threat to plant productivity and food security. Botrytis cinerea is one of the most devastating plant pathogens, infecting a wide array of plant species; it has also been established as a model organism to study plant-pathogen interactions. In this context, development of different assays to follow the relative success of B. cinerea infections is required. Here, we describe two methods to quantify B. cinerea development in Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes through measurements of lesion development and quantification of fungal genomic DNA in infected tissues. This provides two independent techniques that are useful in assessing the susceptibility or tolerance of different Arabidopsis genotypes to B. cinerea. Key features Protocol for the propagation of the necrotrophic plant pathogen fungus Botrytis cinerea and spore production. Two methods of Arabidopsis thaliana infection with the pathogen using droplet and spray inoculation. Two readouts, either by measuring lesion size or by the quantification of fungal DNA using quantitative PCR. The two methods are applicable across plant species susceptible the B. cinerea. Graphical overview A simplified overview of the droplet and spray infection methods used for the determination of B. cinerea growth in different Arabidopsis genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Scholz
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Green Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Athanas Guzha
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
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Abstract
Lipid droplets, also known as oil bodies or lipid bodies, are plant organelles that compartmentalize neutral lipids as a hydrophobic matrix covered by proteins embedded in a phospholipid monolayer. Some of these proteins have been known for decades, such as oleosins, caleosins, and steroleosins, whereas a host of others have been discovered more recently with various levels of abundance on lipid droplets, depending on the tissue and developmental stage. In addition to a growing inventory of lipid droplet proteins, the subcellular machinery that contributes to the biogenesis and degradation of lipid droplets is being identified and attention is turning to more mechanistic questions regarding lipid droplet dynamics. While lipid droplets are mostly regarded as storage deposits for carbon and energy in lipid-rich plant tissues such as seeds, these organelles are present in essentially all plant cells, where they display additional functions in signaling, membrane remodeling, and the compartmentalization of a variety of hydrophobic components. Remarkable metabolic engineering efforts have demonstrated the plasticity of vegetative tissues such as leaves to synthesize and package large amounts of storage lipids, which enable future applications in bioenergy and the engineering of high-value lipophilic compounds. Here, we review the growing body of knowledge about lipid droplets in plant cells, describe the evolutionary similarity and divergence in their associated subcellular machinery, and point to gaps that deserve future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanas Guzha
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA;
| | - Payton Whitehead
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA;
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA;
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Arias-Gaguancela O, Herrell E, Aziz M, Chapman KD. Two legume fatty acid amide hydrolase isoforms with distinct preferences for microbial- and plant-derived acylamides. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7486. [PMID: 37161076 PMCID: PMC10169808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a widely conserved amidase in eukaryotes, perhaps best known for inactivating N-acylethanolamine lipid mediators. However, FAAH enzymes hydrolyze a wide range of acylamide substrates. Analysis of FAAHs from multiple angiosperm species revealed two conserved phylogenetic groups that differed in key conserved residues in the substrate binding pocket. While the foundation group of plant FAAHs, designated FAAH1, has been studied at the structural and functional level in Arabidopsis thaliana, nothing is known about FAAH2 members. Here, we combined computational and biochemical approaches to compare the structural and enzymatic properties of two FAAH isoforms in the legume Medicago truncatula designated MtFAAH1 and MtFAAH2a. Differences in structural and physicochemical properties of the substrate binding pockets, predicted from homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation experiments, suggested that these two FAAH isoforms would exhibit differences in their amidohydrolase activity profiles. Indeed, kinetic studies of purified, recombinant MtFAAHs indicated a reciprocal preference for acylamide substrates with MtFAAH1 more efficiently utilizing long-chain acylamides, and MtFAAH2a more efficiently hydrolyzing short-chain and aromatic acylamides. This first report of the enzymatic behavior of two phylogenetically distinct plant FAAHs will provide a foundation for further investigations regarding FAAH isoforms in legumes and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Arias-Gaguancela
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Emily Herrell
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mina Aziz
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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Arias-Gaguancela O, Aziz M, Chapman KD. Fatty acid amide hydrolase and 9-lipoxygenase modulate cotton seedling growth by ethanolamide oxylipin levels. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:1234-1253. [PMID: 36472510 PMCID: PMC9922431 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) can be hydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or oxidized by lipoxygenase (LOX). In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the 9-LOX product of linoleoylethanolamide, namely, 9-hydroxy linoleoylethanolamide (9-NAE-HOD), is reported to negatively regulate seedling development during secondary dormancy. In upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), six putative FAAH genes (from two diverged groups) and six potential 9-LOX genes are present; however, their involvement in 9-NAE-HOD metabolism and its regulation of seedling development remain unexplored. Here, we report that in cotton plants, two specific FAAH isoforms (GhFAAH Ib and GhFAAH IIb) are needed for hydrolysis of certain endogenous NAEs. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of either or both FAAHs led to reduced seedling growth and this coincided with reduced amidohydrolase activities and elevated quantities of endogenous 9-NAE-HOD. Transcripts of GhLOX21 were consistently elevated in FAAH-silenced tissues, and co-silencing of GhLOX21 and GhFAAH (Ib and/or IIb) led to reversal of seedling growth to normal levels (comparable with no silencing). This was concomitant with reductions in the levels of 9-NAE-HOD, but not of 13-NAE-HOD. Pharmacological experiments corroborated the genetic and biochemical evidence, demonstrating that direct application of 9-NAE-HOD, but not 13-NAE-HOD or their corresponding free fatty acid oxylipins, inhibited the growth of cotton seedlings. Additionally, VIGS of GhLOX21 in cotton lines overexpressing AtFAAH exhibited enhanced growth and no detectable 9-NAE-HOD. Altogether, we conclude that the growth of cotton seedlings involves fine-tuning of 9-NAE-HOD levels via FAAH-mediated hydrolysis and LOX-mediated production, expanding the mechanistic understanding of plant growth modulation by NAE oxylipins to a perennial crop species.
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Romsdahl TB, Cocuron JC, Pearson MJ, Alonso AP, Chapman KD. A lipidomics platform to analyze the fatty acid compositions of non-polar and polar lipid molecular species from plant tissues: Examples from developing seeds and seedlings of pennycress ( Thlaspi arvense). Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1038161. [PMID: 36438089 PMCID: PMC9682148 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1038161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The lipidome comprises the total content of molecular species of each lipid class, and is measured using the analytical techniques of lipidomics. Many liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods have previously been described to characterize the lipidome. However, many lipidomic approaches may not fully uncover the subtleties of lipid molecular species, such as the full fatty acid (FA) composition of certain lipid classes. Here, we describe a stepwise targeted lipidomics approach to characterize the polar and non-polar lipid classes using complementary LC-MS methods. Our "polar" method measures 260 molecular species across 12 polar lipid classes, and is performed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) on a NH2 column to separate lipid classes by their headgroup. Our "non-polar" method measures 254 molecular species across three non-polar lipid classes, separating molecular species on their FA characteristics by reverse phase (RP) chromatography on a C30 column. Five different extraction methods were compared, with an MTBE-based extraction chosen for the final lipidomics workflow. A state-of-the-art strategy to determine and relatively quantify the FA composition of triacylglycerols is also described. This lipidomics workflow was applied to developing, mature, and germinated pennycress seeds/seedlings and found unexpected changes among several lipid molecular species. During development, diacylglycerols predominantly contained long chain length FAs, which contrasted with the very long chain FAs of triacylglycerols in mature seeds. Potential metabolic explanations are discussed. The lack of very long chain fatty acids in diacylglycerols of germinating seeds may indicate very long chain FAs, such as erucic acid, are preferentially channeled into beta-oxidation for energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor B. Romsdahl
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
- BioAnalytical Facility, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
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Scholz P, Chapman KD, Mullen RT, Ischebeck T. Finding new friends and revisiting old ones - how plant lipid droplets connect with other subcellular structures. New Phytol 2022; 236:833-838. [PMID: 35851478 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The number of described contact sites between different subcellular compartments and structures in eukaryotic cells has increased dramatically in recent years and, as such, has substantially reinforced the well-known premise that these kinds of connections are essential for overall cellular organization and the proper functioning of cellular metabolic and signaling pathways. Here, we discuss contact sites involving plant lipid droplets (LDs), including LD-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) connections that mediate the biogenesis of new LDs at the ER, LD-peroxisome connections, that facilitate the degradation of LD-stored triacylglycerols (TAGs), and the more recently discovered LD-plasma membrane connections, which involve at least three novel proteins, but have a yet unknown physiological function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Bio-Discovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Green Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
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Duncan RS, Riordan SM, Hall CW, Payne AJ, Chapman KD, Koulen P. N-acylethanolamide metabolizing enzymes are upregulated in human neural progenitor-derived neurons exposed to sub-lethal oxidative stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:902278. [PMID: 36003139 PMCID: PMC9393304 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.902278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acyl amides (NAAs) are a class of lipids that consist of an acyl group N-linked to an amino acid, neurotransmitter, taurine or ethanolamide group (N-acylethanolamines or NAEs) and include some endocannabinoids (eCB) such as anandamide. These lipids are synthesized in a wide variety of organisms and in multiple cell types, including neurons. NAEs are involved in numerous cellular and physiological processes and their concentrations are elevated in response to ischemia and physical trauma to play a role in neuroprotection. The neuroprotective properties of eCB NAEs make the protein targets of these compounds attractive targets for clinical intervention for a variety of conditions. The most promising of these targets include cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Further characterization of these targets in a more contemporary model system of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection will allow us to fully describe their role and mechanism of action in neuroprotection against oxidative stress leading to better utilization in the clinical setting. Human stem cell-derived or human neural progenitor cell-derived cells, such as ReN cells, have become more utilized for the study of human neuronal development and neurodegenerative diseases. ReN cells can be easily differentiated thereby circumventing the need for using transformed cell lines and primary neurons as cell model systems. In this study, we determined whether ReN cells, a superior cell model system for studying neurodevelopment, differentiation, and neuroprotection, express proteins involved in canonical eCB NAE signaling and whether oxidative stress can induce their expression. We determined that sublethal oxidative stress upregulates the expression of all eCB proteins tested. In addition, we determined that oxidative stress increases the nuclear localization of FAAH, and to a lesser extent, NAAA and NAPE-PLD. This study is a first step toward determining how oxidative stress affects CB1, CB2, FAAH, NAAA, and NAPE-PLD expression and their potential defense against oxidative stress. As such, our data is important for further determining the role of eCB metabolizing proteins and eCB receptors against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Sean M. Riordan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Conner W. Hall
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Andrew J. Payne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Peter Koulen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter Koulen,
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Johnston C, García Navarrete LT, Ortiz E, Romsdahl TB, Guzha A, Chapman KD, Grotewold E, Alonso AP. Effective Mechanisms for Improving Seed Oil Production in Pennycress ( Thlaspi arvense L.) Highlighted by Integration of Comparative Metabolomics and Transcriptomics. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:943585. [PMID: 35909773 PMCID: PMC9330397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.943585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pennycress is a potentially lucrative biofuel crop due to its high content of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, and because it uses non-conventional pathways to achieve efficient oil production. However, metabolic engineering is required to improve pennycress oilseed content and make it an economically viable source of aviation fuel. Research is warranted to determine if further upregulation of these non-conventional pathways could improve oil production within the species even more, which would indicate these processes serve as promising metabolic engineering targets and could provide the improvement necessary for economic feasibility of this crop. To test this hypothesis, we performed a comparative biomass, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses between a high oil accession (HO) and low oil accession (LO) of pennycress to assess potential factors required to optimize oil content. An evident reduction in glycolysis intermediates, improved oxidative pentose phosphate pathway activity, malate accumulation in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and an anaplerotic pathway upregulation were noted in the HO genotype. Additionally, higher levels of threonine aldolase transcripts imply a pyruvate bypass mechanism for acetyl-CoA production. Nucleotide sugar and ascorbate accumulation also were evident in HO, suggesting differential fate of associated carbon between the two genotypes. An altered transcriptome related to lipid droplet (LD) biosynthesis and stability suggests a contribution to a more tightly-packed LD arrangement in HO cotyledons. In addition to the importance of central carbon metabolism augmentation, alternative routes of carbon entry into fatty acid synthesis and modification, as well as transcriptionally modified changes in LD regulation, are key aspects of metabolism and storage associated with economically favorable phenotypes of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Johnston
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | | | - Emmanuel Ortiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Trevor B. Romsdahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Athanas Guzha
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
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Arias‐Gaguancela O, Adhikari B, Aziz M, Chapman KD. Enhanced seedling growth by 3- n-pentadecylphenolethanolamide is mediated by fatty acid amide hydrolases in upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant Direct 2022; 6:e421. [PMID: 35844778 PMCID: PMC9277032 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a conserved amidase that is known to modulate the levels of endogenous N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) in both plants and animals. The activity of FAAH is enhanced in vitro by synthetic phenoxyacylethanolamides resulting in greater hydrolysis of NAEs. Previously, 3-n-pentadecylphenolethanolamide (PDP-EA) was shown to exert positive effects on the development of Arabidopsis seedlings by enhancing Arabidopsis FAAH (AtFAAH) activity. However, there is little information regarding FAAH activity and the impact of PDP-EA in the development of seedlings of other plant species. Here, we examined the effects of PDP-EA on growth of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv Coker 312) seedlings including two lines of transgenic seedlings overexpressing AtFAAH. Independent transgenic events showed accelerated true-leaf emergence compared with non-transgenic controls. Exogenous applications of PDP-EA led to increases in overall seedling growth in AtFAAH transgenic lines. These enhanced-growth phenotypes coincided with elevated FAAH activities toward NAEs and NAE oxylipins. Conversely, the endogenous contents of NAEs and NAE-oxylipin species, especially linoleoylethanolamide and 9-hydroxy linoleoylethanolamide, were lower in PDP-EA treated seedlings than in controls. Further, transcripts for endogenous cotton FAAH genes were increased following PDP-EA exposure. Collectively, our data corroborate that the enhancement of FAAH enzyme activity by PDP-EA stimulates NAE-hydrolysis and that this results in enhanced growth in seedlings of a perennial crop species, extending the role of NAE metabolism in seedling development beyond the model annual plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Arias‐Gaguancela
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | | | - Mina Aziz
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
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12
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Busta L, Chapman KD, Cahoon EB. Better together: Protein partnerships for lineage-specific oil accumulation. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2022; 66:102191. [PMID: 35220088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived oils are a major agricultural product that exist in both ubiquitous forms such as common vegetable oils and in specialized forms such as castor oil and coconut oil. These specialized oils are the result of lineage-specific metabolic pathways that create oils rich in unusual fatty acids. Considerable progress has been made toward understanding the enzymes that mediate fatty acid biosynthesis, triacylglycerol assembly, and oil storage. However, efforts to translate this knowledge into renewable bioproducts via engineered oil-producing plants and algae have had limited success. Here, we review recent evidence that protein-protein interactions in each of the three major phases of oil formation appear to have profound effects on specialized oil accumulation. We suggest that furthering our knowledge of the noncatalytic attributes of enzymes and other proteins involved in oil formation will be a critical step toward creating renewable bioproducts derived from high performing, engineered oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. Plant Cell 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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14
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Pyc M, Gidda SK, Seay D, Esnay N, Kretzschmar FK, Cai Y, Doner NM, Greer MS, Hull JJ, Coulon D, Bréhélin C, Yurchenko O, de Vries J, Valerius O, Braus GH, Ischebeck T, Chapman KD, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. LDIP cooperates with SEIPIN and LDAP to facilitate lipid droplet biogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2021; 33:3076-3103. [PMID: 34244767 PMCID: PMC8462815 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionarily conserved organelles that store neutral lipids and play critical roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remain obscure. Here we show that a recently identified protein termed LD-associated protein [LDAP]-interacting protein (LDIP) works together with both endoplasmic reticulum-localized SEIPIN and the LD-coat protein LDAP to facilitate LD formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterologous expression in insect cells demonstrated that LDAP is required for the targeting of LDIP to the LD surface, and both proteins are required for the production of normal numbers and sizes of LDs in plant cells. LDIP also interacts with SEIPIN via a conserved hydrophobic helix in SEIPIN and LDIP functions together with SEIPIN to modulate LD numbers and sizes in plants. Further, the co-expression of both proteins is required to restore normal LD production in SEIPIN-deficient yeast cells. These data, combined with the analogous function of LDIP to a mammalian protein called LD Assembly Factor 1, are discussed in the context of a new model for LD biogenesis in plant cells with evolutionary connections to LD biogenesis in other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Damien Seay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138, USA
| | - Nicolas Esnay
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Franziska K. Kretzschmar
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Nathan M. Doner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - J. Joe Hull
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138, USA
| | - Denis Coulon
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Jan de Vries
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences and Campus Institute Data Science, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department for Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department for Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
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15
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Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine (NAE) signaling has received considerable attention in vertebrates as part of the endocannabinoid signaling system, where anandamide acts as a ligand for G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors. Recent studies indicate that G proteins also are required for some types of NAE signaling in plants. The genetic ablation of the Gβγ dimer or loss of the full set of extra-large G proteins strongly attenuated NAE-induced chloroplast responses in seedlings. Intriguing parallels and distinct differences have emerged between plants and animals in NAE signaling, despite the conserved use of these lipid mediators to modulate cellular processes. Here we compare similarities and differences and identify open questions in a fundamental lipid signaling pathway in eukaryotes with components that are both conserved and diverged in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Cannon
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99163, USA; Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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16
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Salimath SS, Romsdahl TB, Konda AR, Zhang W, Cahoon EB, Dowd MK, Wedegaertner TC, Hake KD, Chapman KD. Production of tocotrienols in seeds of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) enhances oxidative stability and offers nutraceutical potential. Plant Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1268-1282. [PMID: 33492748 PMCID: PMC8196643 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an economically important multi-purpose crop cultivated globally for fibre, seed oil and protein. Cottonseed oil also is naturally rich in vitamin E components (collectively known as tocochromanols), with α- and γ-tocopherols comprising nearly all of the vitamin E components. By contrast, cottonseeds have little or no tocotrienols, tocochromanols with a wide range of health benefits. Here, we generated transgenic cotton lines expressing the barley (Hordeum vulgare) homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase coding sequence under the control of the Brassica napus seed-specific promoter, napin. Transgenic cottonseeds had ~twofold to threefold increases in the accumulation of total vitamin E (tocopherols + tocotrienols), with more than 60% γ-tocotrienol. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging showed that γ-tocotrienol was localized throughout the transgenic embryos. In contrast, the native tocopherols were distributed unequally in both transgenic and non-transgenic embryos. α- Tocopherol was restricted mostly to cotyledon tissues and γ-tocopherol was more enriched in the embryonic axis tissues. Production of tocotrienols in cotton embryos had no negative impact on plant performance or yield of other important seed constituents including fibre, oil and protein. Advanced generations of two transgenic events were field grown, and extracts of transgenic seeds showed increased antioxidant activity relative to extracts from non-transgenic seeds. Furthermore, refined cottonseed oil from the two transgenic events showed 30% improvement in oxidative stability relative to the non-transgenic cottonseed oil. Taken together, these materials may provide new opportunities for cottonseed co-products with enhanced vitamin E profile for improved shelf life and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmukh S. Salimath
- Department of Biological SciencesBioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Trevor B. Romsdahl
- Department of Biological SciencesBioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Anji Reddy Konda
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Michael K. Dowd
- Commodity Utilization Research UnitUSDA‐ARS‐SRRCNew OrleansLAUSA
| | | | | | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological SciencesBioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
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17
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Romsdahl TB, Kambhampati S, Koley S, Yadav UP, Alonso AP, Allen DK, Chapman KD. Analyzing Mass Spectrometry Imaging Data of 13C-Labeled Phospholipids in Camelina sativa and Thlaspi arvense (Pennycress) Embryos. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030148. [PMID: 33806402 PMCID: PMC7999836 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of 13C-isotopic labeling and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) offers an approach to analyze metabolic flux in situ. However, combining isotopic labeling and MSI presents technical challenges ranging from sample preparation, label incorporation, data collection, and analysis. Isotopic labeling and MSI individually create large, complex data sets, and this is compounded when both methods are combined. Therefore, analyzing isotopically labeled MSI data requires streamlined procedures to support biologically meaningful interpretations. Using currently available software and techniques, here we describe a workflow to analyze 13C-labeled isotopologues of the membrane lipid and storage oil lipid intermediate―phosphatidylcholine (PC). Our results with embryos of the oilseed crops, Camelina sativa and Thlaspi arvense (pennycress), demonstrated greater 13C-isotopic labeling in the cotyledons of developing embryos compared with the embryonic axis. Greater isotopic enrichment in PC molecular species with more saturated and longer chain fatty acids suggest different flux patterns related to fatty acid desaturation and elongation pathways. The ability to evaluate MSI data of isotopically labeled plant embryos will facilitate the potential to investigate spatial aspects of metabolic flux in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor B. Romsdahl
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.B.R.); (U.P.Y.); (A.P.A.)
| | | | - Somnath Koley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; (S.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Umesh P. Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.B.R.); (U.P.Y.); (A.P.A.)
| | - Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.B.R.); (U.P.Y.); (A.P.A.)
| | - Doug K. Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; (S.K.); (S.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Correspondence: (D.K.A.); or (K.D.C.); Tel.: +1-940-565-2969 (K.D.C.)
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.B.R.); (U.P.Y.); (A.P.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.A.); or (K.D.C.); Tel.: +1-940-565-2969 (K.D.C.)
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18
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Jarvis BA, Romsdahl TB, McGinn MG, Nazarenus TJ, Cahoon EB, Chapman KD, Sedbrook JC. CRISPR/Cas9-Induced fad2 and rod1 Mutations Stacked With fae1 Confer High Oleic Acid Seed Oil in Pennycress ( Thlaspi arvense L.). Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:652319. [PMID: 33968108 PMCID: PMC8100250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.652319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is being domesticated as an oilseed cash cover crop to be grown in the off-season throughout temperate regions of the world. With its diploid genome and ease of directed mutagenesis using molecular approaches, pennycress seed oil composition can be rapidly tailored for a plethora of food, feed, oleochemical and fuel uses. Here, we utilized Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology to produce knockout mutations in the FATTY ACID DESATURASE2 (FAD2) and REDUCED OLEATE DESATURATION1 (ROD1) genes to increase oleic acid content. High oleic acid (18:1) oil is valued for its oxidative stability that is superior to the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3), and better cold flow properties than the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) erucic (22:1). When combined with a FATTY ACID ELONGATION1 (fae1) knockout mutation, fad2 fae1 and rod1 fae1 double mutants produced ∼90% and ∼60% oleic acid in seed oil, respectively, with PUFAs in fad2 fae1 as well as fad2 single mutants reduced to less than 5%. MALDI-MS spatial imaging analyses of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species in wild-type pennycress embryo sections from mature seeds revealed that erucic acid is highly enriched in cotyledons which serve as storage organs, suggestive of a role in providing energy for the germinating seedling. In contrast, PUFA-containing TAGs are enriched in the embryonic axis, which may be utilized for cellular membrane expansion during seed germination and seedling emergence. Under standard growth chamber conditions, rod1 fae1 plants grew like wild type whereas fad2 single and fad2 fae1 double mutant plants exhibited delayed growth and overall reduced heights and seed yields, suggesting that reducing PUFAs below a threshold in pennycress had negative physiological effects. Taken together, our results suggest that combinatorial knockout of ROD1 and FAE1 may be a viable route to commercially increase oleic acid content in pennycress seed oil whereas mutations in FAD2 will likely require at least partial function to avoid fitness trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice A. Jarvis
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
| | - Trevor B. Romsdahl
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Michaela G. McGinn
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
| | - Tara J. Nazarenus
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - John C. Sedbrook
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: John C. Sedbrook,
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19
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Doner NM, Seay D, Mehling M, Sun S, Gidda SK, Schmitt K, Braus GH, Ischebeck T, Chapman KD, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. Arabidopsis thaliana EARLY RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 7 Localizes to Lipid Droplets via Its Senescence Domain. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:658961. [PMID: 33936146 PMCID: PMC8079945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are neutral-lipid-containing organelles found in all kingdoms of life and are coated with proteins that carry out a vast array of functions. Compared to mammals and yeast, relatively few LD proteins have been identified in plants, particularly those associated with LDs in vegetative (non-seed) cell types. Thus, to better understand the cellular roles of LDs in plants, a more comprehensive inventory and characterization of LD proteins is required. Here, we performed a proteomics analysis of LDs isolated from drought-stressed Arabidopsis leaves and identified EARLY RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 7 (ERD7) as a putative LD protein. mCherry-tagged ERD7 localized to both LDs and the cytosol when ectopically expressed in plant cells, and the protein's C-terminal senescence domain (SD) was both necessary and sufficient for LD targeting. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ERD7 belongs to a six-member family in Arabidopsis that, along with homologs in other plant species, is separated into two distinct subfamilies. Notably, the SDs of proteins from each subfamily conferred targeting to either LDs or mitochondria. Further, the SD from the ERD7 homolog in humans, spartin, localized to LDs in plant cells, similar to its localization in mammals; although, in mammalian cells, spartin also conditionally localizes to other subcellular compartments, including mitochondria. Disruption of ERD7 gene expression in Arabidopsis revealed no obvious changes in LD numbers or morphology under normal growth conditions, although this does not preclude a role for ERD7 in stress-induced LD dynamics. Consistent with this possibility, a yeast two-hybrid screen using ERD7 as bait identified numerous proteins involved in stress responses, including some that have been identified in other LD proteomes. Collectively, these observations provide new insight to ERD7 and the SD-containing family of proteins in plants and suggest that ERD7 may be involved in functional aspects of plant stress response that also include localization to the LD surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Doner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Damien Seay
- United States Department of Agriculture, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Marina Mehling
- United States Department of Agriculture, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Siqi Sun
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Satinder K. Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kerstin Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - John M. Dyer
- United States Department of Agriculture, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Robert T. Mullen,
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20
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Greer MS, Cai Y, Gidda SK, Esnay N, Kretzschmar FK, Seay D, McClinchie E, Ischebeck T, Mullen RT, Dyer JM, Chapman KD. SEIPIN Isoforms Interact with the Membrane-Tethering Protein VAP27-1 for Lipid Droplet Formation. Plant Cell 2020; 32:2932-2950. [PMID: 32690719 PMCID: PMC7474298 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SEIPIN proteins are localized to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-lipid droplet (LD) junctions where they mediate the directional formation of LDs into the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. Unlike in animal and yeast cells, which have single SEIPIN genes, plants have three distinct SEIPIN isoforms encoded by separate genes. The mechanism of SEIPIN action remains poorly understood, and here we demonstrate that part of the function of two SEIPIN isoforms in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), AtSEIPIN2 and AtSEIPIN3, may depend on their interaction with the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein (VAP) family member AtVAP27-1. VAPs have well-established roles in the formation of membrane contact sites and lipid transfer between the ER and other organelles, and here, we used a combination of biochemical, cell biology, and genetics approaches to show that AtVAP27-1 interacts with the N termini of AtSEIPIN2 and AtSEIPIN3 and likely supports the normal formation of LDs. This insight indicates that the ER membrane tethering machinery in plant cells could play a role with select SEIPIN isoforms in LD biogenesis at the ER, and additional experimental evidence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae supports the possibility that this interaction may be important in other eukaryotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Scott Greer
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Yingqi Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicolas Esnay
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Franziska K Kretzschmar
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Damien Seay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138
| | - Elizabeth McClinchie
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John M Dyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
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21
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Yan C, Cannon AE, Watkins J, Keereetaweep J, Khan BR, Jones AM, Blancaflor EB, Azad RK, Chapman KD. Seedling Chloroplast Responses Induced by N-Linolenoylethanolamine Require Intact G-Protein Complexes. Plant Physiol 2020; 184:459-477. [PMID: 32665332 PMCID: PMC7479873 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In animals, several long-chain N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) have been identified as endocannabinoids and are autocrine signals that operate through cell surface G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors. Despite the occurrence of NAEs in land plants, including nonvascular plants, their precise signaling properties and molecular targets are not well defined. Here we show that the activity of N-linolenoylethanolamine (NAE 18:3) requires an intact G-protein complex. Specifically, genetic ablation of the Gβγ dimer or loss of the full set of atypical Gα subunits strongly attenuates an NAE-18:3-induced degreening of cotyledons in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. This effect involves, at least in part, transcriptional regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and catabolism genes. In addition, there is feedforward transcriptional control of G-protein signaling components and G-protein interactors. These results are consistent with NAE 18:3 being a lipid signaling molecule in plants with a requirement for G-proteins to mediate signal transduction, a situation similar, but not identical, to the action of NAE endocannabinoids in animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshi Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Ashley E Cannon
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Justin Watkins
- Departments of Biology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jantana Keereetaweep
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | | | - Alan M Jones
- Departments of Biology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | - Rajeev K Azad
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
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22
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Rolletschek H, Schwender J, König C, Chapman KD, Romsdahl T, Lorenz C, Braun HP, Denolf P, Van Audenhove K, Munz E, Heinzel N, Ortleb S, Rutten T, McCorkle S, Borysyuk T, Guendel A, Shi H, Vander Auwermeulen M, Bourot S, Borisjuk L. Cellular Plasticity in Response to Suppression of Storage Proteins in the Brassica napus Embryo. Plant Cell 2020; 32:2383-2401. [PMID: 32358071 PMCID: PMC7346569 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The tradeoff between protein and oil storage in oilseed crops has been tested here in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) by analyzing the effect of suppressing key genes encoding protein storage products (napin and cruciferin). The phenotypic outcomes were assessed using NMR and mass spectrometry imaging, microscopy, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, immunological assays, and flux balance analysis. Surprisingly, the profile of storage products was only moderately changed in RNA interference transgenics. However, embryonic cells had undergone remarkable architectural rearrangements. The suppression of storage proteins led to the elaboration of membrane stacks enriched with oleosin (sixfold higher protein abundance) and novel endoplasmic reticulum morphology. Protein rebalancing and amino acid metabolism were focal points of the metabolic adjustments to maintain embryonic carbon/nitrogen homeostasis. Flux balance analysis indicated a rather minor additional demand for cofactors (ATP and NADPH). Thus, cellular plasticity in seeds protects against perturbations to its storage capabilities and, hence, contributes materially to homeostasis. This study provides mechanistic insights into the intriguing link between lipid and protein storage, which have implications for biotechnological strategies directed at improving oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Jörg Schwender
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Christina König
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Kent D Chapman
- University of North Texas, BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Trevor Romsdahl
- University of North Texas, BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Christin Lorenz
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Denolf
- BASF Innovation Center Ghent, 9052-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinzel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Stefan Ortleb
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Sean McCorkle
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | | | - André Guendel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Hai Shi
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | | | | | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
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23
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Cannon AE, Yan C, Burks DJ, Rao X, Azad RK, Chapman KD. Lipophilic signals lead to organ-specific gene expression changes in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Direct 2020; 4:e00242. [PMID: 32775951 PMCID: PMC7403840 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are most abundant in desiccated seeds and their levels decline during germination and early seedling establishment. However, endogenous NAE levels rise in seedlings when ABA or environmental stress is applied, and this results in an inhibition of further seedling development. When the most abundant, polyunsaturated NAEs of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were exogenously applied, seedling development was affected in an organ-specific manner. NAE 18:2 primarily affected primary root elongation and NAE 18:3 primarily affected cotyledon greening and expansion and overall seedling growth. The molecular components and signaling mechanisms involved in this pathway are not well understood. In addition, the bifurcating nature of this pathway provides a unique system in which to study the spatial aspects and interaction of these lipid-specific and organ-targeted signaling pathways. Using whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and differential expression analysis, we identified early (1-3 hr) transcriptional changes induced by the exogenous treatment of NAE 18:2 and NAE 18:3 in cotyledons, roots, and seedlings. These two treatments led to a significant enrichment in ABA-response and chitin-response genes in organs where the treatments led to changes in development. In Arabidopsis seedlings, NAE 18:2 treatment led to the repression of genes involved in cell wall biogenesis and organization in roots and seedlings. In addition, cotyledons, roots, and seedlings treated with NAE 18:3 also showed a decrease in transcripts that encode proteins involved in growth processes. NAE 18:3 also led to changes in the abundance of transcripts involved in the modulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and catabolism in cotyledons. Overall, NAE 18:2 and NAE 18:3 treatment led to lipid-type and organ-specific gene expression changes that include overlapping and non-overlapping gene sets. These data will provide future, rich opportunities to examine the genetic pathways involved in transducing early signals into downstream physiological changes in seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Cannon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Chengshi Yan
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - David J. Burks
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Rajeev K. Azad
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
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24
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Ischebeck T, Krawczyk HE, Mullen RT, Dyer JM, Chapman KD. Lipid droplets in plants and algae: Distribution, formation, turnover and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 108:82-93. [PMID: 32147380 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant oils represent an energy-rich and carbon-dense group of hydrophobic compounds. These oils are not only of economic interest, but also play important, fundamental roles in plant and algal growth and development. The subcellular storage compartments of plant lipids, referred to as lipid droplets (LDs), have long been considered relatively inert oil vessels. However, research in the last decade has revealed that LDs play far more dynamic roles in plant biology than previously appreciated, including transient neutral lipid storage, membrane remodeling, lipid signaling, and stress responses. Here we discuss recent developments in the understanding of LD formation, turnover and function in land plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Ischebeck
- University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannah E Krawczyk
- University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert T Mullen
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John M Dyer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- University of North Texas, BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
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25
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Aziz M, Chapman KD. Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases: An Expanded Capacity for Chemical Communication? Trends Plant Sci 2020; 25:236-249. [PMID: 31919033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme that belongs to the amidase signature (AS) superfamily and is widely distributed in multicellular eukaryotes. FAAH hydrolyzes lipid signaling molecules - namely, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) - which terminates their actions. Recently, the crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana FAAH was solved and key residues were identified for substrate-specific interactions. Here, focusing on residues surrounding the substrate-binding pocket, a comprehensive analysis of FAAH sequences from angiosperms reveals a distinctly different family of FAAH-like enzymes. We hypothesize that FAAH, in addition to its role in seedling development, also acts in an N-acyl amide communication axis to facilitate plant-microbe interactions and that structural diversity provides for the flexible use of a wide range of small lipophilic signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aziz
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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26
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Sturtevant D, Lu S, Zhou ZW, Shen Y, Wang S, Song JM, Zhong J, Burks DJ, Yang ZQ, Yang QY, Cannon AE, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Borisjuk L, Munz E, Verbeck GF, Wang X, Azad RK, Singleton B, Dyer JM, Chen LL, Chapman KD, Guo L. The genome of jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis): A taxonomically isolated species that directs wax ester accumulation in its seeds. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay3240. [PMID: 32195345 PMCID: PMC7065883 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Seeds of the desert shrub, jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), are an abundant, renewable source of liquid wax esters, which are valued additives in cosmetic products and industrial lubricants. Jojoba is relegated to its own taxonomic family, and there is little genetic information available to elucidate its phylogeny. Here, we report the high-quality, 887-Mb genome of jojoba assembled into 26 chromosomes with 23,490 protein-coding genes. The jojoba genome has only the whole-genome triplication (γ) shared among eudicots and no recent duplications. These genomic resources coupled with extensive transcriptome, proteome, and lipidome data helped to define heterogeneous pathways and machinery for lipid synthesis and storage, provided missing evolutionary history information for this taxonomically segregated dioecious plant species, and will support efforts to improve the agronomic properties of jojoba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Sturtevant
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Ming Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshun Zhong
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - David J. Burks
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Zhi-Quan Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Yong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ashley E. Cannon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Guido F. Verbeck
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Rajeev K. Azad
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brenda Singleton
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - John M. Dyer
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Corresponding author. (L.-L.C.); (K.D.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Corresponding author. (L.-L.C.); (K.D.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Corresponding author. (L.-L.C.); (K.D.C.); (L.G.)
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27
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Price AM, Doner NM, Gidda SK, Jambunathan S, James CN, Schami A, Yurchenko O, Mullen RT, Dyer JM, Puri V, Chapman KD. Mouse Fat-Specific Protein 27 (FSP27) expressed in plant cells localizes to lipid droplets and promotes lipid droplet accumulation and fusion. Biochimie 2020; 169:41-53. [PMID: 31400447 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fat-Specific Protein 27 (FSP27) belongs to a small group of vertebrate proteins containing a Cell-death Inducing DNA fragmentation factor-α-like Effector (CIDE)-C domain and is involved in lipid droplet (LD) accumulation and energy homeostasis. FSP27 is predominantly expressed in white and brown adipose tissues, as well as liver, and plays a key role in mediating LD-LD fusion. No orthologs have been identified in invertebrates or plants. In this study, we tested the function of mouse FSP27 in stably-transformed Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and seeds, as well as through transient expression in Nicotiana tabacum suspension-cultured cells and N. benthamiana leaves. Confocal microscopic analysis of plant cells revealed that, similar to ectopic expression in mammalian cells, FSP27 produced in plants 1) correctly localized to LDs, 2) accumulated at LD-LD contact sites, and 3) induced an increase in the number and size of LDs and also promoted LD clustering and fusion. Furthermore, FSP27 increased oil content in transgenic A. thaliana seeds. Given that plant oils have uses in human and animal nutrition as well as industrial uses such as biofuels and bioplastics, our results suggest that ectopic expression of FSP27 in plants represents a potential strategy for increasing oil content and energy density in bioenergy or oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Price
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Nathan M Doner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Srikarthika Jambunathan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher N James
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa Schami
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - John M Dyer
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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28
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Stoeckman AK, Cai Y, Chapman KD. iCURE (iterative course-based undergraduate research experience): A case-study. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2019; 47:565-572. [PMID: 31260178 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several models suggest ways to expose undergraduates at minority serving institutions or institutions with limited research infrastructures to the iterative process of research. Apprentice-based research experiences allow students to work one-on-one with a research mentor in the hands-on discovery process, but with teaching being a priority for faculty at the aforementioned institutions, financial, spatial, and time limitations for research progress exist. Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) provide opportunities for a greater number of undergraduates to become familiar with the questions, techniques, and failure involved in research. However, designing projects that a group of students can complete in a semester can be challenging. Inclusive Research Education Communities are intended to promote retention in STEM courses for early college students but have limited benefit for upper-level courses. We sought to create an iterative CURE between fall semester BIOL3900 at the University of North Texas and spring semester CHE397 at Bethel University (Saint Paul, MN) to promote collaboration between unique learning communities. The research goal was to use a tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) transient expression system as a platform to test gene functions and to engineer valuable bioproducts in plant vegetative tissues. The outcomes of this 2-year integrative module included novel discoveries leading to publications in peer-reviewed journals, cost benefits due to shared resources, continual movement of the project, course-based training for future independent research projects, and improved student attitudes about research. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(5):565-572, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingqi Cai
- University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203
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29
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Romsdahl T, Shirani A, Minto RE, Zhang C, Cahoon EB, Chapman KD, Berman D. Nature-Guided Synthesis of Advanced Bio-Lubricants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11711. [PMID: 31406215 PMCID: PMC6690888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Design of environmentally friendly lubricants derived from renewable resources is highly desirable for many practical applications. Here, Orychophragmus violaceus (Ov) seed oil is found to have superior lubrication properties, and this is based on the unusual structural features of the major lipid species—triacylglycerol (TAG) estolides. Ov TAG estolides contain two non-hydroxylated, glycerol-bound fatty acids (FAs) and one dihydroxylated FA with an estolide branch. Estolide branch chains vary in composition and length, leading to their thermal stability and functional properties. Using this concept, nature-guided estolides of castor oil were synthesized. As predicted, they showed improved lubrication properties similar to Ov seed oil. Our results demonstrate a structure-based design of novel lubricants inspired by natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Romsdahl
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Asghar Shirani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Robert E Minto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation & Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Diana Berman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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30
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Cai Y, Whitehead P, Chappell J, Chapman KD. Mouse lipogenic proteins promote the co-accumulation of triacylglycerols and sesquiterpenes in plant cells. Planta 2019; 250:79-94. [PMID: 30919065 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Mouse FIT2 protein redirects the cytoplasmic terpene biosynthetic machinery to lipid-droplet-forming domains in the ER and this relocalization supports the efficient compartmentalization and accumulation of sesquiterpenes in plant cells. Mouse (Mus musculus) fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 (MmFIT2), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein with an important role in lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis in mammals, can function in plant cells to promote neutral lipid compartmentalization. Surprisingly, in affinity capture experiments, the Nicotiana benthamiana 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (NbEAS), a soluble cytoplasm-localized sesquiterpene synthase, was one of the most abundant proteins that co-precipitated with GFP-tagged MmFIT2 in transient expression assays in N. benthamiana leaves. Consistent with results of pull-down experiments, the subcellular location of mCherry-tagged NbEAS was changed from the cytoplasm to the LD-forming domains in the ER, only when co-expressed with MmFIT2. Ectopic co-expression of NbEAS and MmFIT2 together with mouse diacylglycerol:acyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 (MmDGAT2) in N. benthamiana leaves substantially increased the numbers of cytoplasmic LDs and supported the accumulation of the sesquiterpenes, 5-epi-aristolochene and capsidiol, up to tenfold over levels elicited by Agrobacterium infection alone. Taken together, our results suggest that MmFIT2 recruits sesquiterpene synthetic machinery to ER subdomains involved in LD formation and that this process can enhance the efficiency of sesquiterpene biosynthesis and compartmentalization in plant cells. Further, MmFIT2 and MmDGAT2 represent cross-kingdom lipogenic protein factors that may be used to engineer terpene accumulation more broadly in the cytoplasm of plant vegetative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Payton Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA.
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Aziz M, Wang X, Tripathi A, Bankaitis VA, Chapman KD. Structural analysis of a plant fatty acid amide hydrolase provides insights into the evolutionary diversity of bioactive acylethanolamides. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7419-7432. [PMID: 30894416 PMCID: PMC6509493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are fatty acid derivatives that in animal systems include the well-known bioactive metabolites of the endocannabinoid signaling pathway. Plants use NAE signaling as well, and these bioactive molecules often have oxygenated acyl moieties. Here, we report the three-dimensional crystal structures of the signal-terminating enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) from Arabidopsis in its apo and ligand-bound forms at 2.1- and 3.2-Å resolutions, respectively. This plant FAAH structure revealed features distinct from those of the only other available FAAH structure (rat). The structures disclosed that although catalytic residues are conserved with the mammalian enzyme, AtFAAH has a more open substrate-binding pocket that is partially lined with polar residues. Fundamental differences in the organization of the membrane-binding "cap" and the membrane access channel also were evident. In accordance with the observed structural features of the substrate-binding pocket, kinetic analysis showed that AtFAAH efficiently uses both unsubstituted and oxygenated acylethanolamides as substrates. Moreover, comparison of the apo and ligand-bound AtFAAH structures identified three discrete sets of conformational changes that accompany ligand binding, suggesting a unique "squeeze and lock" substrate-binding mechanism. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we evaluated these conformational changes further and noted a partial unfolding of a random-coil helix within the region 531-537 in the apo structure but not in the ligand-bound form, indicating that this region likely confers plasticity to the substrate-binding pocket. We conclude that the structural divergence in bioactive acylethanolamides in plants is reflected in part in the structural and functional properties of plant FAAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aziz
- From the BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 and
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- From the BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 and
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kent D Chapman
- From the BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 and
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Sturtevant D, Romsdahl TB, Yu XH, Burks DJ, Azad RK, Shanklin J, Chapman KD. Tissue-specific differences in metabolites and transcripts contribute to the heterogeneity of ricinoleic acid accumulation in Ricinus communis L. (castor) seeds. Metabolomics 2019; 15:6. [PMID: 30830477 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Castor (Ricinus communis L.) seeds are valued for their production of oils which can comprise up to 90% hydroxy-fatty acids (ricinoleic acid). Castor oil contains mono-, di- and tri- ricinoleic acid containing triacylglycerols (TAGs). Although the enzymatic synthesis of ricinoleic acid is well described, the differential compartmentalization of these TAG molecular species has remained undefined. OBJECTIVES To examine the distribution of hydroxy fatty acid accumulation within the endosperm and embryo tissues of castor seeds. METHODS Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging was used to map the distribution of triacylglycerols in tissue sections of castor seeds. In addition, the endosperm and embryo (cotyledons and embryonic axis) tissues were dissected and extracted for quantitative lipidomics analysis and Illumina-based RNA deep sequencing. RESULTS This study revealed an unexpected heterogeneous tissue distribution of mono-, di- and tri- hydroxy-triacylglycerols in the embryo and endosperm tissues of castor seeds. Pathway analysis based on transcript abundance suggested that distinct embryo- and endosperm-specific mechanisms may exist for the shuttling of ricinoleic acid away from phosphatidylcholine (PC) and into hydroxy TAG production. The embryo-biased mechanism appears to favor removal of ricinoleic acid from PC through phophatidylcholine: diacylglycerol acyltransferase while the endosperm pathway appears to remove ricinoleic acid from the PC pool by preferences of phospholipase A (PLA2α) and/or phosphatidylcholine: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, a combination of lipidomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed previously undefined spatial aspects of hydroxy fatty acid metabolism in castor seeds. These studies underscore a need for tissue-specific studies as a means to better understand the regulation of triacylglycerol accumulation in oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Sturtevant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Trevor B Romsdahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David J Burks
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Rajeev K Azad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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Lu S, Aziz M, Sturtevant D, Chapman KD, Guo L. Heterogeneous Distribution of Erucic Acid in Brassica napus Seeds. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1744. [PMID: 32082336 PMCID: PMC7001127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus (B. napus) is the world's most widely grown temperate oilseed crop. Although breeding for human consumption has led to removal of erucic acid from refined canola oils, there is renewed interest in the industrial uses of erucic acid derived from B. napus, and there is a rich germplasm available for use. Here, low- and high-erucic acid accessions of B. napus seeds were examined for the distribution of erucic acid-containing lipids and the gene transcripts encoding the enzymes involved in pathways for its incorporation into triacylglycerols (TAGs) across the major tissues of the seeds. In general, the results indicate that a heterogeneous distribution of erucic acid across B. napus seed tissues was contributed by two isoforms (out of six) of FATTY ACYL COA ELONGASE (FAE1) and a combination of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT)- and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)-mediated incorporation of erucic acid into TAGs in cotyledonary tissues. An absence of the expression of these two FAE1 isoforms accounted for the absence of erucic acid in the TAGs of the low-erucic accession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mina Aziz
- Center for Plant Lipid Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Drew Sturtevant
- Center for Plant Lipid Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Center for Plant Lipid Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Kent D. Chapman, ; Liang Guo,
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Kent D. Chapman, ; Liang Guo,
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Li X, Teitgen AM, Shirani A, Ling J, Busta L, Cahoon RE, Zhang W, Li Z, Chapman KD, Berman D, Zhang C, Minto RE, Cahoon EB. Discontinuous fatty acid elongation yields hydroxylated seed oil with improved function. Nat Plants 2018; 4:711-720. [PMID: 30150614 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of 'unusual' fatty acids with structures that deviate from the common C16 and C18 fatty acids has evolved numerous times in the plant kingdom. Characterization of unusual fatty acid biosynthesis has enabled increased understanding of enzyme substrate properties, metabolic plasticity and oil functionality. Here, we report the identification of a novel pathway for hydroxy fatty acid biosynthesis based on the serendipitous discovery of two C24 fatty acids containing hydroxyl groups at the 7 and 18 carbon atoms as major components of the seed oil of Orychophragmus violaceus, a China-native Brassicaceae. Biochemical and genetic evidence are presented for premature or 'discontinuous' elongation of a 3-OH intermediate by a divergent 3-ketoacyl-CoA (coenzyme A) synthase during a chain extension cycle as the origin of the 7-OH group of the dihydroxy fatty acids. Tribology studies revealed superior high-temperature lubricant properties for O. violaceus seed oil compared to castor oil, a high-performance vegetable oil lubricant. These findings provide a direct pathway for designing a new class of environmentally friendly lubricants and unveil the potential of O. violaceus as a new industrial oilseed crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Li
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Plant Science Innovation & Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Alicen M Teitgen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Asghar Shirani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Juan Ling
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lucas Busta
- Center for Plant Science Innovation & Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rebecca E Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation & Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaiyun Li
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Biodiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Diana Berman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Robert E Minto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- Center for Plant Science Innovation & Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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35
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Yurchenko O, Kimberlin A, Mehling M, Koo AJ, Chapman KD, Mullen RT, Dyer JM. Response of high leaf-oil Arabidopsis thaliana plant lines to biotic or abiotic stress. Plant Signal Behav 2018; 13:e1464361. [PMID: 29701541 PMCID: PMC6103283 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1464361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that it is possible to engineer substantial increases in triacylglycerol (TAG) content in plant vegetative biomass, which offers a novel approach for increasing the energy density of food, feed, and bioenergy crops or for creating a sink for the accumulation of unusual, high-value fatty acids. However, whether or not these changes in lipid metabolism affect plant responses to biotic and/or abiotic stresses is an open question. Here we show that transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant lines engineered for elevated leaf oil content, as well as lines engineered for accumulation of unusual conjugated fatty acids in leaf oil, had similar short-term responses to heat stress (e.g., 3 days at 37°C) as wild-type plants, including a reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing polar lipids and an increase in PUFA-containing neutral lipids. At extended time periods (e.g., 14 days at 37°C), however, plant lines containing accumulated conjugated fatty acids displayed earlier senescence and plant death. Further, no-choice feeding studies demonstrated that plants with the highest leaf oil content generated cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) insects with significantly heavier body weights. Taken together, these results suggest that biotic and abiotic responses will be important considerations when developing and deploying high-oil-biomass crops in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yurchenko
- USDA-ARS, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Athen Kimberlin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Marina Mehling
- USDA-ARS, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Abraham J. Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - John M. Dyer
- USDA-ARS, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
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Lu S, Sturtevant D, Aziz M, Jin C, Li Q, Chapman KD, Guo L. Spatial analysis of lipid metabolites and expressed genes reveals tissue-specific heterogeneity of lipid metabolism in high- and low-oil Brassica napus L. seeds. Plant J 2018; 94:915-932. [PMID: 29752761 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of oilseeds to worldwide human nutrition, and more recently to the production of bio-based diesel fuels, the detailed mechanisms regulating seed oil biosynthesis remain only partly understood, especially from a tissue-specific perspective. Here, we investigated the spatial distributions of lipid metabolites and transcripts involved in oil biosynthesis from seeds of two low-erucic acid genotypes of Brassica napus with high and low seed-oil content. Integrated results from matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) of lipids in situ, lipidome profiling of extracts from seed tissues, and tissue-specific transcriptome analysis revealed complex spatial distribution patterns of lipids and transcripts. In general, it appeared that many triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine species distributed heterogeneously throughout the embryos. Tissue-specific transcriptome analysis identified key genes involved in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plastid, triacylglycerols assembly and lipid droplet packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that may contribute to the high or low oil phenotype and heterogeneity of lipid distribution. Our results imply that transcriptional regulation represents an important means of impacting lipid compartmentalization in oil seeds. While much information remains to be learned about the intricacies of seed oil accumulation and distribution, these studies highlight the advances that come from evaluating lipid metabolism within a spatial context and with multiple omics level datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Drew Sturtevant
- Center for Plant Lipid Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Mina Aziz
- Center for Plant Lipid Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Cheng Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Center for Plant Lipid Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Yu X, Cahoon RE, Horn PJ, Shi H, Prakash RR, Cai Y, Hearney M, Chapman KD, Cahoon EB, Schwender J, Shanklin J. Identification of bottlenecks in the accumulation of cyclic fatty acids in camelina seed oil. Plant Biotechnol J 2018; 16:926-938. [PMID: 28929610 PMCID: PMC5866947 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Modified fatty acids (mFA) have diverse uses; for example, cyclopropane fatty acids (CPA) are feedstocks for producing coatings, lubricants, plastics and cosmetics. The expression of mFA-producing enzymes in crop and model plants generally results in lower levels of mFA accumulation than in their natural-occurring source plants. Thus, to further our understanding of metabolic bottlenecks that limit mFA accumulation, we generated transgenic Camelina sativa lines co-expressing Escherichia coli cyclopropane synthase (EcCPS) and Sterculia foetida lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (SfLPAT). In contrast to transgenic CPA-accumulating Arabidopsis, CPA accumulation in camelina caused only minor changes in seed weight, germination rate, oil accumulation and seedling development. CPA accumulated to much higher levels in membrane than storage lipids, comprising more than 60% of total fatty acid in both phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) versus 26% in diacylglycerol (DAG) and 12% in triacylglycerol (TAG) indicating bottlenecks in the transfer of CPA from PC to DAG and from DAG to TAG. Upon co-expression of SfLPAT with EcCPS, di-CPA-PC increased by ~50% relative to lines expressing EcCPS alone with the di-CPA-PC primarily observed in the embryonic axis and mono-CPA-PC primarily in cotyledon tissue. EcCPS-SfLPAT lines revealed a redistribution of CPA from the sn-1 to sn-2 positions within PC and PE that was associated with a doubling of CPA accumulation in both DAG and TAG. The identification of metabolic bottlenecks in acyl transfer between site of synthesis (phospholipids) and deposition in storage oils (TAGs) lays the foundation for the optimizing CPA accumulation through directed engineering of oil synthesis in target crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Hong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
| | - Rebecca E. Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science InnovationDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Patrick J. Horn
- Department of Biological SciencesBioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
- Present address:
DOE‐Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Hai Shi
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Richa R. Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
- Present address:
Department of Natural SciencesSuffolk County Community CollegeBrentwoodNYUSA
| | - Yuanheng Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
| | - Maegan Hearney
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological SciencesBioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science InnovationDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Jorg Schwender
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
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Pyc M, Cai Y, Gidda SK, Yurchenko O, Park S, Kretzschmar FK, Ischebeck T, Valerius O, Braus GH, Chapman KD, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. Arabidopsis lipid droplet-associated protein (LDAP) - interacting protein (LDIP) influences lipid droplet size and neutral lipid homeostasis in both leaves and seeds. Plant J 2017; 92:1182-1201. [PMID: 29083105 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) are found in all types of plant cells; they are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and function as a repository for neutral lipids, as well as serving in lipid remodelling and signalling. However, the mechanisms underlying the formation, steady-state maintenance and turnover of plant LDs, particularly in non-seed tissues, are relatively unknown. Previously, we showed that the LD-associated proteins (LDAPs) are a family of plant-specific, LD surface-associated coat proteins that are required for proper biogenesis of LDs and neutral lipid homeostasis in vegetative tissues. Here, we screened a yeast two-hybrid library using the Arabidopsis LDAP3 isoform as 'bait' in an effort to identify other novel LD protein constituents. One of the candidate LDAP3-interacting proteins was Arabidopsis At5g16550, which is a plant-specific protein of unknown function that we termed LDIP (LDAP-interacting protein). Using a combination of biochemical and cellular approaches, we show that LDIP targets specifically to the LD surface, contains a discrete amphipathic α-helical targeting sequence, and participates in both homotypic and heterotypic associations with itself and LDAP3, respectively. Analysis of LDIP T-DNA knockdown and knockout mutants showed a decrease in LD abundance and an increase in variability of LD size in leaves, with concomitant increases in total neutral lipid content. Similar phenotypes were observed in plant seeds, which showed enlarged LDs and increases in total amounts of seed oil. Collectively, these data identify LDIP as a new player in LD biology that modulates both LD size and cellular neutral lipid homeostasis in both leaves and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yingqi Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Sunjung Park
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Franziska K Kretzschmar
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37007, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37007, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - John M Dyer
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Yurchenko O, Shockey JM, Gidda SK, Silver MI, Chapman KD, Mullen RT, Dyer JM. Engineering the production of conjugated fatty acids in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant Biotechnol J 2017; 15:1010-1023. [PMID: 28083898 PMCID: PMC5506653 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The seeds of many nondomesticated plant species synthesize oils containing high amounts of a single unusual fatty acid, many of which have potential usage in industry. Despite the identification of enzymes for unusual oxidized fatty acid synthesis, the production of these fatty acids in engineered seeds remains low and is often hampered by their inefficient exclusion from phospholipids. Recent studies have established the feasibility of increasing triacylglycerol content in plant leaves, which provides a novel approach for increasing energy density of biomass crops. Here, we determined whether the fatty acid composition of leaf oil could be engineered to accumulate unusual fatty acids. Eleostearic acid (ESA) is a conjugated fatty acid produced in seeds of the tung tree (Vernicia fordii) and has both industrial and nutritional end-uses. Arabidopsis thaliana lines with elevated leaf oil were first generated by transforming wild-type, cgi-58 or pxa1 mutants (the latter two of which contain mutations disrupting fatty acid breakdown) with the diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT1 or DGAT2) and/or oleosin genes from tung. High-leaf-oil plant lines were then transformed with tung FADX, which encodes the fatty acid desaturase/conjugase responsible for ESA synthesis. Analysis of lipids in leaves revealed that ESA was efficiently excluded from phospholipids, and co-expression of tung FADX and DGAT2 promoted a synergistic increase in leaf oil content and ESA accumulation. Taken together, these results provide a new approach for increasing leaf oil content that is coupled with accumulation of unusual fatty acids. Implications for production of biofuels, bioproducts, and plant-pest interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yurchenko
- USDA‐ARSUS Arid‐Land Agricultural Research CenterMaricopaAZUSA
| | - Jay M. Shockey
- USDA‐ARSSouthern Regional Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Satinder K. Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Maxwell I. Silver
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - John M. Dyer
- USDA‐ARSUS Arid‐Land Agricultural Research CenterMaricopaAZUSA
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Pyc M, Cai Y, Greer MS, Yurchenko O, Chapman KD, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. Turning Over a New Leaf in Lipid Droplet Biology. Trends Plant Sci 2017; 22:596-609. [PMID: 28454678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) in plants have long been viewed as storage depots for neutral lipids that serve as sources of carbon, energy, and lipids for membrane biosynthesis. While much of our knowledge of LD function in plants comes from studies of oilseeds, a recent surge in research on LDs in non-seed cell types has led to an array of new discoveries. It is now clear that both evolutionarily conserved and kingdom-specific mechanisms underlie the biogenesis of LDs in eukaryotes, and proteomics and homology-based approaches have identified new protein players. This review highlights some of these recent discoveries and other new areas of plant LD research, including their role in stress responses and as targets of metabolic engineering strategies aimed at increasing oil content in bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yingqi Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Michael S Greer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - John M Dyer
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA.
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Cai Y, McClinchie E, Price A, Nguyen TN, Gidda SK, Watt SC, Yurchenko O, Park S, Sturtevant D, Mullen RT, Dyer JM, Chapman KD. Mouse fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FIT2) promotes lipid droplet accumulation in plants. Plant Biotechnol J 2017; 15:824-836. [PMID: 27987528 PMCID: PMC5466434 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FIT2) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein that plays an important role in lipid droplet (LD) formation in animal cells. However, no obvious homologue of FIT2 is found in plants. Here, we tested the function of FIT2 in plant cells by ectopically expressing mouse (Mus musculus) FIT2 in Nicotiana tabacum suspension-cultured cells, Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Confocal microscopy indicated that the expression of FIT2 dramatically increased the number and size of LDs in leaves of N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis, and lipidomics analysis and mass spectrometry imaging confirmed the accumulation of neutral lipids in leaves. FIT2 also increased seed oil content by ~13% in some stable, overexpressing lines of Arabidopsis. When expressed transiently in leaves of N. benthamiana or suspension cells of N. tabacum, FIT2 localized specifically to the ER and was often concentrated at certain regions of the ER that resembled ER-LD junction sites. FIT2 also colocalized at the ER with other proteins known to be involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis or LD formation in plants, but not with ER resident proteins involved in electron transfer or ER-vesicle exit sites. Collectively, these results demonstrate that mouse FIT2 promotes LD accumulation in plants, a surprising functional conservation in the context of a plant cell given the apparent lack of FIT2 homologues in higher plants. These results suggest also that FIT2 expression represents an effective synthetic biology strategy for elaborating neutral lipid compartments in plant tissues for potential biofuel or bioproduct purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Cai
- Center for Plant Lipid ResearchUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | | | - Ann Price
- Center for Plant Lipid ResearchUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Thuy N. Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
- Present address: Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Satinder K. Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Samantha C. Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- US Arid‐Land Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSMaricopaAZUSA
| | - Sunjung Park
- US Arid‐Land Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSMaricopaAZUSA
- Present address: Biology DepartmentCentral Arizona CollegeMaricopaAZ85138USA
| | - Drew Sturtevant
- Center for Plant Lipid ResearchUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - John M. Dyer
- US Arid‐Land Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSMaricopaAZUSA
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Center for Plant Lipid ResearchUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
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Aziz M, Sturtevant D, Winston J, Collakova E, Jelesko JG, Chapman KD. MALDI-MS Imaging of Urushiols in Poison Ivy Stem. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050711. [PMID: 28468273 PMCID: PMC6154699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urushiols are the allergenic components of Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy) as well as other Toxicodendron species. They are alk-(en)-yl catechol derivatives with a 15- or 17-carbon side chain having different degrees of unsaturation. Although several methods have been developed for analysis of urushiols in plant tissues, the in situ localization of the different urushiol congeners has not been reported. Here, we report on the first analysis of urushiols in poison ivy stems by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). Our results show that the urushiol congeners with 15-carbon side chains are mainly localized to the resin ducts, while those with 17-carbon side chains are widely distributed in cortex and vascular tissues. The presence of these urushiols in stem extracts of poison ivy seedlings was confirmed by GC-MS. These novel findings provide new insights into the spatial tissue distribution of urushiols that might be biosynthetically or functionally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aziz
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Drew Sturtevant
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Jordan Winston
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Eva Collakova
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - John G Jelesko
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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Salazar C, Jones MD, Sturtevant D, Horn PJ, Crossley J, Zaman K, Chapman KD, Wrona M, Isaac G, Smith NW, Shulaev V. Development and application of sub-2-μm particle CO 2 -based chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for comprehensive analysis of lipids in cottonseed extracts. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2017; 31:591-605. [PMID: 28072489 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Refined cottonseed oil has widespread applications in the food and chemical industries. Although the major lipids comprising cottonseed oil (triacylglycerols) are well known, there are many diverse lipid species in cotton seeds that occur at much lower levels and have important nutritional or anti-nutritional properties. METHODS The lipid technical samples were prepared in chloroform. The biological samples were extracted using a mixture of isopropanol/chloroform/H2 O (2:1:0.45). The data were collected using high and low collision energy with simultaneous data collection on a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer which allowed the characterization of lipids by precursor and product ion alignment. The supercritical fluid chromatography methodology is flexible and can be altered to provide greater retention and separation. The comprehensive method was used to screen seed lipid extracts from several cotton genotypes using multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS Method variables influencing the peak integrity and chromatographic separation for a mixture of lipids with different degrees of polarity were explored. The experiments were designed to understand the chromatographic behavior of lipids in a controlled setting using a variety of lipid extracts. Influences of acyl chain length and numbers of double bonds were investigated using single moiety standards. CONCLUSIONS The methodology parameters were examined using single moiety lipid standards and standard mixtures. The method conditions were applied to biological lipid extracts, and adjustments were investigated to manipulate the chromatography. Insights from these method variable manipulations will help to frame the development of targeted lipid profiling and screening protocols. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Michael D Jones
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Drew Sturtevant
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Patrick J Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Janna Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Khadiza Zaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Mark Wrona
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Giorgis Isaac
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Norman W Smith
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
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Shulaev V, Chapman KD. Plant lipidomics at the crossroads: From technology to biology driven science. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:786-791. [PMID: 28238862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification and quantification of lipids from plant tissues have become commonplace and many researchers now incorporate lipidomics approaches into their experimental studies. Plant lipidomics research continues to involve technological developments such as those in mass spectrometry imaging, but in large part, lipidomics approaches have matured to the point of being accessible to the novice. Here we review some important considerations for those planning to apply plant lipidomics to their biological questions, and offer suggestions for appropriate tools and practices. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: BBALIP_Lipidomics Opinion Articles edited by Sepp Kohlwein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
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Sturtevant D, Dueñas ME, Lee YJ, Chapman KD. Three-dimensional visualization of membrane phospholipid distributions in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds: A spatial perspective of molecular heterogeneity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:268-281. [PMID: 27919665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana has been widely used as a model plant to study acyl lipid metabolism. Seeds of A. thaliana are quite small (approximately 500×300μm and weigh ~20μg), making lipid compositional analyses of single seeds difficult to achieve. Here we have used matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to map and visualize the three-dimensional spatial distributions of two common membrane phospholipid classes, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), in single A. thaliana seeds. The 3D images revealed distinct differences in distribution of several molecular species of both phospholipids among different seed tissues. Using data from these 3D reconstructions, the PC and PI mol% lipid profiles were calculated for the embryonic axis, cotyledons, and peripheral endosperm, and these data agreed well with overall quantification of these lipids in bulk seed extracts analyzed by conventional electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In addition, MALDI-MSI was used to profile PC and PI molecular species in seeds of wild type, fad2-1, fad3-2, fad6-1, and fae1-1 acyl lipid mutants. The resulting distributions revealed previously unobserved changes in spatial distribution of several lipid molecular species, and were used to suggest new insights into biochemical heterogeneity of seed lipid metabolism. These studies highlight the value of mass spectrometry imaging to provide unprecedented spatial and chemical resolution of metabolites directly in samples even as small as a single A. thaliana seeds, and allow for expanded imaging of plant metabolites to improve our understanding of plant lipid metabolism from a spatial perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Sturtevant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Young-Jin Lee
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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Khan BR, Wherritt DJ, Huhman D, Sumner LW, Chapman KD, Blancaflor EB. Malonylation of Glucosylated N-Lauroylethanolamine: A NEW PATHWAY THAT DETERMINES N-ACYLETHANOLAMINE METABOLIC FATE IN PLANTS. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27112-27121. [PMID: 27856641 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.751065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are bioactive fatty acid derivatives present in trace amounts in many eukaryotes. Although NAEs have signaling and physiological roles in animals, little is known about their metabolic fate in plants. Our previous microarray analyses showed that inhibition of Arabidopsis thaliana seedling growth by exogenous N-lauroylethanolamine (NAE 12:0) was accompanied by the differential expression of multiple genes encoding small molecule-modifying enzymes. We focused on the gene At5g39050, which encodes a phenolic glucoside malonyltransferase 1 (PMAT1), to better understand the biological significance of NAE 12:0-induced gene expression changes. PMAT1 expression was induced 3-5-fold by exogenous NAE 12:0. PMAT1 knockouts (pmat1) had reduced sensitivity to the growth-inhibitory effects of NAE 12:0 compared with wild type leading to the hypothesis that PMAT1 might be a previously uncharacterized regulator of NAE metabolism in plants. To test this hypothesis, metabolic profiling of wild-type and pmat1 seedlings treated with NAE 12:0 was conducted. Wild-type seedlings treated with NAE 12:0 accumulated glucosylated and malonylated forms of this NAE species, and structures were confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. By contrast, only the peak corresponding to NAE 12:0-glucoside was detected in pmat1 Recombinant PMAT1 catalyzed the reaction converting NAE 12:0-glucoside to NAE 12:0-mono- or -dimalonylglucosides providing direct evidence that this enzyme is involved in NAE 12:0-glucose malonylation. Taken together, our results indicate that glucosylation of NAE 12:0 by a yet to be determined glucosyltransferase and its subsequent malonylation by PMAT1 could represent a mechanism for modulating the biological activities of NAEs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Daniel J Wherritt
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - David Huhman
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- the Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and
| | - Kent D Chapman
- the Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5220
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401,
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Price ER, Sirsat TS, Sirsat SKG, Kang G, Keereetaweep J, Aziz M, Chapman KD, Dzialowski EM. Thermal acclimation in American alligators: Effects of temperature regime on growth rate, mitochondrial function, and membrane composition. J Therm Biol 2016; 68:45-54. [PMID: 28689720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) to acclimate to temperature with respect to growth rate. We hypothesized that alligators would acclimate to cold temperature by increasing the metabolic capacity of skeletal muscles and the heart. Additionally, we hypothesized that lipid membranes in the thigh muscle and liver would respond to low temperature, either to maintain fluidity (via increased unsaturation) or to maintain enzyme reaction rates (via increased docosahexaenoic acid). Alligators were assigned to one of 3 temperature regimes beginning at 9 mo of age: constant warm (30°C), constant cold (20°C), and daily cycling for 12h at each temperature. Growth rate over the following 7 mo was highest in the cycling group, which we suggest occurred via high digestive function or feeding activity during warm periods and energy-saving during cold periods. The warm group also grew faster than the cold group. Heart and liver masses were proportional to body mass, while kidney was proportionately larger in the cold group compared to the warm animals. Whole-animal metabolic rate was higher in the warm and cycling groups compared to the cold group - even when controlling for body mass - when assayed at 30°C, but not at 20°C. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity in permeabilized fibers of thigh muscle and heart did not differ among treatments. Membrane fatty acid composition of the brain was largely unaffected by temperature treatment, but adjustments were made in the phospholipid headgroup composition that are consistent with homeoviscous adaptation. Thigh muscle cell membranes had elevated polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cold group relative to the cycling group, but this was not the case for thigh muscle mitochondrial membranes. Liver mitochondria from cold alligators had elevated docosahexaenoic acid, which might be important for maintenance of reaction rates of membrane-bound enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Price
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Tushar S Sirsat
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Sarah K G Sirsat
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Gurdeep Kang
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Jantana Keereetaweep
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Mina Aziz
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Edward M Dzialowski
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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48
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Gidda SK, Park S, Pyc M, Yurchenko O, Cai Y, Wu P, Andrews DW, Chapman KD, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. Lipid Droplet-Associated Proteins (LDAPs) Are Required for the Dynamic Regulation of Neutral Lipid Compartmentation in Plant Cells. Plant Physiol 2016; 170:2052-71. [PMID: 26896396 PMCID: PMC4825156 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize neutral lipids into organelles called lipid droplets (LDs), and while much is known about the role of LDs in storing triacylglycerols in seeds, their biogenesis and function in nonseed tissues are poorly understood. Recently, we identified a class of plant-specific, lipid droplet-associated proteins (LDAPs) that are abundant components of LDs in nonseed cell types. Here, we characterized the three LDAPs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to gain insight to their targeting, assembly, and influence on LD function and dynamics. While all three LDAPs targeted specifically to the LD surface, truncation analysis of LDAP3 revealed that essentially the entire protein was required for LD localization. The association of LDAP3 with LDs was detergent sensitive, but the protein bound with similar affinity to synthetic liposomes of various phospholipid compositions, suggesting that other factors contributed to targeting specificity. Investigation of LD dynamics in leaves revealed that LD abundance was modulated during the diurnal cycle, and characterization of LDAP misexpression mutants indicated that all three LDAPs were important for this process. LD abundance was increased significantly during abiotic stress, and characterization of mutant lines revealed that LDAP1 and LDAP3 were required for the proper induction of LDs during heat and cold temperature stress, respectively. Furthermore, LDAP1 was required for proper neutral lipid compartmentalization and triacylglycerol degradation during postgerminative growth. Taken together, these studies reveal that LDAPs are required for the maintenance and regulation of LDs in plant cells and perform nonredundant functions in various physiological contexts, including stress response and postgerminative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Sunjung Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Michal Pyc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Yingqi Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - John M Dyer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
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Liu F, Zhao Q, Mano N, Ahmed Z, Nitschke F, Cai Y, Chapman KD, Steup M, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ. Modification of starch metabolism in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana increases plant biomass and triples oilseed production. Plant Biotechnol J 2016; 14:976-985. [PMID: 26285603 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a novel means to achieve substantially increased vegetative biomass and oilseed production in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Endogenous isoforms of starch branching enzyme (SBE) were substituted by either one of the endosperm-expressed maize (Zea mays L.) branching isozymes, ZmSBEI or ZmSBEIIb. Transformants were compared with the starch-free background and with the wild-type plants. Each of the maize-derived SBEs restored starch biosynthesis but both morphology and structure of starch particles were altered. Altered starch metabolism in the transformants is associated with enhanced biomass formation and more-than-trebled oilseed production while maintaining seed oil quality. Enhanced oilseed production is primarily due to an increased number of siliques per plant whereas oil content and seed number per silique are essentially unchanged or even modestly decreased. Introduction of cereal starch branching isozymes into oilseed plants represents a potentially useful strategy to increase biomass and oilseed production in related crops and manipulate the structure and properties of leaf starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Qianru Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Noel Mano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yinqqi Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Martin Steup
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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50
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Phelps MS, Sturtevant D, Chapman KD, Verbeck GF. Nanomanipulation-Coupled Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization-Direct Organelle Mass Spectrometry: A Technique for the Detailed Analysis of Single Organelles. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2016; 27:187-193. [PMID: 26238327 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel technique combining precise organelle microextraction with deposition and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) for a rapid, minimally invasive mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of single organelles from living cells. A dual-positioner nanomanipulator workstation was utilized for both extraction of organelle content and precise co-deposition of analyte and matrix solution for MALDI-direct organelle mass spectrometry (DOMS) analysis. Here, the triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles of single lipid droplets from 3T3-L1 adipocytes were acquired and results validated with nanoelectrospray ionization (NSI) MS. The results demonstrate the utility of the MALDI-DOMS technique as it enabled longer mass analysis time, higher ionization efficiency, MS imaging of the co-deposited spot, and subsequent MS/MS capabilities of localized lipid content in comparison to NSI-DOMS. This method provides selective organellar resolution, which complements current biochemical analyses and prompts for subsequent subcellular studies to be performed where limited samples and analyte volume are of concern. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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