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Park TIH, Smyth LCD, Aalderink M, Woolf ZR, Rustenhoven J, Lee K, Jansson D, Smith A, Feng S, Correia J, Heppner P, Schweder P, Mee E, Dragunow M. Routine culture and study of adult human brain cells from neurosurgical specimens. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:190-221. [PMID: 35022619 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
When modeling disease in the laboratory, it is important to use clinically relevant models. Patient-derived human brain cells grown in vitro to study and test potential treatments provide such a model. Here, we present simple, highly reproducible coordinated procedures that can be used to routinely culture most cell types found in the human brain from single neurosurgically excised brain specimens. The cell types that can be cultured include dissociated cultures of neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes and brain endothelial and neural precursor cells, as well as explant cultures of the leptomeninges, cortical slice cultures and brain tumor cells. The initial setup of cultures takes ~2 h, and the cells are ready for further experiments within days to weeks. The resulting cells can be studied as purified or mixed population cultures, slice cultures and explant-derived cultures. This protocol therefore enables the investigation of human brain cells to facilitate translation of neuroscience research to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I-H Park
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leon C D Smyth
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Miranda Aalderink
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zoe R Woolf
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Lee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deidre Jansson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centre (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amy Smith
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sheryl Feng
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason Correia
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Heppner
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schweder
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward Mee
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Garrosa-Jiménez J, Sánchez Carro Y, Ovejero-Benito MC, Del Sastre E, García AG, López MG, López-García P, Cano-Abad MF. Intracellular calcium and inflammatory markers, mediated by purinergic stimulation, are differentially regulated in monocytes of patients with major depressive disorder. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136275. [PMID: 34606909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a ligand-gated ion channel that is being recognized as a major player in neuropsychiatric disorders such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). P2X7R activation is triggered by high extracellular ATP concentrations, leading to channel opening and inducing an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c), that activates the inflammatory pathway. Those receptors are expressed not only in CNS cells but also in peripheral blood cells, where they are activated in response to inflammatory molecules such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS induced-tissue damage promotes an elevation of extracellular ATP, triggering the NRLP3-inflammasome assembly and activation that, sequentially, induces caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β processing and secretion. In this context, we attempt to understand the role of P2X7R in [Ca2+]c homeostasis regulation, inflammasome expression and its pharmacological modulation in MDD. For this purpose, monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of MDD patients and [Ca2+]c was monitored with the intracellular probe Fura-2. Our results point out to P2X7R as the responsible of the Ca2+ imbalance, as well as TNF-α-dependent activation of caspase-1 in MDD patients. In addition, P2X7R blockade with its specific antagonist, JNJ-47965567, reduces the Ca2+ entry upon Bz-ATP exposure. Altogether, our results point that MDD patients have both, Ca2+ homeostasis alteration and an inflammatory status, which promote an independent-inflammasome activation of caspase-1. Therefore, we propose the pharmacological modulation of P2X7R as a therapeutic approach against MDD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garrosa-Jiménez
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, (IIS-IP)., Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sánchez Carro
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C Ovejero-Benito
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, (IIS-IP)., Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric Del Sastre
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G García
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, (IIS-IP)., Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López-García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, (IIS-IP)., Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
| | - María F Cano-Abad
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, (IIS-IP)., Madrid, Spain.
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Fu W, Ruangkittisakul A, MacTavish D, Baker G, Ballanyi K, Jhamandas J. Activity and metabolism-related Ca2+ and mitochondrial dynamics in co-cultured human fetal cortical neurons and astrocytes. Neuroscience 2013; 250:520-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lange SC, Bak LK, Waagepetersen HS, Schousboe A, Norenberg MD. Primary cultures of astrocytes: their value in understanding astrocytes in health and disease. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2569-88. [PMID: 22926576 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During the past few decades of astrocyte research it has become increasingly clear that astrocytes have taken a central position in all central nervous system activities. Much of our new understanding of astrocytes has been derived from studies conducted with primary cultures of astrocytes. Such cultures have been an invaluable tool for studying roles of astrocytes in physiological and pathological states. Many central astrocytic functions in metabolism, amino acid neurotransmission and calcium signaling were discovered using this tissue culture preparation and most of these observations were subsequently found in vivo. Nevertheless, primary cultures of astrocytes are an in vitro model that does not fully mimic the complex events occurring in vivo. Here we present an overview of the numerous contributions generated by the use of primary astrocyte cultures to uncover the diverse functions of astrocytes. Many of these discoveries would not have been possible to achieve without the use of astrocyte cultures. Additionally, we address and discuss the concerns that have been raised regarding the use of primary cultures of astrocytes as an experimental model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie C Lange
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kipp M, van der Star B, Vogel DYS, Puentes F, van der Valk P, Baker D, Amor S. Experimental in vivo and in vitro models of multiple sclerosis: EAE and beyond. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2011; 1:15-28. [PMID: 25876447 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the primary cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, the widely accepted view is that aberrant (auto)immune responses possibly arising following infection(s) are responsible for the destructive inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). This notion, and the limited access of human brain tissue early in the course of MS, has led to the development of autoimmune, viral and toxin-induced demyelination animal models as well as the development of human CNS cell and organotypic brain slice cultures in an attempt to understand events in MS. The autoimmune models, collectively known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and viral models have shaped ideas of how environmental factors may trigger inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration in the CNS. Understandably, these models have also heavily influenced the development of therapies targeting the inflammatory aspect of MS. Demyelination and remyelination in the absence of overt inflammation are better studied in toxin-induced demyelination models using cuprizone and lysolecithin. The paradigm shift of MS as an autoimmune disease of myelin to a neurodegenerative disease has required more appropriate models reflecting the axonal and neuronal damage. Thus, secondary progressive EAE and spastic models have been crucial to develop neuroprotective approaches. In this review the current in vivo and in vitro experimental models to examine pathological mechanisms involved in inflammation, demyelination and neuronal degeneration, as well as remyelination and repair in MS are discussed. Since this knowledge is the basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches for MS, we particularly address whether the currently available models truly reflect the human disease, and discuss perspectives to further optimise and develop more suitable experimental models to study MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Baukje van der Star
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Y S Vogel
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabìola Puentes
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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