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Smyth LCD, Xu D, Okar SV, Dykstra T, Rustenhoven J, Papadopoulos Z, Bhasiin K, Kim MW, Drieu A, Mamuladze T, Blackburn S, Gu X, Gaitán MI, Nair G, Storck SE, Du S, White MA, Bayguinov P, Smirnov I, Dikranian K, Reich DS, Kipnis J. Identification of direct connections between the dura and the brain. Nature 2024; 627:165-173. [PMID: 38326613 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The arachnoid barrier delineates the border between the central nervous system and dura mater. Although the arachnoid barrier creates a partition, communication between the central nervous system and the dura mater is crucial for waste clearance and immune surveillance1,2. How the arachnoid barrier balances separation and communication is poorly understood. Here, using transcriptomic data, we developed transgenic mice to examine specific anatomical structures that function as routes across the arachnoid barrier. Bridging veins create discontinuities where they cross the arachnoid barrier, forming structures that we termed arachnoid cuff exit (ACE) points. The openings that ACE points create allow the exchange of fluids and molecules between the subarachnoid space and the dura, enabling the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid and limited entry of molecules from the dura to the subarachnoid space. In healthy human volunteers, magnetic resonance imaging tracers transit along bridging veins in a similar manner to access the subarachnoid space. Notably, in neuroinflammatory conditions such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, ACE points also enable cellular trafficking, representing a route for immune cells to directly enter the subarachnoid space from the dura mater. Collectively, our results indicate that ACE points are a critical part of the anatomy of neuroimmune communication in both mice and humans that link the central nervous system with the dura and its immunological diversity and waste clearance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon C D Smyth
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Di Xu
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Serhat V Okar
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zachary Papadopoulos
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kesshni Bhasiin
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Min Woo Kim
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Antoine Drieu
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tornike Mamuladze
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan Blackburn
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xingxing Gu
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - María I Gaitán
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Govind Nair
- Quantitative MRI Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siling Du
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter Bayguinov
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Krikor Dikranian
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Barclay KM, Abduljawad N, Cheng Z, Kim MW, Zhou L, Yang J, Rustenhoven J, Perez JM, Smyth L, Beatty W, Hou J, Saligrama N, Colonna M, Yu G, Kipnis J, Li Q. An inducible genetic tool for tracking and manipulating specific microglial states in development and disease. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.01.569597. [PMID: 38106187 PMCID: PMC10723357 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies have revealed distinct microglial states in development and disease. These include proliferative region-associated microglia (PAM) in developing white matter and disease-associated microglia (DAM) prevalent in various neurodegenerative conditions. PAM and DAM share a similar core gene signature and other functional properties. However, the extent of the dynamism and plasticity of these microglial states, as well as their functional significance, remains elusive, partly due to the lack of specific tools. Here, we report the generation of an inducible Cre driver line, Clec7a-CreERT2, designed to target PAM and DAM in the brain parenchyma. Utilizing this tool, we profile labeled cells during development and in several disease models, uncovering convergence and context-dependent differences in PAM/DAM gene expression. Through long-term tracking, we demonstrate surprising levels of plasticity in these microglial states. Lastly, we specifically depleted DAM in cuprizone-induced demyelination, revealing their roles in disease progression and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia M. Barclay
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nora Abduljawad
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zuolin Cheng
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Min Woo Kim
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jose Mazzitelli Perez
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leon Smyth
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - JinChao Hou
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Naresha Saligrama
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63112, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Lead Contact
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3
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Mazzitelli JA, Pulous FE, Smyth LCD, Kaya Z, Rustenhoven J, Moskowitz MA, Kipnis J, Nahrendorf M. Skull bone marrow channels as immune gateways to the central nervous system. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2052-2062. [PMID: 37996526 PMCID: PMC10894464 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research have characterized diverse immune cells surveilling the CNS. More recently, the discovery of osseous channels (so-called 'skull channels') connecting the meninges with the skull and vertebral bone marrow has revealed a new layer of complexity in our understanding of neuroimmune interactions. Here we discuss our current understanding of skull and vertebral bone marrow anatomy, its contribution of leukocytes to the meninges, and its surveillance of the CNS. We explore the role of this hematopoietic output on CNS health, focusing on the supply of immune cells during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Mazzitelli
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fadi E Pulous
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leon C D Smyth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zeynep Kaya
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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4
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Stevenson TJ, Hitpass Romero K, Rustenhoven J. Meningeal lymphatics stem cognitive decline in craniosynostosis. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1395-1397. [PMID: 37922875 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a congenital craniofacial disorder where premature fusion of cranial sutures causes elevated intracranial pressure and neurological deficits. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Ma et al. demonstrate that replenishing skull progenitor cells alleviates intracranial pressure elevations in craniosynostosis by restoring the meningeal lymphatic system, improving neurocognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Stevenson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kate Hitpass Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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5
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Xu W, Rustenhoven J, Nelson CA, Dykstra T, Ferreiro A, Papadopoulos Z, Burnham CAD, Dantas G, Fremont DH, Kipnis J. A novel immune modulator IM33 mediates a glia-gut-neuronal axis that controls lifespan. Neuron 2023; 111:3244-3254.e8. [PMID: 37582366 PMCID: PMC10592285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process involving various systems and behavioral changes. Altered immune regulation, dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and sleep decline are common features of aging, but their interconnection is poorly understood. Using Drosophila, we discover that IM33, a novel immune modulator, and its mammalian homolog, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), are upregulated in old flies and old mice, respectively. Knockdown of IM33 in glia elevates the gut reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and alters gut microbiota composition, including increased Lactiplantibacillus plantarum abundance, leading to a shortened lifespan. Additionally, dysbiosis induces sleep fragmentation through the activation of insulin-producing cells in the brain, which is mediated by the binding of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-produced DAP-type peptidoglycan to the peptidoglycan recognition protein LE (PGRP-LE) receptor. Therefore, IM33 plays a role in the glia-microbiota-neuronal axis, connecting neuroinflammation, dysbiosis, and sleep decline during aging. Identifying molecular mediators of these processes could lead to the development of innovative strategies for extending lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangchao Xu
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aura Ferreiro
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zachary Papadopoulos
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Stevenson TJ, Vinnell L, Rustenhoven J. "Bloody" good factors for keeping the brain young. Immunity 2023; 56:2185-2187. [PMID: 37820581 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing burden in dementia-related disorders has necessitated improved understanding of cognitive decline. In a recent issue of Nature, Schroer et al. demonstrate that platelet factor 4 in young blood reduces age-related hippocampal dysfunction and improves cognition in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Stevenson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Luca Vinnell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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7
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Salvador AFM, Dykstra T, Rustenhoven J, Gao W, Blackburn SM, Bhasiin K, Dong MQ, Guimarães RM, Gonuguntla S, Smirnov I, Kipnis J, Herz J. Age-dependent immune and lymphatic responses after spinal cord injury. Neuron 2023; 111:2155-2169.e9. [PMID: 37148871 PMCID: PMC10523880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes lifelong debilitating conditions. Previous works demonstrated the essential role of the immune system in recovery after SCI. Here, we explored the temporal changes of the response after SCI in young and aged mice in order to characterize multiple immune populations within the mammalian spinal cord. We revealed substantial infiltration of myeloid cells to the spinal cord in young animals, accompanied by changes in the activation state of microglia. In contrast, both processes were blunted in aged mice. Interestingly, we discovered the formation of meningeal lymphatic structures above the lesion site, and their role has not been examined after contusive injury. Our transcriptomic data predicted lymphangiogenic signaling between myeloid cells in the spinal cord and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in the meninges after SCI. Together, our findings delineate how aging affects the immune response following SCI and highlight the participation of the spinal cord meninges in supporting vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Francesca M Salvador
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Wenqing Gao
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan M Blackburn
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kesshni Bhasiin
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael Q Dong
- Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Rafaela Mano Guimarães
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sriharsha Gonuguntla
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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8
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Rustenhoven J, Pavlou G, Storck SE, Dykstra T, Du S, Wan Z, Quintero D, Scallan JP, Smirnov I, Kamm RD, Kipnis J. Age-related alterations in meningeal immunity drive impaired CNS lymphatic drainage. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221929. [PMID: 37027179 PMCID: PMC10083715 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The meningeal lymphatic network enables the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates the removal of central nervous system (CNS) waste. During aging and in Alzheimer's disease, impaired meningeal lymphatic drainage promotes the buildup of toxic misfolded proteins in the CNS. Reversing this age-related dysfunction represents a promising strategy to augment CNS waste clearance; however, the mechanisms underlying this decline remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that age-related alterations in meningeal immunity underlie this lymphatic impairment. Single-cell RNA sequencing of meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells from aged mice revealed their response to IFNγ, which was increased in the aged meninges due to T cell accumulation. Chronic elevation of meningeal IFNγ in young mice via AAV-mediated overexpression attenuated CSF drainage-comparable to the deficits observed in aged mice. Therapeutically, IFNγ neutralization alleviated age-related impairments in meningeal lymphatic function. These data suggest manipulation of meningeal immunity as a viable approach to normalize CSF drainage and alleviate the neurological deficits associated with impaired waste removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Georgios Pavlou
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steffen E. Storck
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siling Du
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhengpeng Wan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Quintero
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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Scotter EL, Cao MC, Jansson D, Rustenhoven J, Smyth LCD, Aalderink MC, Siemens A, Fan V, Wu J, Mee EW, Faull RLM, Dragunow M. The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked protein TDP-43 regulates interleukin-6 cytokine production by human brain pericytes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 123:103768. [PMID: 36038081 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal movement disorder involving degeneration of motor neurons through dysfunction of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43. Pericytes, the perivascular cells of the blood-brain, blood-spinal cord, and blood-CSF barriers also degenerate in ALS. Indeed, pericytes are among the earliest cell types to show gene expression changes in pre-symptomatic animal models of ALS. This suggests that pericyte degeneration precedes neurodegeneration and may involve pericyte cell-autonomous TDP-43 dysfunction. Here we determined the effect of TDP-43 dysfunction in human brain pericytes on interleukin 6 (IL-6), a critical secreted inflammatory mediator reported to be regulated by TDP 43. Primary human brain pericytes were cultured from biopsy tissue from epilepsy surgeries and TDP-43 was silenced using siRNA. TDP-43 silencing of pericytes stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β or tumour necrosis factor alpha, robustly suppressed the induction of IL-6 transcript and protein. IL-6 regulation by TDP-43 did not involve the assembly of TDP-43 nuclear splicing bodies, and did not occur via altered splicing of IL6. Instead, transcriptome-wide analysis by RNA-Sequencing identified a poison exon in the IL6 destabilising factor HNRNPD (AUF1) as a splicing target of TDP-43. Our data support a model whereby TDP-43 silencing favours destabilisation of IL6 mRNA, via enhanced AU-rich element-mediated decay by HNRNP/AUF1. This suggests that cell-autonomous deficits in TDP-43 function in human brain pericytes would suppress their production of IL-6. Given the importance of the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers in maintaining motor neuron health, TDP-43 in human brain pericytes may represent a cellular target for ALS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Scotter
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Maize C Cao
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Deidre Jansson
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Leon C D Smyth
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Miranda C Aalderink
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew Siemens
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Vicky Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jane Wu
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Edward W Mee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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10
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Drieu A, Du S, Storck SE, Rustenhoven J, Papadopoulos Z, Dykstra T, Zhong F, Kim K, Blackburn S, Mamuladze T, Harari O, Karch CM, Bateman RJ, Perrin R, Farlow M, Chhatwal J, Hu S, Randolph GJ, Smirnov I, Kipnis J. Parenchymal border macrophages regulate the flow dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature 2022; 611:585-593. [PMID: 36352225 PMCID: PMC9899827 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are important players in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis1. Perivascular and leptomeningeal macrophages reside near the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma2, and their role in CNS physiology has not been sufficiently well studied. Given their continuous interaction with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and strategic positioning, we refer to these cells collectively as parenchymal border macrophages (PBMs). Here we demonstrate that PBMs regulate CSF flow dynamics. We identify a subpopulation of PBMs that express high levels of CD163 and LYVE1 (scavenger receptor proteins), closely associated with the brain arterial tree, and show that LYVE1+ PBMs regulate arterial motion that drives CSF flow. Pharmacological or genetic depletion of PBMs led to accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, obstructing CSF access to perivascular spaces and impairing CNS perfusion and clearance. Ageing-associated alterations in PBMs and impairment of CSF dynamics were restored after intracisternal injection of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing data obtained from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and from non-AD individuals point to changes in phagocytosis, endocytosis and interferon-γ signalling on PBMs, pathways that are corroborated in a mouse model of AD. Collectively, our results identify PBMs as new cellular regulators of CSF flow dynamics, which could be targeted pharmacologically to alleviate brain clearance deficits associated with ageing and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Drieu
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Siling Du
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zachary Papadopoulos
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fenghe Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Danforth Campus, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kyungdeok Kim
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan Blackburn
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tornike Mamuladze
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard Perrin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Danforth Campus, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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11
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Stevenson TJ, Johnson RH, Savistchenko J, Rustenhoven J, Woolf Z, Smyth LCD, Murray HC, Faull RLM, Correia J, Schweder P, Heppner P, Turner C, Melki R, Dieriks BV, Curtis MA, Dragunow M. Pericytes take up and degrade α-synuclein but succumb to apoptosis under cellular stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17314. [PMID: 36243723 PMCID: PMC9569325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and the presence of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). Pericytes and microglia, two non-neuronal cells contain α-syn in the human brain, however, their role in disease processes is poorly understood. Pericytes, found surrounding the capillaries in the brain are important for maintaining the blood-brain barrier, controlling blood flow and mediating inflammation. In this study, primary human brain pericytes and microglia were exposed to two different α-synuclein aggregates. Inflammatory responses were assessed using immunocytochemistry, cytometric bead arrays and proteome profiler cytokine array kits. Fixed flow cytometry was used to investigate the uptake and subsequent degradation of α-syn in pericytes. We found that the two α-syn aggregates are devoid of inflammatory and cytotoxic actions on human brain derived pericytes and microglia. Although α-syn did not induce an inflammatory response, pericytes efficiently take up and degrade α-syn through the lysosomal pathway but not the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Furthermore, when pericytes were exposed the ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor-MG132 and α-syn aggregates, there was profound cytotoxicity through the production of reactive oxygen species resulting in apoptosis. These results suggest that the observed accumulation of α-syn in pericytes in human PD brains likely plays a role in PD pathogenesis, perhaps by causing cerebrovascular instability, under conditions of cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Stevenson
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Rebecca H. Johnson
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jimmy Savistchenko
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Francois Jacob Institute, National Center for Scientific Research, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Zoe Woolf
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Leon C. D. Smyth
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Helen C. Murray
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jason Correia
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414055.10000 0000 9027 2851Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schweder
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414055.10000 0000 9027 2851Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | - Peter Heppner
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414054.00000 0000 9567 6206Starship Children’s Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414055.10000 0000 9027 2851Department of Anatomical Pathology, Lab Plus, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ronald Melki
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Francois Jacob Institute, National Center for Scientific Research, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Birger V. Dieriks
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Michael Dragunow
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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12
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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13
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Avraham O, Feng R, Ewan EE, Rustenhoven J, Zhao G, Cavalli V. Profiling sensory neuron microenvironment after peripheral and central axon injury reveals key pathways for neural repair. eLife 2021; 10:e68457. [PMID: 34586065 PMCID: PMC8480984 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons with cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) represent a useful model to study axon regeneration. Whereas regeneration and functional recovery occurs after peripheral nerve injury, spinal cord injury or dorsal root injury is not followed by regenerative outcomes. Regeneration of sensory axons in peripheral nerves is not entirely cell autonomous. Whether the DRG microenvironment influences the different regenerative capacities after injury to peripheral or central axons remains largely unknown. To answer this question, we performed a single-cell transcriptional profiling of mouse DRG in response to peripheral (sciatic nerve crush) and central axon injuries (dorsal root crush and spinal cord injury). Each cell type responded differently to the three types of injuries. All injuries increased the proportion of a cell type that shares features of both immune cells and glial cells. A distinct subset of satellite glial cells (SGC) appeared specifically in response to peripheral nerve injury. Activation of the PPARα signaling pathway in SGC, which promotes axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury, failed to occur after central axon injuries. Treatment with the FDA-approved PPARα agonist fenofibrate increased axon regeneration after dorsal root injury. This study provides a map of the distinct DRG microenvironment responses to peripheral and central injuries at the single-cell level and highlights that manipulating non-neuronal cells could lead to avenues to promote functional recovery after CNS injuries or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshri Avraham
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
| | - Eric Edward Ewan
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
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14
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Abstract
Appropriate vascular function is essential for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis and is achieved through virtue of the blood-brain barrier; a specialized structure consisting of endothelial, mural, and astrocytic interactions. While appropriate blood-brain barrier function is typically achieved, the central nervous system vasculature is not infallible and cerebrovascular anomalies, a collective terminology for diverse vascular lesions, are present in meningeal and cerebral vasculature supplying and draining the brain. These conditions, including aneurysmal formation and rupture, arteriovenous malformations, dural arteriovenous fistulas, and cerebral cavernous malformations, and their associated neurological sequelae, are typically managed with neurosurgical or pharmacological approaches. However, increasing evidence implicates interacting roles for inflammatory responses and disrupted central nervous system fluid flow with respect to vascular perturbations. Here, we discuss cerebrovascular anomalies from an immunologic angle and fluid flow perspective. We describe immune contributions, both common and distinct, to the formation and progression of diverse cerebrovascular anomalies. Next, we summarize how cerebrovascular anomalies precipitate diverse neurological sequelae, including seizures, hydrocephalus, and cognitive effects and possible contributions through the recently identified lymphatic and glymphatic systems. Finally, we speculate on and provide testable hypotheses for novel nonsurgical therapeutic approaches for alleviating neurological impairments arising from cerebrovascular anomalies, with a particular emphasis on the normalization of fluid flow and alleviation of inflammation through manipulations of the lymphatic and glymphatic central nervous system clearance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO
| | | | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine (J.R., J.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO
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15
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Cugurra A, Mamuladze T, Rustenhoven J, Dykstra T, Beroshvili G, Greenberg ZJ, Baker W, Papadopoulos Z, Drieu A, Blackburn S, Kanamori M, Brioschi S, Herz J, Schuettpelz LG, Colonna M, Smirnov I, Kipnis J. Skull and vertebral bone marrow are myeloid cell reservoirs for the meninges and CNS parenchyma. Science 2021; 373:science.abf7844. [PMID: 34083447 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf7844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The meninges are a membranous structure enveloping the central nervous system (CNS) that host a rich repertoire of immune cells mediating CNS immune surveillance. Here, we report that the mouse meninges contain a pool of monocytes and neutrophils supplied not from the blood but by adjacent skull and vertebral bone marrow. Under pathological conditions, including spinal cord injury and neuroinflammation, CNS-infiltrating myeloid cells can originate from brain borders and display transcriptional signatures distinct from their blood-derived counterparts. Thus, CNS borders are populated by myeloid cells from adjacent bone marrow niches, strategically placed to supply innate immune cells under homeostatic and pathological conditions. These findings call for a reinterpretation of immune-cell infiltration into the CNS during injury and autoimmunity and may inform future therapeutic approaches that harness meningeal immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cugurra
- Gutenberg Research Fellowship Group of Neuroimmunology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tornike Mamuladze
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Giorgi Beroshvili
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zev J Greenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wendy Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zach Papadopoulos
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Antoine Drieu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan Blackburn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mitsuhiro Kanamori
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura G Schuettpelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Gutenberg Research Fellowship Group of Neuroimmunology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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16
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Rustenhoven J, Drieu A, Mamuladze T, de Lima KA, Dykstra T, Wall M, Papadopoulos Z, Kanamori M, Salvador AF, Baker W, Lemieux M, Da Mesquita S, Cugurra A, Fitzpatrick J, Sviben S, Kossina R, Bayguinov P, Townsend RR, Zhang Q, Erdmann-Gilmore P, Smirnov I, Lopes MB, Herz J, Kipnis J. Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell 2021; 184:1000-1016.e27. [PMID: 33508229 PMCID: PMC8487654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the established dogma of central nervous system (CNS) immune privilege, neuroimmune interactions play an active role in diverse neurological disorders. However, the precise mechanisms underlying CNS immune surveillance remain elusive; particularly, the anatomical sites where peripheral adaptive immunity can sample CNS-derived antigens and the cellular and molecular mediators orchestrating this surveillance. Here, we demonstrate that CNS-derived antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulate around the dural sinuses, are captured by local antigen-presenting cells, and are presented to patrolling T cells. This surveillance is enabled by endothelial and mural cells forming the sinus stromal niche. T cell recognition of CSF-derived antigens at this site promoted tissue resident phenotypes and effector functions within the dural meninges. These findings highlight the critical role of dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface, where brain antigens are surveyed under steady-state conditions, and shed light on age-related dysfunction and neuroinflammatory attack in animal models of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Antoine Drieu
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tornike Mamuladze
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kalil Alves de Lima
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Morgan Wall
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zachary Papadopoulos
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mitsuhiro Kanamori
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Francesca Salvador
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Wendy Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mackenzie Lemieux
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Andrea Cugurra
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Gutenberg Research Fellowship Group of Neuroimmunology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - James Fitzpatrick
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sanja Sviben
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ross Kossina
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peter Bayguinov
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Reid R Townsend
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Petra Erdmann-Gilmore
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maria-Beatriz Lopes
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Gutenberg Research Fellowship Group of Neuroimmunology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Park TIH, Schweder P, Lee K, Dieriks BV, Jung Y, Smyth L, Rustenhoven J, Mee E, Heppner P, Turner C, Curtis MA, Faull RLM, Montgomery JM, Dragunow M. Isolation and culture of functional adult human neurons from neurosurgical brain specimens. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa171. [PMID: 33215086 PMCID: PMC7660143 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to characterize and study primary neurons isolated directly from the adult human brain would greatly advance neuroscience research. However, significant challenges such as accessibility of human brain tissue and the lack of a robust neuronal cell culture protocol have hampered its progress. Here, we describe a simple and reproducible method for the isolation and culture of functional adult human neurons from neurosurgical brain specimens. In vitro, adult human neurons form a dense network and express a plethora of mature neuronal and synaptic markers. Most importantly, for the first time, we demonstrate the re-establishment of mature neurophysiological properties in vitro, such as repetitive fast-spiking action potentials, and spontaneous and evoked synaptic activity. Together, our dissociated and slice culture systems enable studies of adult human neurophysiology and gene expression under normal and pathological conditions and provide a high-throughput platform for drug testing on brain cells directly isolated from the adult human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I-H Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schweder
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Lee
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Birger V Dieriks
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yewon Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leon Smyth
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward Mee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Heppner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Alves de Lima K, Rustenhoven J, Da Mesquita S, Wall M, Salvador AF, Smirnov I, Martelossi Cebinelli G, Mamuladze T, Baker W, Papadopoulos Z, Lopes MB, Cao WS, Xie XS, Herz J, Kipnis J. Meningeal γδ T cells regulate anxiety-like behavior via IL-17a signaling in neurons. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1421-1429. [PMID: 32929273 PMCID: PMC8496952 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-17a (IL-17a) has been highly conserved during evolution of the vertebrate immune system and widely studied in contexts of infection and autoimmunity. Studies suggest that IL-17a promotes behavioral changes in experimental models of autism and aggregation behavior in worms. Here, through a cellular and molecular characterization of meningeal γδ17 T cells, we defined the nearest central nervous system associated source of IL-17a under homeostasis. Meningeal γδ T cells express high levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR6 and seed meninges shortly after birth. Physiological release of IL-17a by these cells was correlated with anxiety-like behavior in mice and was partially dependent on T cell receptor engagement and commensal-derived signals. IL-17a receptor was expressed in cortical glutamatergic neurons under steady state and its genetic deletion decreased anxiety-like behavior in mice. Our findings suggest that IL-17a production by meningeal γδ17 T cells represents an evolutionary bridge between this conserved anti-pathogen molecule and survival behavioral traits in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalil Alves de Lima
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Morgan Wall
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andrea Francesca Salvador
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guilherme Martelossi Cebinelli
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tornike Mamuladze
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wendy Baker
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zach Papadopoulos
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Beatriz Lopes
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Neurogenesis is critical to continuously replacie olfactory neurons but is impaired during chronic inflammatory rhinosinusitis. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Chen et al. (2019) describe the inflammation-induced switching of olfactory stem cells from a regenerative phenotype to one participating in immune defense; this process contributes to deficient replacement of olfactory sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Neuroimmunology, albeit a relatively established discipline, has recently sparked numerous exciting findings on microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). This review addresses meningeal immunity, a less-studied aspect of neuroimmune interactions. The meninges, a triple layer of membranes—the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater—surround the CNS, encompassing the cerebrospinal fluid produced by the choroid plexus epithelium. Unlike the adjacent brain parenchyma, the meninges contain a wide repertoire of immune cells. These constitute meningeal immunity, which is primarily concerned with immune surveillance of the CNS, and—according to recent evidence—also participates in postinjury CNS recovery, chronic neurodegenerative conditions, and even higher brain function. Meningeal immunity has recently come under the spotlight owing to the characterization of meningeal lymphatic vessels draining the CNS. Here, we review the current state of our understanding of meningeal immunity and its effects on healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalil Alves de Lima
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA;,
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA;,
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA;,
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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22
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Abstract
Adult neurogenesis plays an important role in brain function and declines with aging. A recent report demonstrates clonal T cell expansion within neurogenic niches of the aged brain, impairing neurogenesis through IFNγ signaling (Dulken et al.,Nature, 2019). These results highlight T cells as important contributors to and potential therapeutic targets for age-related brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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23
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Macapagal J, Park T, Joret M, Rustenhoven J, Dieriks B, Faull R, Schweder P, Dragunow M. TMIC-21. THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF PERICYTES TO GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME TUMOUR MICRO-ENVIRONMENT IMMUNOSUPPRESSION VIA DAMPENED EXPRESSION OF ICAM-1, VCAM-1 AND MCP-1. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy148.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jena Macapagal
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - Thomas Park
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - Maximillian Joret
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - Birger Dieriks
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - Richard Faull
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - Patrick Schweder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - Mike Dragunow
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
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24
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Joret MO, Park TI, Macapagal JM, Rustenhoven J, Kim BJ, Correia J, Mee E, Faull RLM, Schweder P, Dragunow M. P04.23 Pericytes contribute to tumour immune system evasion in glioblastoma multiforme through the under-expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy139.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M O Joret
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland district health board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T I Park
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - J M Macapagal
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - J Rustenhoven
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - B J Kim
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - J Correia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland district health board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E Mee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland district health board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - P Schweder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland district health board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zeal
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25
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Rustenhoven J, Smith AM, Smyth LC, Jansson D, Scotter EL, Swanson MEV, Aalderink M, Coppieters N, Narayan P, Handley R, Overall C, Park TIH, Schweder P, Heppner P, Curtis MA, Faull RLM, Dragunow M. PU.1 regulates Alzheimer's disease-associated genes in primary human microglia. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:44. [PMID: 30124174 PMCID: PMC6102813 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia play critical roles in the brain during homeostasis and pathological conditions. Understanding the molecular events underpinning microglial functions and activation states will further enable us to target these cells for the treatment of neurological disorders. The transcription factor PU.1 is critical in the development of myeloid cells and a major regulator of microglial gene expression. In the brain, PU.1 is specifically expressed in microglia and recent evidence from genome-wide association studies suggests that reductions in PU.1 contribute to a delayed onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), possibly through limiting neuroinflammatory responses. Methods To investigate how PU.1 contributes to immune activation in human microglia, microarray analysis was performed on primary human mixed glial cultures subjected to siRNA-mediated knockdown of PU.1. Microarray hits were confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry in both mixed glial cultures and isolated microglia following PU.1 knockdown. To identify attenuators of PU.1 expression in microglia, high throughput drug screening was undertaken using a compound library containing FDA-approved drugs. NanoString and immunohistochemistry was utilised to investigate the expression of PU.1 itself and PU.1-regulated mediators in primary human brain tissue derived from neurologically normal and clinically and pathologically confirmed cases of AD. Results Bioinformatic analysis of gene expression upon PU.1 silencing in mixed glial cultures revealed a network of modified AD-associated microglial genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune systems, particularly those involved in antigen presentation and phagocytosis. These gene changes were confirmed using isolated microglial cultures. Utilising high throughput screening of FDA-approved compounds in mixed glial cultures we identified the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat as an effective attenuator of PU.1 expression in human microglia. Further characterisation of vorinostat in isolated microglial cultures revealed gene and protein changes partially recapitulating those seen following siRNA-mediated PU.1 knockdown. Lastly, we demonstrate that several of these PU.1-regulated genes are expressed by microglia in the human AD brain in situ. Conclusions Collectively, these results suggest that attenuating PU.1 may be a valid therapeutic approach to limit microglial-mediated inflammatory responses in AD and demonstrate utility of vorinostat for this purpose. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0277-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amy M Smith
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Leon C Smyth
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deidre Jansson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Scotter
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Molly E V Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miranda Aalderink
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natacha Coppieters
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pritika Narayan
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Renee Handley
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Overall
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Departmemt of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas I H Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Smyth LCD, Rustenhoven J, Scotter EL, Schweder P, Faull RLM, Park TIH, Dragunow M. Markers for human brain pericytes and smooth muscle cells. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 92:48-60. [PMID: 29885791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Brain pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) are a critical component of the neurovascular unit and are important in regulating cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier integrity. Identification of subtypes of mural cells in tissue and in vitro is important to any study of their function, therefore we identified distinct mural cell morphologies in neurologically normal post-mortem human brain. Further, the distribution of mural cell markers platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ), α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), CD13, neural/glial antigen-2 (NG2), CD146 and desmin was examined. We determined that PDGFRβ, NG2, CD13, and CD146 were expressed in capillary-associated pericytes. NG2, and CD13 were also present on vSMCs in large vessels, however abundant CD146 and desmin staining was also detected in vSMCs on large vessels, co-labelling with αSMA. To determine whether cultures recapitulated observations from tissue, primary human brain pericytes derived from neurologically normal autopsies were analysed for the presence of pericyte markers by immunocytochemistry, western blotting and qPCR. The proteins observed in brain pericytes in tissue (PDGFRβ, αSMA, desmin, CD146, CD13, and NG2) were present in vitro, validating a panel of proteins that can be used to label brain pericytes and vSMCs in tissue and in vitro. Finally, we showed that the proteins CD146 and desmin that are expressed on large vessels in situ, are also selective markers of a smooth muscle cell phenotype in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon C D Smyth
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Scotter
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schweder
- Centre for Brain Research, Auckland, New Zealand; Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I H Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Smyth LCD, Rustenhoven J, Park TIH, Schweder P, Jansson D, Heppner PA, O'Carroll SJ, Mee EW, Faull RLM, Curtis M, Dragunow M. Unique and shared inflammatory profiles of human brain endothelia and pericytes. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:138. [PMID: 29751771 PMCID: PMC5948925 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pericytes and endothelial cells are critical cellular components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and play an important role in neuroinflammation. To date, the majority of inflammation-related studies in endothelia and pericytes have been carried out using immortalised cell lines or non-human-derived cells. Whether these are representative of primary human cells is unclear and systematic comparisons of the inflammatory responses of primary human brain-derived pericytes and endothelia has yet to be performed. METHODS To study the effects of neuroinflammation at the BBB, primary brain endothelial cells and pericytes were isolated from human biopsy tissue. Culture purity was examined using qPCR and immunocytochemistry. Electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) was used to determine the barrier properties of endothelial and pericyte cultures. Using immunocytochemistry, cytometric bead array, and ECIS, we compared the responses of endothelia and pericytes to a panel of inflammatory stimuli (IL-1β, TNFα, LPS, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, IL-6, and IL-4). Secretome analysis was performed to identify unique secretions of endothelia and pericytes in response to IL-1β. RESULTS Endothelial cells were pure, moderately proliferative, retained the expression of BBB-related junctional proteins and transporters, and generated robust TEER. Both endothelia and pericytes have the same pattern of transcription factor activation in response to inflammatory stimuli but respond differently at the secretion level. Secretome analysis confirmed that endothelia and pericytes have overlapping but distinct secretome profiles in response to IL-1β. We identified several cell-type specific responses, including G-CSF and GM-CSF (endothelial-specific), and IGFBP2 and IGFBP3 (pericyte-specific). Finally, we demonstrated that direct addition of IL-1β, TNFα, LPS, and IL-4 contributed to the loss of endothelial barrier integrity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify important cell-type differences in the inflammatory response of brain pericytes and endothelia and provide, for the first time, a comprehensive profile of the secretions of primary human brain endothelia and pericytes which has implications for understanding how inflammation affects the cerebrovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon C D Smyth
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I-H Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schweder
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Deidre Jansson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Peter A Heppner
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Edward W Mee
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Maurice Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Rustenhoven J, Smyth LC, Jansson D, Schweder P, Aalderink M, Scotter EL, Mee EW, Faull RLM, Park TIH, Dragunow M. Modelling physiological and pathological conditions to study pericyte biology in brain function and dysfunction. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:6. [PMID: 29471788 PMCID: PMC5824614 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain pericytes ensheathe the endothelium and contribute to formation and maintenance of the blood-brain-barrier. Additionally, pericytes are involved in several aspects of the CNS immune response including scarring, adhesion molecule expression, chemokine secretion, and phagocytosis. In vitro cultures are routinely used to investigate these functions of brain pericytes, however, these are highly plastic cells and can display differing phenotypes and functional responses depending on their culture conditions. Here we sought to investigate how two commonly used culture media, high serum containing DMEM/F12 and low serum containing Pericyte Medium (ScienCell), altered the phenotype of human brain pericytes and neuroinflammatory responses. METHODS Pericytes were isolated from adult human brain biopsy tissue and cultured in DMEM/F12 (D-pericytes) or Pericyte Medium (P-pericytes). Immunocytochemistry, qRT-PCR, and EdU incorporation were used to determine how this altered their basal phenotype, including the expression of pericyte markers, proliferation, and cell morphology. To determine whether culture media altered the inflammatory response in human brain pericytes, immunocytochemistry, qRT-PCR, cytometric bead arrays, and flow cytometry were used to investigate transcription factor induction, chemokine secretion, adhesion molecule expression, migration, phagocytosis, and response to inflammatory-related growth factors. RESULTS P-pericytes displayed elevated proliferation and a distinct bipolar morphology compared to D-pericytes. Additionally, P-pericytes displayed lower expression of pericyte-associated markers NG2, PDGFRβ, and fibronectin, with notably lower αSMA, CD146, P4H and desmin, and higher Col-IV expression. Nuclear NF-kB translocation in response to IL-1β stimulation was observed in both cultures, however, P-pericytes displayed elevated expression of the transcription factor C/EBPδ, and lower expression of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1. P-pericytes displayed elevated phagocytic and migratory ability. Both cultures responded similarly to stimulation by the growth factors TGFβ1 and PDGF-BB. CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in their phenotype and magnitude of response, both P-pericytes and D-pericytes responded similarly to all examined functions, indicating that the neuroinflammatory phenotype of these cells is robust to culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Leon C Smyth
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Deidre Jansson
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schweder
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miranda Aalderink
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Scotter
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Edward W Mee
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imagining, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I-H Park
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Rustenhoven J, Jansson D, Smyth LC, Dragunow M. Brain Pericytes As Mediators of Neuroinflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:291-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Jansson D, Scotter EL, Rustenhoven J, Coppieters N, Smyth LCD, Oldfield RL, Bergin PS, Mee EW, Graham ES, Faull RLM, Dragunow M. Interferon-γ blocks signalling through PDGFRβ in human brain pericytes. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:249. [PMID: 27654972 PMCID: PMC5031293 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption are common features of many brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and motor neuron disease. Inflammation is thought to be a driver of BBB breakdown, but the underlying mechanisms for this are unclear. Brain pericytes are critical cells for maintaining the BBB and are immunologically active. We sought to test the hypothesis that inflammation regulates the BBB by altering pericyte biology. METHODS We exposed primary adult human brain pericytes to chronic interferon-gamma (IFNγ) for 4 days and measured associated functional aspects of pericyte biology. Specifically, we examined the influence of inflammation on platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRβ) expression and signalling, as well as pericyte proliferation and migration by qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and western blotting. RESULTS Chronic IFNγ treatment had marked effects on pericyte biology most notably through the PDGFRβ, by enhancing agonist (PDGF-BB)-induced receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and subsequent degradation. Functionally, chronic IFNγ prevented PDGF-BB-mediated pericyte proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS Because PDGFRβ is critical for pericyte function and its removal leads to BBB leakage, our results pinpoint a mechanism linking chronic brain inflammation to BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre Jansson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Gravida National Centre for Growth and Development, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Scotter
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natacha Coppieters
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leon C D Smyth
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter S Bergin
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward W Mee
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E Scott Graham
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Gravida National Centre for Growth and Development, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Rustenhoven J, Aalderink M, Scotter EL, Oldfield RL, Bergin PS, Mee EW, Graham ES, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Park TIH, Dragunow M. TGF-beta1 regulates human brain pericyte inflammatory processes involved in neurovasculature function. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:37. [PMID: 26867675 PMCID: PMC4751726 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is strongly induced following brain injury and polarises microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Augmentation of TGFβ1 responses may therefore be beneficial in preventing inflammation in neurological disorders including stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. However, several other cell types display immunogenic potential and identifying the effect of TGFβ1 on these cells is required to more fully understand its effects on brain inflammation. Pericytes are multifunctional cells which ensheath the brain vasculature and have garnered recent attention with respect to their immunomodulatory potential. Here, we sought to investigate the inflammatory phenotype adopted by TGFβ1-stimulated human brain pericytes. Methods Microarray analysis was performed to examine transcriptome-wide changes in TGFβ1-stimulated pericytes, and results were validated by qRT-PCR and cytometric bead arrays. Flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and LDH/Alamar Blue® viability assays were utilised to examine phagocytic capacity of human brain pericytes, transcription factor modulation and pericyte health. Results TGFβ1 treatment of primary human brain pericytes induced the expression of several inflammatory-related genes (NOX4, COX2, IL6 and MMP2) and attenuated others (IL8, CX3CL1, MCP1 and VCAM1). A synergistic induction of IL-6 was seen with IL-1β/TGFβ1 treatment whilst TGFβ1 attenuated the IL-1β-induced expression of CX3CL1, MCP-1 and sVCAM-1. TGFβ1 was found to signal through SMAD2/3 transcription factors but did not modify nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) translocation. Furthermore, TGFβ1 attenuated the phagocytic ability of pericytes, possibly through downregulation of the scavenger receptors CD36, CD47 and CD68. Whilst TGFβ did decrease pericyte number, this was due to a reduction in proliferation, not apoptotic death or compromised cell viability. Conclusions TGFβ1 attenuated pericyte expression of key chemokines and adhesion molecules involved in CNS leukocyte trafficking and the modulation of microglial function, as well as reduced the phagocytic ability of pericytes. However, TGFβ1 also enhanced the expression of classical pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes which can disrupt BBB functioning, suggesting that pericytes adopt a phenotype which is neither solely pro- nor anti-inflammatory. Whilst the effects of pericyte modulation by TGFβ1 in vivo are difficult to infer, the reduction in pericyte proliferation together with the elevated IL-6, MMP-2 and NOX4 and reduced phagocytosis suggests a detrimental action of TGFβ1 on neurovasculature. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0503-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Miranda Aalderink
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Scotter
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter S Bergin
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Edward W Mee
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - E Scott Graham
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I-H Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand. .,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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Rustenhoven J, Park TIH, Schweder P, Scotter J, Correia J, Smith AM, Gibbons HM, Oldfield RL, Bergin PS, Mee EW, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Scott Graham E, Dragunow M. Isolation of highly enriched primary human microglia for functional studies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19371. [PMID: 26778406 PMCID: PMC4725991 DOI: 10.1038/srep19371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system play vital roles in brain homeostasis through clearance of pathogenic material. Microglia are also implicated in neurological disorders through uncontrolled activation and inflammatory responses. To date, the vast majority of microglial studies have been performed using rodent models. Human microglia differ from rodent counterparts in several aspects including their response to pharmacological substances and their inflammatory secretions. Such differences highlight the need for studies on primary adult human brain microglia and methods to isolate them are therefore required. Our procedure generates microglial cultures of >95% purity from both biopsy and autopsy human brain tissue using a very simple media-based culture procedure that takes advantage of the adherent properties of these cells. Microglia obtained in this manner can be utilised for research within a week. Isolated microglia demonstrate phagocytic ability and respond to inflammatory stimuli and their purity makes them suitable for numerous other forms of in vitro studies, including secretome and transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, this protocol allows for the simultaneous isolation of neural precursor cells during the microglial isolation procedure. As human brain tissue is such a precious and valuable resource the simultaneous isolation of multiple cell types is highly beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I-H Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schweder
- Centre for Brain Research, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Scotter
- Auckland City Hospital, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Amy M Smith
- Centre for Brain Research, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Peter S Bergin
- Centre for Brain Research, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward W Mee
- Centre for Brain Research, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E Scott Graham
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
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Dragunow M, Feng S, Rustenhoven J, Curtis M, Faull R. Erratum to: Studying Human Brain Inflammation in Leptomeningeal and Choroid Plexus Explant Cultures. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:943. [PMID: 26755168 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sheryl Feng
- Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Faull
- Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Jansson D, Rustenhoven J, Feng S, Hurley D, Oldfield RL, Bergin PS, Mee EW, Faull RLM, Dragunow M. Erratum to: A role for human brain pericytes in neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:213. [PMID: 26585640 PMCID: PMC4653926 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deidre Jansson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Gravida National Centre for Growth and Development, The University of Auckland, Bldg 505, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Bldg 503, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Bldg 503, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Sheryl Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Gravida National Centre for Growth and Development, The University of Auckland, Bldg 505, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Bldg 503, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Hurley
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Bldg 504, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Robyn L Oldfield
- LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Bldg 31, Gate 4 Grafton Road, Auckland, 1148, New Zealand
| | - Peter S Bergin
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Bldg 503, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Rd, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Edward W Mee
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Bldg 503, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Rd, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, The University of Auckland, Bldg 505, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Bldg 503, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand. .,Gravida National Centre for Growth and Development, The University of Auckland, Bldg 505, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand. .,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Bldg 503, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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Dragunow M, Feng S, Rustenhoven J, Curtis M, Faull R. Studying Human Brain Inflammation in Leptomeningeal and Choroid Plexus Explant Cultures. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:579-88. [PMID: 26243439 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The meninges (dura, pia and arachnoid) are critical membranes encasing and protecting the brain within the skull. The leptomeninges, which comprise the arachnoid and pia, have many functions beyond brain protection including roles in neurogenesis, fibrotic scar formation and brain inflammation. Similarly, the choroid plexus plays important roles in normal brain function but is also involved in brain inflammation. We have begun studying the role of human leptomeninges and choroid plexus in brain inflammation and leptomeninges in fibrotic scar formation, using human brain derived explant cultures. To study the composition of the cells generated in these explants we undertook immunocytochemical characterisation. Cells, mainly pericytes and meningeal macrophages, emerge from leptomeningeal explants (LME's) and respond to inflammatory mediators by producing inflammatory molecules. LME-derived cells also respond to mechanical injury and cytokines, providing an in vitro human brain model of fibrotic scar formation. Choroid plexus explants (CPE's) generate epithelial cells, pericytes and microglia/macrophages. CPE-derived cells also respond to inflammatory mediators. LME and CPE explants survive and generate cells for many months in vitro and provide a remarkable opportunity to study basic mechanisms of human brain inflammation and fibrosis and to test human-active anti-inflammatory and anti-scarring treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sheryl Feng
- Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Faull
- Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Jansson D, Rustenhoven J, Feng S, Hurley D, Oldfield RL, Bergin PS, Mee EW, Faull RLM, Dragunow M. A role for human brain pericytes in neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:104. [PMID: 24920309 PMCID: PMC4105169 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain inflammation plays a key role in neurological disease. Although much research has been conducted investigating inflammatory events in animal models, potential differences in human brain versus rodent models makes it imperative that we also study these phenomena in human cells and tissue. METHODS Primary human brain cell cultures were generated from biopsy tissue of patients undergoing surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy. Cells were treated with pro-inflammatory compounds IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1β, and LPS, and chemokines IP-10 and MCP-1 were measured by immunocytochemistry, western blot, and qRT-PCR. Microarray analysis was also performed on late passage cultures treated with vehicle or IFNγ and IL-1β. RESULTS Early passage human brain cell cultures were a mixture of microglia, astrocytes, fibroblasts and pericytes. Later passage cultures contained proliferating fibroblasts and pericytes only. Under basal culture conditions all cell types showed cytoplasmic NFκB indicating that they were in a non-activated state. Expression of IP-10 and MCP-1 were significantly increased in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. The two chemokines were expressed in mixed cultures as well as cultures of fibroblasts and pericytes only. The expression of IP-10 and MCP-1 were regulated at the mRNA and protein level, and both were secreted into cell culture media. NFκB nuclear translocation was also detected in response to pro-inflammatory cues (except IFNγ) in all cell types. Microarray analysis of brain pericytes also revealed widespread changes in gene expression in response to the combination of IFNγ and IL-1β treatment including interleukins, chemokines, cellular adhesion molecules and much more. CONCLUSIONS Adult human brain cells are sensitive to cytokine challenge. As expected 'classical' brain immune cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, responded to cytokine challenge but of even more interest, brain pericytes also responded to such challenge with a rich repertoire of gene expression. Immune activation of brain pericytes may play an important role in communicating inflammatory signals to and within the brain interior and may also be involved in blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption . Targeting brain pericytes, as well as microglia and astrocytes, may provide novel opportunities for reducing brain inflammation and maintaining BBB function and brain homeostasis in human brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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