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Barclay KM, Abduljawad N, Cheng Z, Kim MW, Zhou L, Yang J, Rustenhoven J, Perez JM, Smyth L, Beatty W, Hou J, Saligrama N, Colonna M, Yu G, Kipnis J, Li Q. An inducible genetic tool for tracking and manipulating specific microglial states in development and disease. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.01.569597. [PMID: 38106187 PMCID: PMC10723357 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies have revealed distinct microglial states in development and disease. These include proliferative region-associated microglia (PAM) in developing white matter and disease-associated microglia (DAM) prevalent in various neurodegenerative conditions. PAM and DAM share a similar core gene signature and other functional properties. However, the extent of the dynamism and plasticity of these microglial states, as well as their functional significance, remains elusive, partly due to the lack of specific tools. Here, we report the generation of an inducible Cre driver line, Clec7a-CreERT2, designed to target PAM and DAM in the brain parenchyma. Utilizing this tool, we profile labeled cells during development and in several disease models, uncovering convergence and context-dependent differences in PAM/DAM gene expression. Through long-term tracking, we demonstrate surprising levels of plasticity in these microglial states. Lastly, we specifically depleted DAM in cuprizone-induced demyelination, revealing their roles in disease progression and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia M. Barclay
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nora Abduljawad
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zuolin Cheng
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Min Woo Kim
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jose Mazzitelli Perez
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leon Smyth
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - JinChao Hou
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Naresha Saligrama
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63112, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Lead Contact
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Pardue EJ, Sartorio MG, Jana B, Scott NE, Beatty W, Ortiz-Marquez JC, Van Opijnen T, Hsu FF, Potter R, Feldman MF. Dual Membrane-spanning Anti-Sigma Factors Regulate Vesiculation in Gut Bacteroidota. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.13.548920. [PMID: 37503209 PMCID: PMC10369966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.13.548920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroidota are abundant members of the human gut microbiota that shape the enteric landscape by modulating host immunity and degrading dietary- and host-derived glycans. These processes are at least partially mediated by O uter M embrane V esicles (OMVs). In this work, we developed a high-throughput screen to identify genes required for OMV biogenesis and its regulation in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ( Bt ). Our screening led us to the identification of a novel family of D ual M embrane-spanning A nti-sigma factors (Dma), which regulate OMV biogenesis in Bt . We employed molecular and multiomic analyses to demonstrate that deletion of Dma1, the founding member of the Dma family, results in hypervesiculation by modulating the expression of NigD1, which belongs to a family of uncharacterized proteins found throughout Bacteroidota. Dma1 has an unprecedented domain organization: it contains a C-terminal β-barrel embedded in the OM; its N-terminal domain interacts with its cognate sigma factor in the cytoplasm, and both domains are tethered via an intrinsically disordered region that traverses the periplasm. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the Dma family is a unique feature of Bacteroidota. This study provides the first mechanistic insights into the regulation of OMV biogenesis in human gut bacteria.
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Peche VS, Pietka TA, Jacome-Sosa M, Samovski D, Palacios H, Chatterjee-Basu G, Dudley AC, Beatty W, Meyer GA, Goldberg IJ, Abumrad NA. Endothelial cell CD36 regulates membrane ceramide formation, exosome fatty acid transfer and circulating fatty acid levels. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4029. [PMID: 37419919 PMCID: PMC10329018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) CD36 controls tissue fatty acid (FA) uptake. Here we examine how ECs transfer FAs. FA interaction with apical membrane CD36 induces Src phosphorylation of caveolin-1 tyrosine-14 (Cav-1Y14) and ceramide generation in caveolae. Ensuing fission of caveolae yields vesicles containing FAs, CD36 and ceramide that are secreted basolaterally as small (80-100 nm) exosome-like extracellular vesicles (sEVs). We visualize in transwells EC transfer of FAs in sEVs to underlying myotubes. In mice with EC-expression of the exosome marker emeraldGFP-CD63, muscle fibers accumulate circulating FAs in emGFP-labeled puncta. The FA-sEV pathway is mapped through its suppression by CD36 depletion, blocking actin-remodeling, Src inhibition, Cav-1Y14 mutation, and neutral sphingomyelinase 2 inhibition. Suppression of sEV formation in mice reduces muscle FA uptake, raises circulating FAs, which remain in blood vessels, and lowers glucose, mimicking prominent Cd36-/- mice phenotypes. The findings show that FA uptake influences membrane ceramide, endocytosis, and EC communication with parenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Peche
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - T A Pietka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - M Jacome-Sosa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - D Samovski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - H Palacios
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - G Chatterjee-Basu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - A C Dudley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - W Beatty
- Department of Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - G A Meyer
- Departments of Physical Therapy, Neurology and Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - I J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - N A Abumrad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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4
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Filipello F, You SF, Mirfakhar FS, Mahali S, Bollman B, Acquarone M, Korvatska O, Marsh JA, Sivaraman A, Martinez R, Cantoni C, De Feo L, Ghezzi L, Minaya MA, Renganathan A, Cashikar AG, Satoh JI, Beatty W, Iyer AK, Cella M, Raskind WH, Piccio L, Karch CM. Defects in lysosomal function and lipid metabolism in human microglia harboring a TREM2 loss of function mutation. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:749-772. [PMID: 37115208 PMCID: PMC10175346 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
TREM2 is an innate immune receptor expressed by microglia in the adult brain. Genetic variation in the TREM2 gene has been implicated in risk for Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia, while homozygous TREM2 mutations cause a rare leukodystrophy, Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD). Despite extensive investigation, the role of TREM2 in NHD pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the mechanisms by which a homozygous stop-gain TREM2 mutation (p.Q33X) contributes to NHD. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia (iMGLs) were generated from two NHD families: three homozygous TREM2 p.Q33X mutation carriers (termed NHD), two heterozygous mutation carriers, one related non-carrier, and two unrelated non-carriers. Transcriptomic and biochemical analyses revealed that iMGLs from NHD patients exhibited lysosomal dysfunction, downregulation of cholesterol genes, and reduced lipid droplets compared to controls. Also, NHD iMGLs displayed defective activation and HLA antigen presentation. This defective activation and lipid droplet content were restored by enhancing lysosomal biogenesis through mTOR-dependent and independent pathways. Alteration in lysosomal gene expression, such as decreased expression of genes implicated in lysosomal acidification (ATP6AP2) and chaperone mediated autophagy (LAMP2), together with reduction in lipid droplets were also observed in post-mortem brain tissues from NHD patients, thus closely recapitulating in vivo the phenotype observed in iMGLs in vitro. Our study provides the first cellular and molecular evidence that the TREM2 p.Q33X mutation in microglia leads to defects in lysosomal function and that compounds targeting lysosomal biogenesis restore a number of NHD microglial defects. A better understanding of how microglial lipid metabolism and lysosomal machinery are altered in NHD and how these defects impact microglia activation may provide new insights into mechanisms underlying NHD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Filipello
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shih-Feng You
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Sidhartha Mahali
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bryan Bollman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mariana Acquarone
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Olena Korvatska
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacob A Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anirudh Sivaraman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luca De Feo
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura Ghezzi
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Miguel A Minaya
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arun Renganathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anil G Cashikar
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Satoh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Abhirami K Iyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department Of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wendy H Raskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Charles Perkins Centre and Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Xu W, Qadir MMF, Nasteska D, Mota de Sa P, Gorvin CM, Blandino-Rosano M, Evans CR, Ho T, Potapenko E, Veluthakal R, Ashford FB, Bitsi S, Fan J, Bhondeley M, Song K, Sure VN, Sakamuri SSVP, Schiffer L, Beatty W, Wyatt R, Frigo DE, Liu X, Katakam PV, Arlt W, Buck J, Levin LR, Hu T, Kolls J, Burant CF, Tomas A, Merrins MJ, Thurmond DC, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Hodson DJ, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Architecture of androgen receptor pathways amplifying glucagon-like peptide-1 insulinotropic action in male pancreatic β cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112529. [PMID: 37200193 PMCID: PMC10312392 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Male mice lacking the androgen receptor (AR) in pancreatic β cells exhibit blunted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), leading to hyperglycemia. Testosterone activates an extranuclear AR in β cells to amplify glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) insulinotropic action. Here, we examined the architecture of AR targets that regulate GLP-1 insulinotropic action in male β cells. Testosterone cooperates with GLP-1 to enhance cAMP production at the plasma membrane and endosomes via: (1) increased mitochondrial production of CO2, activating the HCO3--sensitive soluble adenylate cyclase; and (2) increased Gαs recruitment to GLP-1 receptor and AR complexes, activating transmembrane adenylate cyclase. Additionally, testosterone enhances GSIS in human islets via a focal adhesion kinase/SRC/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 actin remodeling cascade. We describe the testosterone-stimulated AR interactome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome that contribute to these effects. This study identifies AR genomic and non-genomic actions that enhance GLP-1-stimulated insulin exocytosis in male β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xu
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - M M Fahd Qadir
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paula Mota de Sa
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Manuel Blandino-Rosano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Charles R Evans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thuong Ho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Evgeniy Potapenko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rajakrishnan Veluthakal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Fiona B Ashford
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stavroula Bitsi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jia Fan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Manika Bhondeley
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kejing Song
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Venkata N Sure
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Siva S V P Sakamuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Molecular Imaging Facility, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachael Wyatt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging and Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Prasad V Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tony Hu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Charles F Burant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matthew J Merrins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Debbie C Thurmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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6
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Mittal E, Roth AT, Seth A, Singamaneni S, Beatty W, Philips JA. Single cell preparations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis damage the mycobacterial envelope and disrupt macrophage interactions. eLife 2023; 12:e85416. [PMID: 36852737 PMCID: PMC9998084 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, investigators have studied the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with macrophages, which serve as a major cellular niche for the bacilli. Because Mtb are prone to aggregation, investigators rely on varied methods to disaggregate the bacteria for these studies. Here, we examined the impact of routinely used preparation methods on bacterial cell envelope integrity, macrophage inflammatory responses, and intracellular Mtb survival. We found that both gentle sonication and filtering damaged the mycobacterial cell envelope and markedly impacted the outcome of infections in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Unexpectedly, sonicated bacilli were hyperinflammatory, eliciting dramatically higher TLR2-dependent gene expression and elevated secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α. Despite evoking enhanced inflammatory responses, sonicated bacilli replicated normally in macrophages. In contrast, Mtb that had been passed through a filter induced little inflammatory response, and they were attenuated in macrophages. Previous work suggests that the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid, phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM), dampens macrophage inflammatory responses to Mtb. However, we found that the impact of PDIM depended on the method used to prepare Mtb. In conclusion, widely used methodologies to disaggregate Mtb may introduce experimental artifacts in Mtb-host interaction studies, including alteration of host inflammatory signaling, intracellular bacterial survival, and interpretation of bacterial mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekansh Mittal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Andrew T Roth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Anushree Seth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
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7
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Sheikh A, Tumala B, Vickers TJ, Martin JC, Rosa BA, Sabui S, Basu S, Simoes RD, Mitreva M, Storer C, Tyksen E, Head RD, Beatty W, Said HM, Fleckenstein JM. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin drives enteropathic changes in small intestinal epithelia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6886. [PMID: 36371425 PMCID: PMC9653437 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) produce heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins, and commonly cause diarrhea in resource-poor regions. ETEC have been linked repeatedly to sequelae in children including enteropathy, malnutrition, and growth impairment. Although cellular actions of ETEC enterotoxins leading to diarrhea are well-established, their contributions to sequelae remain unclear. LT increases cellular cAMP to activate protein kinase A (PKA) that phosphorylates ion channels driving intestinal export of salt and water resulting in diarrhea. As PKA also modulates transcription of many genes, we interrogated transcriptional profiles of LT-treated intestinal epithelia. Here we show that LT significantly alters intestinal epithelial gene expression directing biogenesis of the brush border, the major site for nutrient absorption, suppresses transcription factors HNF4 and SMAD4 critical to enterocyte differentiation, and profoundly disrupts microvillus architecture and essential nutrient transport. In addition, ETEC-challenged neonatal mice exhibit substantial brush border derangement that is prevented by maternal vaccination with LT. Finally, mice repeatedly challenged with toxigenic ETEC exhibit impaired growth recapitulating the multiplicative impact of recurring ETEC infections in children. These findings highlight impacts of ETEC enterotoxins beyond acute diarrheal illness and may inform approaches to prevent major sequelae of these common infections including malnutrition that impact millions of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaullah Sheikh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brunda Tumala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tim J Vickers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John C Martin
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Subrata Sabui
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Research, VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA
| | - Supratim Basu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rita D Simoes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chad Storer
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Erik Tyksen
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Richard D Head
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hamid M Said
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Research, VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA
| | - James M Fleckenstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Infectious Diseases, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis, MO, 63106, USA.
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8
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Qadir MMF, Bhondeley M, Beatty W, Gaupp DD, Doyle-Meyers LA, Fischer T, Bandyopadhyay I, Blair RV, Bohm R, Rappaport J, Lazartigues E, Heide RSV, Kolls JK, Qin X, Mauvais-Jarvis F. SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas promotes thrombofibrosis and is associated with new-onset diabetes. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e151551. [PMID: 34241597 PMCID: PMC8410013 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests an association between severe acute respiratory syndrome–cornavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the occurrence of new-onset diabetes. We examined pancreatic expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), the cell entry factors for SARS-CoV-2, using publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data sets, and pancreatic tissue from control male and female nonhuman primates (NHPs) and humans. We also examined SARS-CoV-2 immunolocalization in pancreatic cells of SARS-CoV-2–infected NHPs and patients who had died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We report expression of ACE2 in pancreatic islet, ductal, and endothelial cells in NHPs and humans. In pancreata from SARS-CoV-2–infected NHPs and COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 infected ductal, endothelial, and islet cells. These pancreata also exhibited generalized fibrosis associated with multiple vascular thrombi. Two out of 8 NHPs developed new-onset diabetes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Two out of 5 COVID-19 patients exhibited new-onset diabetes at admission. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas may promote acute and especially chronic pancreatic dysfunction that could potentially lead to new-onset diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology and Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Manika Bhondeley
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology and Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Molecular Microbiology Imaging facility, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dina D Gaupp
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Tracy Fischer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ishitri Bandyopadhyay
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rudolf Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and.,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Jay K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology and Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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9
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Shi Y, Jones W, Beatty W, Tan Q, Mecham RP, Kumra H, Reinhardt DP, Gibson MA, Reilly MA, Rodriguez J, Bassnett S. Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein-2 (LTBP-2) is required for longevity but not for development of zonular fibers. Matrix Biol 2020; 95:15-31. [PMID: 33039488 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 2 (LTBP-2) is a major component of arterial and lung tissue and of the ciliary zonule, the system of extracellular fibers that centers and suspends the lens in the eye. LTBP-2 has been implicated previously in the development of extracellular microfibrils, although its exact role remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the three-dimensional structure of the ciliary zonule in wild type mice and used a knockout model to test the contribution of LTBP-2 to zonule structure and mechanical properties. In wild types, zonular fibers had diameters of 0.5-1.0 micrometers, with an outer layer of fibrillin-1-rich microfibrils and a core of fibrillin-2-rich microfibrils. LTBP-2 was present in both layers. The absence of LTBP-2 did not affect the number of fibers, their diameters, nor their coaxial organization. However, by two months of age, LTBP-2-depleted fibers began to rupture, and by six months, a fully penetrant ectopia lentis phenotype was present, as confirmed by in vivo imaging. To determine whether the seemingly normal fibers of young mice were compromised mechanically, we compared zonule stress/strain relationships of wild type and LTBP-2-deficient mice and developed a quasi-linear viscoelastic engineering model to analyze the resulting data. In the absence of LTBP-2, the ultimate tensile strength of the zonule was reduced by about 50%, and the viscoelastic behavior of the fibers was altered significantly. We developed a harmonic oscillator model to calculate the forces generated during saccadic eye movement. Model simulations suggested that mutant fibers are prone to failure during rapid rotation of the eyeball. Together, these data indicate that LTBP-2 is necessary for the strength and longevity of zonular fibers, but not necessarily for their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8096, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - W Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8096, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - W Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Q Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8096, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - R P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - H Kumra
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D P Reinhardt
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M A Gibson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M A Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Rodriguez
- Department of Basic Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Bassnett
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8096, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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10
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Potter RF, D'Souza AW, Wallace MA, Shupe A, Patel S, Gul D, Kwon JH, Beatty W, Andleeb S, Burnham CAD, Dantas G. Superficieibacter electus gen. nov., sp. nov., an Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Possessing Member of the Enterobacteriaceae Family, Isolated From Intensive Care Unit Surfaces. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1629. [PMID: 30079059 PMCID: PMC6062592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Gram-negative bacilli strains, designated BP-1(T) and BP-2, were recovered from two different Intensive Care Unit surfaces during a longitudinal survey in Pakistan. Both strains were unidentified using the bioMerieux VITEK MS IVD v2.3.3 and Bruker BioTyper MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry platforms. To more precisely determine the taxonomic identity of BP-1(T) and BP-2, we employed a biochemical and phylogenomic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain BP-1(T) had the highest identity to Citrobacter farmeri CDC 2991-81(T) (98.63%) Citrobacter amalonaticus CECT 863(T) (98.56%), Citrobacter sedlakii NBRC 105722(T) (97.74%) and Citrobacter rodentium NBRC 105723(T) (97.74%). The biochemical utilization scheme of BP-1(T) using the Analytic Profile Index for Enterobacteriaceae (API20E) indicated its enzymatic functions are unique within the Enterobacteriaceae but most closely resemble Kluyvera spp., Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter koseri/farmeri. Phylogenomic analysis of the shared genes between BP-1(T), BP-2 and type strains from Kluyvera, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Kosakonia, Siccibacter and Shigella indicate that BP-1(T) and BP-2 isolates form a distinct branch from these genera. Average Nucleotide Identity analysis indicates that BP-1(T) and BP-2 are the same species. The biochemical and phylogenomic analysis indicate strains BP-1(T) and BP-2 represent a novel species from a new genus within the Enterobacteriaceae family, for which the name Superficieibacter electus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is BP-1(T) (= ATCC BAA-2937, = NBRC 113412).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Potter
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Alaric W. D'Souza
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Meghan A. Wallace
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Angela Shupe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sanket Patel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Danish Gul
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jennie H. Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Saadia Andleeb
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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11
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Lu Q, Yokoyama CC, Williams JW, Baldridge MT, Jin X, DesRochers B, Bricker T, Wilen CB, Bagaitkar J, Loginicheva E, Sergushichev A, Kreamalmeyer D, Keller BC, Zhao Y, Kambal A, Green DR, Martinez J, Dinauer MC, Holtzman MJ, Crouch EC, Beatty W, Boon ACM, Zhang H, Randolph GJ, Artyomov MN, Virgin HW. Homeostatic Control of Innate Lung Inflammation by Vici Syndrome Gene Epg5 and Additional Autophagy Genes Promotes Influenza Pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:102-13. [PMID: 26764600 PMCID: PMC4714358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the autophagy gene EPG5 are linked to the multisystem human disease Vici syndrome, which is characterized in part by pulmonary abnormalities, including recurrent infections. We found that Epg5-deficient mice exhibited elevated baseline innate immune cellular and cytokine-based lung inflammation and were resistant to lethal influenza virus infection. Lung transcriptomics, bone marrow transplantation experiments, and analysis of cellular cytokine expression indicated that Epg5 plays a role in lung physiology through its function in macrophages. Deletion of other autophagy genes including Atg14, Fip200, Atg5, and Atg7 in myeloid cells also led to elevated basal lung inflammation and influenza resistance. This suggests that Epg5 and other Atg genes function in macrophages to limit innate immune inflammation in the lung. Disruption of this normal homeostatic dampening of lung inflammation results in increased resistance to influenza, suggesting that normal homeostatic mechanisms that limit basal tissue inflammation support some infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christine C Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jesse W Williams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brittany DesRochers
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Traci Bricker
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ekaterina Loginicheva
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexey Sergushichev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian C Keller
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27703, USA
| | - Mary C Dinauer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erika C Crouch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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12
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Tsen SWD, Chapa T, Beatty W, Xu B, Tsen KT, Achilefu S. Ultrashort pulsed laser treatment inactivates viruses by inhibiting viral replication and transcription in the host nucleus. Antiviral Res 2014; 110:70-6. [PMID: 25086212 PMCID: PMC4171215 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultrashort pulsed laser irradiation is a new method for virus reduction in pharmaceuticals and blood products. Current evidence suggests that ultrashort pulsed laser irradiation inactivates viruses through an impulsive stimulated Raman scattering process, resulting in aggregation of viral capsid proteins. However, the specific functional defect(s) in viruses inactivated in this manner have not been demonstrated. This information is critical for the optimization and the extension of this treatment platform to other applications. Toward this goal, we investigated whether viral internalization, replication, or gene expression in cells were altered by ultrashort pulsed laser irradiation. Murine Cytomegalovirus (MCMV), an enveloped DNA virus, was used as a model virus. Using electron and fluorescence microscopy, we found that laser-treated MCMV virions successfully internalized in cells, as evidenced by the detection of intracellular virions, which was confirmed by the detection of intracellular viral DNA via PCR. Although the viral DNA itself remained polymerase-amplifiable after laser treatment, no viral replication or gene expression was observed in cells infected with laser-treated virus. These results, along with evidence from previous studies, support a model whereby the laser treatment stabilizes the capsid, which inhibits capsid uncoating within cells. By targeting the mechanical properties of viral capsids, ultrashort pulsed laser treatment represents a unique potential strategy to overcome viral mutational escape, with implications for combatting emerging or drug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw-Wei D Tsen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Travis Chapa
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Baogang Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Kong-Thon Tsen
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Center for Biophysics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States; Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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13
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Huang SCC, Everts B, Ivanova Y, O'Sullivan D, Nascimento M, Smith AM, Beatty W, Love-Gregory L, Lam WY, O'Neill CM, Yan C, Du H, Abumrad NA, Urban JF, Artyomov MN, Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis is essential for alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:846-55. [PMID: 25086775 PMCID: PMC4139419 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative (M2) activation of macrophages driven via the α-chain of the receptor for interleukin 4 (IL-4Rα) is important for immunity to parasites, wound healing, the prevention of atherosclerosis and metabolic homeostasis. M2 polarization is dependent on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), but the source of the fatty acids that support this metabolic program has not been clear. We found that the uptake of triacylglycerol substrates via the scavenger receptor CD36 and their subsequent lipolysis by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) was important for the engagement of elevated oxidative phosphorylation, enhanced spare respiratory capacity (SRC), prolonged survival and expression of genes that together define M2 activation. Inhibition of lipolysis suppressed M2 activation during infection with a parasitic helminth and blocked protective responses to this pathogen. Our findings delineate a critical role for cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis in M2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bart Everts
- 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2]
| | - Yulia Ivanova
- 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2]
| | - David O'Sullivan
- 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2]
| | - Marcia Nascimento
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Latisha Love-Gregory
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wing Y Lam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christina M O'Neill
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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14
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Tran KD, Rodriguez-Contreras D, Vieira DP, Yates PA, David L, Beatty W, Elferich J, Landfear SM. KHARON1 mediates flagellar targeting of a glucose transporter in Leishmania mexicana and is critical for viability of infectious intracellular amastigotes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22721-33. [PMID: 23766511 PMCID: PMC3829357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.483461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The LmxGT1 glucose transporter is selectively targeted to the flagellum of the kinetoplastid parasite Leishmania mexicana, but the mechanism for targeting this and other flagella-specific membrane proteins among the Kinetoplastida is unknown. To address the mechanism of flagellar targeting, we employed in vivo cross-linking, tandem affinity purification, and mass spectrometry to identify a novel protein, KHARON1 (KH1), which is important for the flagellar trafficking of LmxGT1. Kh1 null mutant parasites are strongly impaired in flagellar targeting of LmxGT1, and trafficking of the permease was arrested in the flagellar pocket. Immunolocalization revealed that KH1 is located at the base of the flagellum, within the flagellar pocket, where it associates with the proximal segment of the flagellar axoneme. We propose that KH1 mediates transit of LmxGT1 from the flagellar pocket into the flagellar membrane via interaction with the proximal portion of the flagellar axoneme. KH1 represents the first component involved in flagellar trafficking of integral membrane proteins among parasitic protozoa. Of considerable interest, Kh1 null mutants are strongly compromised for growth as amastigotes within host macrophages. Thus, KH1 is also important for the disease causing stage of the parasite life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa D. Tran
- From the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | - Larry David
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
| | - Wandy Beatty
- the Molecular Microbiology Imaging Facility, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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15
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Abstract
Ultrafast lasers in the visible and near-infrared range have emerged as a potential new method for pathogen reduction of blood products and pharmaceuticals. However, the mechanism of enveloped virus inactivation by this method is unknown. We report the inactivation as well as the molecular and structural effects caused by visible (425 nm) femtosecond laser irradiation on murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. Our results show that laser irradiation (1) caused a 5-log reduction in MCMV titer, (2) did not cause significant changes to the global structure of MCMV virions including membrane and capsid, as assessed by electron microscopy, (3) produced no evidence of double-strand breaks or crosslinking in MCMV genomic DNA, and (4) caused selective aggregation of viral capsid and tegument proteins. We propose a model in which ultrafast laser irradiation induces partial unfolding of viral proteins by disrupting hydrogen bonds and/or hydrophobic interactions, leading to aggregation of closely associated viral proteins and inactivation of the virus. These results provide new insight into the inactivation of enveloped viruses by visible femtosecond lasers at the molecular level, and help pave the way for the development of a new ultrafast laser technology for pathogen reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw-Wei D. Tsen
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Travis Chapa
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Kong-Thon Tsen
- Arizona State University, Department of Physics, Tempe, Arizona 85287
- Arizona State University, Center for Biophysics, Tempe, Arizona 85287
- Address correspondence to: Samuel Achilefu, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. Tel: 314-362-8599; Fax: 314-747-5191; E-mail: , or Kong-Thon Tsen, Arizona State University, Department of Physics, Tempe, Arizona 85287. Tel: 480-965-5206; Fax: 480-965-7954;
| | - Dong Yu
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Address correspondence to: Samuel Achilefu, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. Tel: 314-362-8599; Fax: 314-747-5191; E-mail: , or Kong-Thon Tsen, Arizona State University, Department of Physics, Tempe, Arizona 85287. Tel: 480-965-5206; Fax: 480-965-7954;
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16
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Wang J, Frohlich KM, Buckner L, Quayle AJ, Luo M, Feng X, Beatty W, Hua Z, Rao X, Lewis ME, Sorrells K, Santiago K, Zhong G, Shen L. Altered protein secretion of Chlamydia trachomatis in persistently infected human endocervical epithelial cells. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:2759-2771. [PMID: 21737500 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.044917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial infection of the human reproductive tract globally; however, the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of the organism to its natural target cells, human endocervical epithelial cells, are not clearly understood. To secure its intracellular niche, C. trachomatis must modulate the host cellular machinery by secreting virulence factors into the host cytosol to facilitate bacterial growth and survival. Here we used primary human endocervical epithelial cells and HeLa cells infected with C. trachomatis to examine the secretion of bacterial proteins during productive growth and persistent growth induced by ampicillin. Specifically, we observed a decrease in secretable chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) in the cytosol of host epithelial cells exposed to ampicillin with no evident reduction of CPAF product by C. trachomatis. In contrast, the expression of CopN and Tarp was downregulated, suggesting that C. trachomatis responds to ampicillin exposure by selectively altering the expression of secretable proteins. In addition, we observed a greater accumulation of outer-membrane vesicles from C. trachomatis in persistently infected cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the regulation of both gene expression and the secretion of chlamydial virulence proteins is involved in the adaptation of the bacteria to a persistent infection state in human genital epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kyla M Frohlich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lyndsey Buckner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alison J Quayle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Miao Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xiaogeng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ziyu Hua
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Maria E Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kelly Sorrells
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kerri Santiago
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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17
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Beatty W. A Case of Myxoedeam Successfully Treated by Massage and Hypodermic Injections of the Thyroid Gland of a Sheep. Br Med J 2011; 1:544-5. [PMID: 20753588 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.1628.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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18
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Tran JQ, de Leon JC, Li C, Huynh MH, Beatty W, Morrissette NS. RNG1 is a late marker of the apical polar ring in Toxoplasma gondii. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2010; 67:586-98. [PMID: 20658557 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The asexually proliferating stages of apicomplexan parasites cause acute symptoms of diseases such as malaria, cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis. These stages are characterized by the presence of two independent microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Centrioles are found at the poles of the intranuclear spindle. The apical polar ring (APR), a MTOC unique to apicomplexans, organizes subpellicular microtubules which impose cell shape and apical polarity on these protozoa. Here we describe the characteristics of a novel protein that localizes to the APR of Toxoplasma gondii which we have named ring-1 (RNG1). There are related RNG1 proteins in Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona but no obvious homologs in Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp. or Babesia spp. RNG1 is a small, low-complexity, detergent-insoluble protein that assembles at the APR very late in the process of daughter parasite replication. We were unable to knock-out the RNG1 gene, suggesting that its gene product is essential. Tagged RNG1 lines have also allowed us to visualize the APR during growth of Toxoplasma in the microtubule-disrupting drug oryzalin. Oryzalin inhibits nuclear division and cytokinesis although Toxoplasma growth continues, and similar to earlier observations of unchecked centriole duplication in oryzalin-treated parasites, the APR continues to duplicate during aberrant parasite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Q Tran
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
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19
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Sahoo N, Beatty W, Heuser J, Sept D, Sibley LD. Unusual kinetic and structural properties control rapid assembly and turnover of actin in the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 17:895-906. [PMID: 16319175 PMCID: PMC1356598 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-06-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma is a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa, which contains a number of medically important parasites that rely on a highly unusual form of motility termed gliding to actively penetrate their host cells. Parasite actin filaments regulate gliding motility, yet paradoxically filamentous actin is rarely detected in these parasites. To investigate the kinetics of this unusual parasite actin, we expressed TgACT1 in baculovirus and purified it to homogeneity. Biochemical analysis showed that Toxoplasma actin (TgACT1) rapidly polymerized into filaments at a critical concentration that was 3-4-fold lower than conventional actins, yet it failed to copolymerize with mammalian actin. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that TgACT1 filaments were 10 times shorter and less stable than rabbit actin. Phylogenetic comparison of actins revealed a limited number of apicomplexan-specific residues that likely govern the unusual behavior of parasite actin. Molecular modeling identified several key alterations that affect interactions between monomers and that are predicted to destabilize filaments. Our findings suggest that conserved molecular differences in parasite actin favor rapid cycles of assembly and disassembly that govern the unusual form of gliding motility utilized by apicomplexans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Sahoo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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20
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Abstract
A family of aspartic proteases, the plasmepsins (PMs), plays a key role in the degradation of hemoglobin in the Plasmodium falciparum food vacuole. To study the trafficking of proPM II, we have modified the chromosomal PM II gene in P. falciparum to encode a proPM II-GFP chimera. By taking advantage of green fluorescent protein fluorescence in live parasites, the ultrastructural resolution of immunoelectron microscopy, and inhibitors of trafficking and PM maturation, we have investigated the biosynthetic path leading to mature PM II in the food vacuole. Our data support a model whereby proPM II is transported through the secretory system to cytostomal vacuoles and then is carried along with its substrate hemoglobin to the food vacuole where it is proteolytically processed to mature PM II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klemba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8230, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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21
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Klemba M, Beatty W, Gluzman I, Goldberg DE. Correction: Trafficking of plasmepsin II to the food vacuole of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2004. [PMCID: PMC2171997 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2004021616447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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Banerjee R, Liu J, Beatty W, Pelosof L, Klemba M, Goldberg DE. Four plasmepsins are active in the Plasmodium falciparum food vacuole, including a protease with an active-site histidine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:990-5. [PMID: 11782538 PMCID: PMC117418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.022630099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2001] [Accepted: 11/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin degradation is a metabolic process that is central to the growth and maturation of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Two aspartic proteases that initiate degradation, plasmepsins (PMs) I and II, have been identified and extensively characterized. Eight additional PM genes are present in the P. falciparum genome. To better understand the enzymology of hemoglobin degradation, it is necessary to determine which of these genes are expressed when hemoglobin degradation is occurring, which encode active enzymes, and which gene products are found in the food vacuole where catabolism takes place. Our genome-wide analysis reveals that PM I, II, and IV and histo-aspartic protease encode hemoglobin-degrading food vacuole proteases. Despite having a histidine in place of one of the catalytic aspartic acids conserved in other aspartic proteases, histo-aspartic protease is an active hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Banerjee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8230, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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23
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Beatty W, Russell DG. Analysis of mycobacterium-infected macrophages by immunoelectron microscopy and cell fractionation. Methods Mol Med 2001; 54:281-293. [PMID: 21341082 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-147-7:281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ability of pathogenic Mycobacterium to establish and maintain an infection in a host is dependent on their capacity to survive within phagocytes (1-3). Studies conducted on macrophage infections in culture have provided considerable insight into the mechanisms developed by these bacteria to ensure their survival. However, macrophages in culture are considerably more permissive than the phagocyte in its correct tissue environment and one has to be aware that the capacity of the macrophage to function as both an antigen-presenting cell (inducing or sustaining a cellular immune response) and an immune effector cell (mediating an antimicrobial response following activation with cytokines) places certain provisos on interpretation of in vitro infection experiments (4,5). Despite this obvious caveat, our appreciation of the complex interplay between Mycobacterium spp. of varying degrees of virulence [M. tuberculosis, M. bovis (BCG) and M. avium] and their host macrophage has benefited considerably from the recent application of modern cell biological techniques to studies of infected cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Beatty
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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25
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Beatty W. Mr. Beatty's Account of the Death of Lord Nelson. Med Phys J 1806; 15:72-73. [PMID: 30491212 PMCID: PMC5671254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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