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Braz AF, Figueira de Oliveira ML, da Costa DHS, Torres-Leal FL, Guedes RCA. Treadmill Exercise Reverses the Adverse Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Behavior and Cortical Spreading Depression in Young Rats. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1726. [PMID: 38137174 PMCID: PMC10742290 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) and physical exercise (PE) have beneficial psychological and physiological effects, improving memory and anxiety-like behavior. However, the impact of this combination on brain electrophysiological patterns is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the behavior and parameters of a brain excitability-related phenomenon named cortical spreading depression (CSD) in young rats (31-87 days of life) submitted to IF and treadmill PE for eight weeks. Sixty-four male and female Wistar rats aged 24 days were randomized into control, IF, PE, and IF+PE groups. Behavioral tests (open field (OF), object recognition, and elevated plus maze (EPM)) were performed, and the CSD propagation features were recorded. IF caused behavioral responses indicative of anxiety (lower number of entries and time spent in the OF center and EPM open arms). IF also reduced the discrimination index for object recognition memory tests and increased the propagation velocity of CSD. PE rats displayed more entries into the OF center and lowered CSD propagation speed. Data suggest that IF worsens anxiety-like behavior and memory and accelerates CSD in young rats. In contrast, PE reverted the unfavorable effects of IF. The brain effects of IF and PE at younger ages are recommended for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ferraz Braz
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francisco Leonardo Torres-Leal
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
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Accioly NE, Guedes RCA. Topical cortical application of ovarian hormones and modulation of brain electrical activity: analysis of spreading depression in well-nourished and malnourished female rats. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 23:887-895. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1575574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Benevides RDDL, de-Lima SMV, Chagas CL, de Lima CF, Abadie-Guedes R, Guedes RCA. Lactation in large litters influences anxiety, memory, and spreading depression in adult male rats that were chronically subjected to a non-convulsive pilocarpine dose. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:846-856. [PMID: 32912080 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1819103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Unfavorable lactation influences brain excitability and behavioral reactions in adults. Administration early in life of the cholinergic agonist, pilocarpine, even at non-convulsive doses, alters the brain excitability-related phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression (CSD), and produce anxiogenic-like behavior. However, the influence of unfavorable lactation on the CSD- and memory-effects of pilocarpine administration late in life has not been investigated. Herein, we analyzed the ponderal, electrophysiological (CSD), and behavioral effects of chronic treatment with a non-convulsive dose of pilocarpine, in adult rats suckled under favorable and unfavorable conditions.Methods: Wistar rats were suckled in litters with 9 or 15 pups (groups L9 and L15, respectively). A very low dose of pilocarpine (45/mg/kg/day) was chronically administered in mature rats from postnatal day (PND) 69-90. Behavioral tests occurred at PND91 [elevated plus maze (EPM)], PND93 [open field (OF)], and PND94-95 [object recognition memory (ORM)]. CSD was recorded between PND96-120.Results: Pilocarpine-treated rats performed worse in the anxiety and memory tests, and displayed lower CSD propagation velocity when compared with saline-treated controls. In addition, L15 rats showed an increase in the distance traveled and a decrease in the immobility time in the EPM, impaired ORM, and accelerated CSD propagation when compared with L9 rats (p ≤ 0.05).Discussion: These data suggest that sub-convulsive pilocarpine treatment in adult rats can affect behavioral and excitability-related reactions. In addition, unfavorable lactation increases the ambulatory effects of pilocarpine. Further studies should investigate the possible cholinergic molecular mechanisms involved in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camila Lima Chagas
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Clara Farah de Lima
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Abadie-Guedes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Amaral de Brito AP, Galvão de Melo IMDS, El-Bachá RS, Guedes RCA. Valeriana officinalis Counteracts Rotenone Effects on Spreading Depression in the Rat Brain in vivo and Protects Against Rotenone Cytotoxicity Toward Rat Glioma C6 Cells in vitro. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:759. [PMID: 32792901 PMCID: PMC7390944 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes can protect neurons against oxidative stress and excitability-dependent disorders, such as epilepsy. Valeriana officinalis has been used as anticonvulsant and can exert an antioxidant effect, which may underlie its opposing action against the toxic effects of the pesticide rotenone. We investigated the V. officinalis/rotenone interaction in the cortical spreading depression (CSD), a phenomenon that depends upon brain excitability (in vivo model). In addition, we analyzed the protective action of V. officinalis against the cytotoxic effects of rotenone in cultures of rat C6 glioma cells (in vitro model). For the CSD study, Wistar rats received either V. officinalis (250 mg/kg/day via gavage for 15 days; n = 8) or 10 mg/kg/day rotenone via subcutaneous injections for 7 days (n = 7), or they received both substances (n = 5). Two control groups received either saline (vehicle for V. officinalis; n = 8) or 1% Tween-80 aqueous solution (vehicle for rotenone; n = 9). After treatment, CSD was recorded for 4 h. The rotenone- and V. officinalis-treated groups presented, respectively, with lower (2.96 ± 0.14 mm/min), and higher CSD propagation velocity (3.81 ± 0.10 mm/min) when compared with the controls (Tween-80, 3.37 ± 0.06 mm/min and saline, 3.35 ± 0.08 mm/min; p < 0.05). The rotenone plus V. officinalis-treated group displayed a CSD velocity (3.38 ± 0.07 mm/min) that was similar to controls. In line with these results, in vitro experiments on rat glioma C6 cells revealed a protective effect (MTT assay) of V. officinalis against rotenone-induced cytotoxicity. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of V. officinalis for treating neurological diseases involving redox imbalance and astrocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramon Santos El-Bachá
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Accioly NE, Guedes RCA. Neonatal treatment with ovarian hormones and suckling among distinct litter sizes: Differential effects on recognition memory and spreading depression at adulthood. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 22:174-184. [PMID: 28891432 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1358472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ovarian hormones (OH) and early malnutrition may affect the developing brain, with repercussions on behavioral and excitability-dependent processes. However, the possible synergistic effects of both factors have not been analyzed. In this study, we investigated the effect of treatment in early life with OH and suckling among distinct litter sizes on recognition memory, anxiety behavior, and the excitability-dependent phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression (CSD). METHODS Female Wistar rats were suckled under favorable and unfavorable lactation, corresponding to litters with 9 and 15 pups (L9 and L15 groups, respectively). From postnatal days (P) 7 to 21, the animals received 50 µg/kg of β-estradiol or progesterone. From P80 to P84, we tested behavioral reactions. From P90 to P120, we analyzed CSD parameters. RESULTS Compared with the corresponding L9 groups, the OH-treated L15 groups performed worse in recognition memory tasks. No intergroup difference in the anxiety parameters was observed. Compared with naive and vehicle-treated controls, OH-treated groups displayed higher CSD velocities and amplitudes and shorter CSD durations. DISCUSSION Early treatment with OH facilitates recognition memory and CSD, and in association with unfavorable lactation (L15) impaired recognition memory, but not anxiety behavior, in the adult brain. OH treatment and L15 lactation condition seem to interact regarding OH action on memory, but not on CSD. Data suggest a long-lasting differential effect that might be related to the lasting hormonal action on brain excitability. We postulate and discuss the possibility that these findings may be implicated in human neurological diseases.
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Sandweiss AJ, Cottier KE, McIntosh MI, Dussor G, Davis TP, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes TM. 17-β-Estradiol induces spreading depression and pain behavior in alert female rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114109-114122. [PMID: 29371973 PMCID: PMC5768390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Test the putative contribution of 17-β-estradiol in the development of spreading depression (SD) events and head pain in awake, non-restrained rats. MAIN METHODS Female, Sprague-Dawley rats were intact or underwent ovariectomy followed one week later by surgery to place electrodes onto the dura to detect epidural electroencephalographic activity (dEEG). dEEG activity was recorded two days later for 12 hours after systemic administration of 17-β-estradiol (180 μg/kg, i.p.). A separate set of rats were observed for changes in exploratory, ambulatory, fine, and rearing behaviors; periorbital allodynia was also assessed. KEY FINDINGS A bolus of 17-β-estradiol significantly elevated serum estrogen levels, increased SD episodes over a 12-hour recording period and decreased rearing behaviors in ovariectomized rats. Pre-administration of ICI 182,780, an estrogen receptor antagonist, blocked 17-β-estradiol-evoked SD events and pain behaviors; similar results were observed when the antimigraine therapeutic sumatriptan was used. SIGNIFICANCE These data indicate that an estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism contributes to SD events in ovariectomized rats and pain behaviors in both ovariectomized -and intact- rats. This suggests that estrogen plays a different role in each phenomenon of migraine where intense fluctuations in concentration may influence SD susceptibility. This is the first study to relate estrogen peaks to SD development and pain behaviors in awake, freely moving female rats, establishing a framework for future preclinical migraine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Sandweiss
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Karissa E. Cottier
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Mary I. McIntosh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Kruger MC, Morel PCH. Experimental Control for the Ovariectomized Rat Model: Use of Sham Versus Nonmanipulated Animal. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 19:73-80. [PMID: 26709629 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2015.1107727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One of 2 models required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for registration of a treatment for osteoporosis, the ovariectomized (OVX) rat model, is widely used in scientific studies investigating sex hormone-deficient bone loss. The use of control nonhuman animals is critical because bone turnover may be affected by animal stress, use of anesthetic, and the mechanisms involved in wound healing. Historically, researchers have used sham-operated animals who undergo the same manipulations as the OVX rats, but ethical concerns require consideration of unmanipulated (unoperated) control animals to minimize animal distress and unnecessary procedures. Herein, we report the results of 3 studies including OVX, sham, and unmanipulated rats and the effects on bone mineral density and content (BMD/BMC) during 2 to 6 months postsurgery. Our data indicate that while OVX animals generally had lower BMD and BMC than animals in either of the control groups, no differences were observed between sham and unmanipulated animals at any of the time points assessed. However, because bone turnover is a long-term process, studies with longer duration and multiple endpoints are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena C Kruger
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Patrick C H Morel
- b Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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Lima CB, Soares GDSF, Vitor SM, Andrade-da-Costa BLDS, Castellano B, Guedes RCA. Spreading depression features and Iba1 immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex of developing rats submitted to treadmill exercise after treatment with monosodium glutamate. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 33:98-105. [PMID: 24374255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise and excessive consumption of monosodium glutamate (MSG) can affect the morphological and electrophysiological organization of the brain during development. However, the interaction of both factors remains unclear. We analyzed the effect of this interaction on the excitability-related phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression (CSD) and the microglial reaction expressed as Iba1-immunolabeled cells in the rat motor cortex. MSG (2g/kg or 4g/kg) was administered every other day during the first 14 postnatal days. Treadmill exercise started at 21-23 days of life and lasted 3 weeks, 5 days/week, for 30min/day. At 45-60 days, CSD was recorded for 4h at two cortical points and the CSD parameters (velocity, amplitude, and duration of the negative potential change) calculated. Confirming previous observations, exercised rats presented with lower CSD velocities (3.29±0.18mm/min) than the sedentary group (3.80±0.18mm/min; P<0.05). MSG increased CSD velocities in the exercised rats compared to saline-treated and exercised animals in a dose-dependent manner (3.49±0.19, 4.05±0.18, and 3.27±0.26 for 2g/kg MSG, 4g/kg MSG, and saline, respectively; P<0.05). The amplitude (ranging from 14.3±5.9 to 18.7±6.2mV) and duration (46.7±11.1 to 60.5±11.6s) of the negative slow potential shift of the CSD were similar in all groups. Both exercise and MSG treatment increased Iba1 immunolabeling. The results confirm that physical exercise decelerates CSD propagation. However, it does not impede the CSD-accelerating action of MSG. These effects were accompanied by a cortical microglia reaction. Therefore, the data suggest that treadmill exercise early in life can influence the development of cortical electrical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia Borges Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670901 Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Suênia Marcele Vitor
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670901 Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo Castellano
- Unit of Medical Histology, Institute of Neuroscience and Dept Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
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