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Hamner MA, McDonough A, Gong DC, Todd LJ, Rojas G, Hodecker S, Ransom CB, Reh TA, Ransom BR, Weinstein JR. Microglial depletion abolishes ischemic preconditioning in white matter. Glia 2021; 70:661-674. [PMID: 34939240 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a phenomenon whereby a brief, non-injurious ischemic exposure enhances tolerance to a subsequent ischemic challenge. The mechanism of IPC has mainly been studied in rodent stroke models where gray matter (GM) constitutes about 85% of the cerebrum. In humans, white matter (WM) is 50% of cerebral volume and is a critical component of stroke damage. We developed a novel CNS WM IPC model using the mouse optic nerve (MON) and identified the involved immune signaling pathways. Here we tested the hypothesis that microglia are necessary for WM IPC. Microglia were depleted by treatment with the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622. MONs were exposed to transient ischemia in vivo, acutely isolated 72 h later, and subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to simulate a severe ischemic injury (i.e., stroke). Functional and structural axonal recovery was assessed by recording compound action potentials (CAPs) and by microscopy using quantitative stereology. Microglia depletion eliminated IPC-mediated protection. In control mice, CAP recovery was improved in preconditioned MONs compared with non-preconditioned MONs, however, in PLX5622-treated mice, we observed no difference in CAP recovery between preconditioned and non-preconditioned MONs. Microgliadepletion also abolished IPC protective effects on axonal integrity and survival of mature (APC+ ) oligodendrocytes after OGD. IPC-mediated protection was independent of retinal injury suggesting it results from mechanistic processes intrinsic to ischemia-exposed WM. We conclude that preconditioned microglia are critical for IPC in WM. The "preconditioned microglia" phenotype might protect against other CNS pathologies and is a neurotherapeutic horizon worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Hamner
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Davin C Gong
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Levi J Todd
- Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - German Rojas
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sibylle Hodecker
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher B Ransom
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruce R Ransom
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Neuroscience Department, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Lee JK, Santos PT, Chen MW, O'Brien CE, Kulikowicz E, Adams S, Hardart H, Koehler RC, Martin LJ. Combining Hypothermia and Oleuropein Subacutely Protects Subcortical White Matter in a Swine Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:182-198. [PMID: 33212486 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) causes white matter injury that is not fully prevented by therapeutic hypothermia. Adjuvant treatments are needed. We compared myelination in different piglet white matter regions. We then tested whether oleuropein (OLE) improves neuroprotection in 2- to 4-day-old piglets randomized to undergo HI or sham procedure and OLE or vehicle administration beginning at 15 minutes. All groups received overnight hypothermia and rewarming. Injury in the subcortical white matter, corpus callosum, internal capsule, putamen, and motor cortex gray matter was assessed 1 day later. At baseline, piglets had greater subcortical myelination than in corpus callosum. Hypothermic HI piglets had scant injury in putamen and cerebral cortex. However, hypothermia alone did not prevent the loss of subcortical myelinating oligodendrocytes or the reduction in subcortical myelin density after HI. Combining OLE with hypothermia improved post-HI subcortical white matter protection by preserving myelinating oligodendrocytes, myelin density, and oligodendrocyte markers. Corpus callosum and internal capsule showed little HI injury after hypothermia, and OLE accordingly had minimal effect. OLE did not affect putamen or motor cortex neuron counts. Thus, OLE combined with hypothermia protected subcortical white matter after HI. As an adjuvant to hypothermia, OLE may subacutely improve regional white matter protection after HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Lee
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Polan T Santos
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - May W Chen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Ewa Kulikowicz
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Shawn Adams
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Henry Hardart
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | | | - Lee J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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3
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Das T, Soren K, Yerasi M, Kamle A, Kumar A, Chakravarty S. Molecular Basis of Sex Difference in Neuroprotection induced by Hypoxia Preconditioning in Zebrafish. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:5177-5192. [PMID: 32862360 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, the major cause of ischemic injury, leads to debilitating disease in infants via birth asphyxia and cerebral palsy, whereas in adults via heart attack and stroke. A widespread, natural protective phenomenon termed 'hypoxic preconditioning' (PH) occurs when prior exposures to hypoxia eventually result in robust hypoxia resistance. Accordingly, we have developed and optimized a novel model of hypoxic preconditioning in adult zebrafish to mimic the tolerance of mini stroke(s) in human, which appears to protect against the severe damage inflicted by a major stroke event. Here, we observed a remarkable difference in the progression pattern of neuroprotection between preconditioning hypoxia followed by acute hypoxia (PH) group, and acute hypoxia (AH) only group, with noticeable sex difference when compared with normoxia behaviour upon recovery. Since gender difference has been reported in stroke risk factors and disease history, it was pertinent to investigate whether any such sex difference also exists in PH's protective mechanism against acute ischemic stroke. In order to elucidate the neural molecular mechanisms behind sex difference in neuroprotection induced by PH, a high throughput proteomics approach utilizing iTRAQ was performed, followed by protein enrichment analysis using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) tool. Out of thousands of significantly altered proteins in zebrafish brain, the ones having critical role either in neuroglial proliferation/differentiation or neurotrophic functions were validated by analyzing their expression levels in preconditioned (PH), acute hypoxia (AH), and normoxia groups. The data indicate that female zebrafish brains are more protected against the severity of AH when exposed to the hypoxic preconditioning. The study also sheds light on the involvement of many signalling pathways underlying sex difference in preconditioning-induced neuroprotective mechanism, which can be further validated for the therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapatee Das
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P., 201002, India
| | - Kalyani Soren
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P., 201002, India
| | - Mounica Yerasi
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Avijeet Kamle
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P., 201002, India.,CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P., 201002, India.
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4
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Santos PT, O'Brien CE, Chen MW, Hopkins CD, Adams S, Kulikowicz E, Singh R, Koehler RC, Martin LJ, Lee JK. Proteasome Biology Is Compromised in White Matter After Asphyxic Cardiac Arrest in Neonatal Piglets. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009415. [PMID: 30371275 PMCID: PMC6474957 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Neurological deficits in hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy, even with therapeutic hypothermia, are partially attributed to white matter injury. We theorized that proteasome insufficiency contributes to white matter injury. Methods and Results Neonatal piglets received hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) or sham procedure with normothermia, hypothermia, or hypothermia+rewarming. Some received a proteasome activator drug (oleuropein) or white matter–targeted, virus‐mediated proteasome knockdown. We measured myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, proteasome subunit 20S (P20S), proteasome activity, and carbonylated and ubiquitinated protein levels in white matter and cerebral cortex. HI reduced myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein levels regardless of temperature, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein loss was associated with increased ubiquitinated and carbonylated protein levels. Ubiquitinated and carbonyl‐damaged proteins increased in white matter 29 hours after HI during hypothermia to exceed levels at 6 to 20 hours. In cortex, ubiquitinated proteins decreased. Ubiquitinated and carbonylated protein accumulation coincided with lower P20S levels in white matter; P20S levels also decreased in cerebral cortex. However, proteasome activity in white matter lagged behind that in cortex 29 hours after HI during hypothermia. Systemic oleuropein enhanced white matter P20S and protected the myelin, whereas proteasome knockdown exacerbated myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein loss and ubiquitinated protein accumulation after HI. At the cellular level, temperature and HI interactively affected macroglial P20S enrichment in subcortical white matter. Rewarming alone increased macroglial P20S immunoreactivity, but this increase was blocked by HI. Conclusions Oxidized and ubiquitinated proteins accumulate with HI‐induced white matter injury. Proteasome insufficiency may drive this injury. Hypothermia did not prevent myelin damage, protect the proteasome, or preserve oxidized and ubiquitinated protein clearance after HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polan T Santos
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Caitlin E O'Brien
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - May W Chen
- 2 Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - C Danielle Hopkins
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Shawn Adams
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Ewa Kulikowicz
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Rashmi Singh
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Lee J Martin
- 3 Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Jennifer K Lee
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
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5
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Huang L, Wu S, Li H, Dang Z, Wu Y. Hypoxic preconditioning relieved ischemic cerebral injury by promoting immunomodulation and microglia polarization after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146388. [PMID: 31421131 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate whether immunomodulation and Microglia polarization is involved in the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect induced by hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) brain injury model. METHODS Longa method, (neurological disability status scale) NDSS method and TTC staining were used to evaluate the degree of cerebral infarction injury under different treatments (Sham, HPC, MCAO and co-treatment with HPC and MCAO). Western blot was used to detect expression profiles of apoptosis and related factors of neurological function. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze changes in the ratio of helper T cells, toxic T cells and NK cells in peripheral immune cells. And immunohistochemistry was used to examine the changes in microglial morphology. ELISA was used to evaluate the levels of nerve growth factors and neurogenesis conditions. Finally, RT-PCR was determined to analyze the transformation of microglia phenotype after HPC and MCAO treatment. RESULTS MCAO dramatically induced local formation of cerebral infarction. HPC relieved MCAO-induced cerebral infarction and increased rat cognition. HPC affected activation of microglia without significantly affecting in peripheral immune cell populations. After HPC co-treatment with MCAO, the M1 phenotype of microglia was changed and there was a transformation to M2. CONCLUSION The treatment of HPC remarkably affected the polarization of microglia cells in MCAO rats, and reduced the cerebral nerve injury and played a protective role in MCAO model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Loint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, China; Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Shizheng Wu
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Zhancui Dang
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Qinghai University, Qinghai, China
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6
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Xu MY, Wang YF, Wei PJ, Gao YQ, Zhang WT. Hypoxic preconditioning improves long-term functional outcomes after neonatal hypoxia-ischemic injury by restoring white matter integrity and brain development. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:734-747. [PMID: 30689302 PMCID: PMC6515700 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia (H/I) results in gray and white matter injury, characterized by neuronal loss, failure of neural network formation, retarded myelin formation, and abnormal accumulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). These changes lead to severe neurological deficits and mortality. Sublethal hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) can protect the developing brain against H/I. However, limited evidence is available concerning its effect on white matter injury. Methods In this study, P6 neonatal Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to normoxic (21% O2) or HPC (7.8% O2) for 3 hours followed 24 hours later by H/I brain injury. Neurological deficits were assessed by gait, righting reflex, foot fault, and Morris water maze tests. Compound action potential of the corpus callosum was recorded 35 days after surgery, and the correlation between axon myelination and neurological function was determined. Results Hypoxic preconditioning significantly attenuated H/I brain injury at 7 days and remarkably improved both sensorimotor and cognitive functional performances up to 35 days after H/I. HPC‐afforded improvement in long‐term neurological outcomes was attributable, at least in part, to restoration of the differentiation and maturation capacity in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, amelioration of microglia/macrophage activation and neuroinflammation, and continuation of brain development after H/I. Conclusions Hypoxic preconditioning restores white matter repair, development, and functional integrity in developing brain after H/I brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Ju Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Qin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Leviton A, Allred EN, Joseph RM, O'Shea TM, Kuban KCK. Newborn blood gas derangements of children born extremely preterm and neurocognitive dysfunctions at age 10 years. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 242:66-72. [PMID: 28396202 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Among 740 children born extremely preterm, we evaluated the relationship between the highest and lowest quartiles of the distributions of PaO2 and PaCO2, as well as the lowest quartile of pH on one day, and separately on two days, and the risk of neurocognitive, language, and behavioral dysfunctions at age 10 years. Children who had hypoxemia, hyperoxemia, hypocapnia, hypercapnia, and acidemia, sometimes on only one day, and sometimes on two or more days, were more likely than others to have a high illness severity score (within the first 12 postnatal hours), and 10 years later to have multiple dysfunctions. The tendency of blood gas derangements to be associated with high illness severity scores and with multiple dysfunctions 10 years later is compatible with the possibility that blood gas derangements are indicators of physiologic instability/vulnerability/immaturity rather than contributors to brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Leviton
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | - T Michael O'Shea
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karl C K Kuban
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Li S, Hafeez A, Noorulla F, Geng X, Shao G, Ren C, Lu G, Zhao H, Ding Y, Ji X. Preconditioning in neuroprotection: From hypoxia to ischemia. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:79-91. [PMID: 28110083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal hypoxic or ischemic events can improve the tolerance of tissues, organs, and even organisms from subsequent lethal injury caused by hypoxia or ischemia. This phenomenon has been termed hypoxic or ischemic preconditioning (HPC or IPC) and is well established in the heart and the brain. This review aims to discuss HPC and IPC with respect to their historical development and advancements in our understanding of the neurochemical basis for their neuroprotective role. Through decades of collaborative research and studies of HPC and IPC in other organ systems, our understanding of HPC and IPC-induced neuroprotection has expanded to include: early- (phosphorylation targets, transporter regulation, interfering RNA) and late- (regulation of genes like EPO, VEGF, and iNOS) phase changes, regulators of programmed cell death, members of metabolic pathways, receptor modulators, and many other novel targets. The rapid acceleration in our understanding of HPC and IPC will help facilitate transition into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Adam Hafeez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fatima Noorulla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guowei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China.
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9
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Xiao J, Huang Y, Li X, Li L, Yang T, Huang L, Yang L, Jiang H, Li H, Li F. TNP-ATP is Beneficial for Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxia-Induced Hypomyelination and Cognitive Decline. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:99-107. [PMID: 26769489 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-0003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study together with other investigations have reported that neonatal hypoxia or ischemia induces long-term cognitive impairment, at least in part through brain inflammation and hypomyelination. However, the detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we used a rodent model of neonatal hypoxia by subjecting postnatal day 0 (P0) rat pups to systemic hypoxia (3.5 h). We found that neonatal hypoxia increased the glutamate content and initiated inflammatory responses at 4 h and 1 day after hypoxia, caused hypomyelination in the corpus callosum, and impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory when assessed 30-60 days after hypoxia. Interestingly, much of the hypoxia-induced brain damage was ameliorated by treatment with the ATP analogue 2',3'-0-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP; blocks all ionotropic P2X1-7 receptors), whereas treatment with pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS; inhibits P2X1-3 and P2X5-7 receptors) was less neuroprotective. Our data indicated that activation of ionotropic ATP receptors might be partially, if not fully, involved in glutamate deregulation, neuroinflammation, hypomyelination, and cognitive dysfunction after neonatal hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yilong Huang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Longjun Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lixuan Huang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hongchun Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Mordel J, Sheikh A, Tsohataridis S, Kanold PO, Zehendner CM, Luhmann HJ. Mild systemic inflammation and moderate hypoxia transiently alter neuronal excitability in mouse somatosensory cortex. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 88:29-43. [PMID: 26763603 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the perinatal period, the brain is highly vulnerable to hypoxia and inflammation, which often cause white matter injury and long-term neuronal dysfunction such as motor and cognitive deficits or epileptic seizures. We studied the effects of moderate hypoxia (HYPO), mild systemic inflammation (INFL), or the combination of both (HYPO+INFL) in mouse somatosensory cortex induced during the first postnatal week on network activity and compared it to activity in SHAM control animals. By performing in vitro electrophysiological recordings with multi-electrode arrays from slices prepared directly after injury (P8-10), one week after injury (P13-16), or in young adults (P28-30), we investigated how the neocortical network developed following these insults. No significant difference was observed between the four groups in an extracellular solution close to physiological conditions. In extracellular 8mM potassium solution, slices from the HYPO, INFL, and HYPO+INFL group were more excitable than SHAM at P8-10 and P13-16. In these two age groups, the number and frequency of spontaneous epileptiform events were significantly increased compared to SHAM. The frequency of epileptiform events was significantly reduced by the NMDA antagonist D-APV in HYPO, INFL, and HYPO+INFL, but not in SHAM, indicating a contribution of NMDA receptors to this pathophysiological activity. In addition, the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX suppressed the remaining epileptiform activity. Electrical stimulation evoked prominent epileptiform activity in slices from HYPO, INFL and HYPO+INFL animals. Stimulation threshold to elicit epileptiform events was lower in these groups than in SHAM. Evoked events spread over larger areas and lasted longer in treated animals than in SHAM. In addition, the evoked epileptiform activity was reduced in the older (P28-30) group indicating that cortical dysfunction induced by hypoxia and inflammation was transient and compensated during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Mordel
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Aminah Sheikh
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Simeon Tsohataridis
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Christoph M Zehendner
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; ZIM III, Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Zhang YB, Guo ZD, Li MY, Li SJ, Niu JZ, Yang MF, Ji XM, Lv GW. Cerebrospinal fluid from rats given hypoxic preconditioning protects neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1471-6. [PMID: 26604909 PMCID: PMC4625514 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic preconditioning activates endogenous mechanisms that protect against cerebral ischemic and hypoxic injury. To better understand these protective mechanisms, adult rats were housed in a hypoxic environment (8% O2/92% N2) for 3 hours, and then in a normal oxygen environment for 12 hours. Their cerebrospinal fluid was obtained to culture cortical neurons from newborn rats for 1 day, and then the neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 1.5 hours. The cerebrospinal fluid from rats subjected to hypoxic preconditioning reduced oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury, increased survival rate, upregulated Bcl-2 expression and downregulated Bax expression in the cultured cortical neurons, compared with control. These results indicate that cerebrospinal fluid from rats given hypoxic preconditioning protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury by affecting apoptosis-related protein expression in neurons from newborn rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zheng-Dong Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Taishan Chronic Disease Hospital, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Si-Jie Li
- Hypoxia Medical Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Zhong Niu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming-Feng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xun-Ming Ji
- Hypoxia Medical Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Wei Lv
- Hypoxia Medical Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hypoxic Preconditioning Suppresses Glial Activation and Neuroinflammation in Neonatal Brain Insults. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:632592. [PMID: 26273140 PMCID: PMC4530271 DOI: 10.1155/2015/632592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal insults and subsequent neuroinflammation are the major mechanisms of neonatal brain injury, but there have been only scarce reports on the associations between hypoxic preconditioning and glial activation. Here we use neonatal hypoxia-ischemia brain injury model in 7-day-old rats and in vitro hypoxia model with primary mixed glial culture and the BV-2 microglial cell line to assess the effects of hypoxia and hypoxic preconditioning on glial activation. Hypoxia-ischemia brain insult induced significant brain weight reduction, profound cell loss, and reactive gliosis in the damaged hemisphere. Hypoxic preconditioning significantly attenuated glial activation and resulted in robust neuroprotection. As early as 2 h after the hypoxia-ischemia insult, proinflammatory gene upregulation was suppressed in the hypoxic preconditioning group. In vitro experiments showed that exposure to 0.5% oxygen for 4 h induced a glial inflammatory response. Exposure to brief hypoxia (0.5 h) 24 h before the hypoxic insult significantly ameliorated this response. In conclusion, hypoxic preconditioning confers strong neuroprotection, possibly through suppression of glial activation and subsequent inflammatory responses after hypoxia-ischemia insults in neonatal rats. This might therefore be a promising therapeutic approach for rescuing neonatal brain injury.
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13
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Parmar J, Jones NM. Hypoxic preconditioning can reduce injury-induced inflammatory processes in the neonatal rat brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 43:35-42. [PMID: 25824817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Studies have shown that hypoxic preconditioning (HP) can ameliorate brain damage, but its effects on inflammation remain unknown. Postnatal day 6 (P6), Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normoxia and hypoxia (8% oxygen, 3h) groups. On P7, some pups underwent a right carotid artery occlusion followed by hypoxia (8% oxygen, 3h) while under 1.5% isofluorane anesthesia and the remaining pups underwent sham surgery without occlusion. Animals were sacrificed 5 days later and fixed tissue was used to examine changes in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the cortex. Fresh tissue was collected to determine cortical levels of proinflammatory cytokines using ELISA. There was a significant loss in the number of NeuN positive cells in the cortex following HI injury, which was improved when HP was given prior to HI. There was an increase in cortical area of astrocyte staining after HI injury compared to control. HP before HI was able to reduce area of GFAP staining back to control levels. HI caused a large increase in the number of activated microglia compared to control and HP was able to significantly reduce this, although not back to control levels. HP alone increased microglial activation. Interleukin-1β levels were increased in the cortex 5 days after HI, but HP was not able to significantly reduce this change. The neuroprotective effects of HP appear to be mediated by affecting cellular inflammatory processes in the brain following HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasneet Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia.
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14
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Hagen MW, Riddle A, McClendon E, Gong X, Shaver D, Srivastava T, Dean JM, Bai JZ, Fowke TM, Gunn AJ, Jones DF, Sherman LS, Grafe MR, Hohimer AR, Back SA. Role of recurrent hypoxia-ischemia in preterm white matter injury severity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112800. [PMID: 25390897 PMCID: PMC4229227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although the spectrum of white matter injury (WMI) in preterm infants is shifting from cystic necrotic lesions to milder forms, the factors that contribute to this changing spectrum are unclear. We hypothesized that recurrent hypoxia-ischemia (rHI) will exacerbate the spectrum of WMI defined by markers of inflammation and molecules related to the extracellular matrix (hyaluronan (HA) and the PH20 hyaluronidase) that regulate maturation of the oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage after WMI. Methods We employed a preterm fetal sheep model of in utero moderate hypoxemia and global severe but not complete cerebral ischemia that reproduces the spectrum of human WMI. The response to rHI was compared against corresponding early or later single episodes of HI. An ordinal rating scale of WMI was compared against an unbiased quantitative image analysis protocol that provided continuous histo-pathological outcome measures for astrogliosis and microglial activation. Late oligodendrocyte progenitors (preOLs) were quantified by stereology. Analysis of hyaluronan and the hyaluronidase PH20 defined the progressive response of the extracellular matrix to WMI. Results rHI resulted in a more severe spectrum of WMI with a greater burden of necrosis, but an expanded population of preOLs that displayed reduced susceptibility to cell death. WMI from single episodes of HI or rHI was accompanied by elevated HA levels and increased labeling for PH20. Expression of PH20 in fetal ovine WMI was confirmed by RT-PCR and RNA-sequencing. Conclusions rHI is associated with an increased risk for more severe WMI with necrosis, but reduced risk for preOL degeneration compared to single episodes of HI. Expansion of the preOL pool may be linked to elevated hyaluronan and PH20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Hagen
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Art Riddle
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Evelyn McClendon
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Xi Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel Shaver
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Taasin Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Dean
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ji-Zhong Bai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tania M. Fowke
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel F. Jones
- New Zealand Genomics Ltd./Bioinformatics Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Larry S. Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marjorie R. Grafe
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - A. Roger Hohimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Back
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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