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Pei J, Guan Y, Xiao W, Ge J, Feng L, Yang H. The comparison of gut microbiota between wild and captive Asian badgers (Meles leucurus) under different seasons. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18199. [PMID: 39107422 PMCID: PMC11303745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in the immunology, physiology and growth and development of animals. However, currently, there is a lack of available sequencing data on the gut microbiota of Asian badgers. Studying the gut microbiota of Asian badgers could provide fundamental data for enhancing productivity and immunity of badgers' breeding, as well as for the protection of wild animals. In this study, we first characterized the composition and structure of the gut microbiota in the large intestines of wild and captive Asian badgers during summer and winter by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. A total of 9 dominant phyla and 12 genera among the bacterial communities of the large intestines exhibited significant differences. Our results showed that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most predominant in both wild and captive badgers, regardless of the season. Romboutsia, Streptococcus and Enterococcus may represent potential sources of zoonoses, warranting further attention and study. Our findings indicated that the diversity and availability of food resources were the most important influencing factors on the gut microbiota of Asian badgers, providing fundamental data for the protection and conservation of wild animals. Variation in the gut microbiota due to season, age and sex in both wild and captive Asian badgers should be considered in future research directions. Furthermore, combined multi-omics studies could provide more information for wild animal conservation, and enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanism between the microbiota and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchi Pei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park Conservation Ecology, Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur Tiger and Amur Leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yu Guan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park Conservation Ecology, Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur Tiger and Amur Leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Wenhong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park Conservation Ecology, Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur Tiger and Amur Leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Limin Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park Conservation Ecology, Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur Tiger and Amur Leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Getahun Strobel A, Prasad P, Prasad V, Naidu R, Young-Sharma T, Suka A, Richards M, Cameron D, Lane CR, Buising K, Howden BP, Autar S. The epidemiology of enterococci in a tertiary hospital and primary healthcare facilities in Fiji (2019-2022). J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 37:102-107. [PMID: 38565419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analysed 4 y of laboratory data to characterise the species and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of enterococci as human pathogens in Fiji. The study also investigated the molecular epidemiology amongst the subset of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). METHODS This retrospective study reviewed bacteriological data from Colonial War Memorial Hospital (CWMH) and other healthcare facilities in the Central and Eastern divisions of Fiji. Phenotypic, antimicrobial susceptibility and vanA and vanB PCR testing were performed using locally approved protocols. The first clinical isolates per patient with antimicrobial susceptibility testing results in a single year were included in the analysis. Data was analysed using WHONET software and Microsoft Excel. RESULTS A total of 1817 enterococcal isolates were reported, 1415 from CWMH and 402 from other healthcare facilities. The majority of isolates, 75% (n = 1362) were reported as undifferentiated Enterococcus spp., 17.8% (n = 324) were specifically identified as Enterococcus faecalis and 6.7% (n = 122) as E. faecium. Overall, 10% of the enterococci isolates were from blood cultures. Among isolates from CWMH, <15% of E. faecium were susceptible to ampicillin, and 17.2% were vancomycin resistant. Overall, 874 enterococcal isolates (including the undifferentiated species) were tested against vancomycin, of which 4.8% (n = 42) were resistance. All of the VRE isolates tested (n = 15) expressed vanA genes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the clinical importance of VRE, particularly van A E. faecium in the national referral hospital in Fiji. Enhanced phenotypic and molecular surveillance data are needed to better understand enterococci epidemiology and help guide specific infection prevention and control measures and antibiotic prescribing guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneley Getahun Strobel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Prinika Prasad
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
| | - Vinita Prasad
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
| | - Tracey Young-Sharma
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
| | - Ana Suka
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
| | - Matthew Richards
- Infection Prevention and Surveillance Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donna Cameron
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at Peter Doherty Institute for infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Courtney R Lane
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at Peter Doherty Institute for infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirsty Buising
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at Peter Doherty Institute for infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sanjeshni Autar
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
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Shazadi K, Arshad N, Ambreen HS, Riaz A, Mehreen A. In vivo studies could not confirm in vitro prophylactic synergism between Moringa essential oil and Lactobacillus reuteri (MT180537). BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e254513. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.254513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a recently defined vaginal recurring infection, which is treated with antibiotics. However, excessive and prolonged use of antibiotics disrupts healthy vaginal microflora and leads to the emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogens. This situation has directed researchers to explore alternative antimicrobials. The current study describes in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy and pharmaceutical interactions between plant essential oils (EOs) and five lactic acid bacteria (LABs), isolated from the healthy vagina, against E. faecalis, one of the major etiological agents of AV. In vitro experiments confirm good antimicrobial activity of both plant EOs and cell free supernatant (CFS) from LABs. Based on high antimicrobial efficacy, Moringa essential oil (MO) was selected to determine its nature of interaction with CFS of five LAB strains. Synergism was recorded between MO and CFS of L. reuteri (MT180537). To validate in vitro findings, prophylactic responses of individual and synergistic application of MO and L. reuteri (MT180537) were evaluated in an E. faecalis (MW051601) induced AV murine model. The prophylactic efficacy was evidenced by a reduction in intensity of clinical symptoms, E. faecalis (MW051601) count per vaginal tissue along with a reduction in AV associated changes in histological markers of infection in animals receiving Moringa essential oil and L. reuteri (MT180537) alone or in combination. However, significant synergism between Moringa essential oil and L. reuteri (MT180537) could not be observed. Our data confirms the importance of in vivo experiments in deducing pharmacological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Arshad
- University of the Punjab, Pakistan; The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - A. Riaz
- The University of Lahore, Pakistan
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Farooq A, Lee M, Han S, Jung GY, Kim SJ, Jung MY. Kinetic, genomic, and physiological analysis reveals diversity in the ecological adaptation and metabolic potential of Brachybacterium equifaecis sp. nov. isolated from horse feces. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0504822. [PMID: 37707449 PMCID: PMC10581053 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05048-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachybacterium species have been identified in various ecological niches and belong to the family Dermabacteriaceae within the phylum Actinobacteria. In this study, we isolated a novel Brachybacterium equifaecis JHP9 strain from horse feces and compared its kinetic, biochemical, and genomic features with those of other Brachybacterium strains. Moreover, comparative genomic analysis using publicly available Brachybacterium genomes was performed to determine the properties involved in their ecological adaptation and metabolic potential. Novel species delineation was determined phylogenetically through 16S rRNA gene similarity (up to 97.9%), average nucleotide identity (79.5-82.5%), average amino acid identity (66.7-75.8%), and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (23.7-27.9) using closely related strains. This study also presents the first report of the kinetic properties of Brachybacterium species. Most of the Brachybacterium strains displayed high oxygen (K m(app) =1.6-24.2 µM) and glucose (K m(app) =0.73-1.22 µM) affinities, which may manifest niche adaptations. Various carbohydrate metabolisms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, antibiotic resistance, mobile genetic elements, carbohydrate-active enzymes, lactic acid production, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas and bacteriophage exclusion systems were observed in the genotypic and/or phenotypic properties of Brachybacterium species, suggesting their genome flexibility, defense mechanisms, and adaptability. Our study contributes to the knowledge of the kinetic, physiological, and genomic properties of Brachybacterium species, including the novel JHP9 strain, which advocates for their tolerant and thriving nature in various environments, leading to their ecological adaptation. IMPORTANCE Basic physiological and genomic properties of most of the Brachybacterium isolates have been studied; however, the ability of this bacterium to adapt to diverse environments, which may demonstrate its role in niche differentiation, is to be identified yet. Therefore, here, we explored cellular kinetics, metabolic diversity, and ecological adaptation/defensive properties of the novel Brachybacterium strain through physiological and comparative genomic analysis. In addition, we presented the first report examining Brachybacterium kinetics, indicating that all strains of Brachybacterium, including the novel one, have high oxygen and glucose affinity. Furthermore, the comparative genomic analysis also revealed that the novel bacterium contains versatile genomic properties, which provide the novel bacterium with significant competitive advantages. Thus, in-depth genotypic and phenotypic analysis with kinetic properties at the species level of this genus is beneficial in clarifying its differential characteristics, conferring the ability to inhabit diverse ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Farooq
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences (RIBS), Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Myunglip Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Saem Han
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme in Advance Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Gi-Yong Jung
- Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - So-Jeong Kim
- Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Man-Young Jung
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme in Advance Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
- Department of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
- Jeju Microbiome Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
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Lu J, Shen T, Zhang Y, Ma X, Xu S, Awad S, Du M, Zhong Z. Safety assessment of Enterococcus lactis based on comparative genomics and phenotypic analysis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1196558. [PMID: 37283930 PMCID: PMC10239811 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is sometimes used in food production; however, its acquisition of antibiotic resistance has become an alarming health concern. The E. lactis species is closely related to E. faecium and has good probiotic potential. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance of E. lactis. We analyzed the antibiotic resistance phenotype and whole-genome sequences of 60 E. lactis isolates (23, 29, and 8 isolates from dairy products, Rice wine Koji, and human feces, respectively). These isolates showed varying degree of resistance to 13 antibiotics, and were sensitive to ampicillin and linezolid. The E. lactis genomes carried only a subset of commonly reported antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in E. faecium. Five ARGs were detected across the investigated E. lactis, including two universally present genes (msrC and AAC(6')-Ii) and three rarely detected ARGs (tet(L), tetM, and efmA). To identify other undescribed antibiotic resistance-encoding genes, a genome-wide association study was performed, returning 160 potential resistance genes that were associated with six antibiotics, namely chloramphenicol, vancomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and rifampicin. Only around one-third of these genes encode known biological functions, including cellular metabolism, membrane transport, and DNA synthesis. This work identified interesting targets for future study of antibiotic resistance in E. lactis. The fact that the lower number of ARGs present in E. lactis supports that it may be an alternative to E. faecalis for use in the food industry. Data generated in this work is of interest to the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingda Lu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, China
| | - Tingting Shen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, China
| | - Xinwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, China
| | - Sameh Awad
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Muying Du
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Hohhot, China
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Lactic Acid Bacteria Antagonism of Acid-tolerant and Antibiotic-resistant Non-staphylococcal Pathogenic Species Isolated from a Fermented Cereal Beverage using Baird-Parker Agar. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/nfsr.9.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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7
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Guan Y, Wang H, Gong Y, Ge J, Bao L. The gut microbiota in the common kestrel ( Falco tinnunculus): a report from the Beijing Raptor Rescue Center. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9970. [PMID: 33344069 PMCID: PMC7718788 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a complex microecological system, the gut microbiota plays crucial roles in many aspects, including immunology, physiology and development. The specific function and mechanism of the gut microbiota in birds are distinct due to their body structure, physiological attributes and life history. Data on the gut microbiota of the common kestrel, a second-class protected animal species in China, are currently scarce. With high-throughput sequencing technology, we characterized the bacterial community of the gut from nine fecal samples from a wounded common kestrel by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Our results showed that Proteobacteria (41.078%), Firmicutes (40.923%) and Actinobacteria (11.191%) were the most predominant phyla. Lactobacillus (20.563%) was the most dominant genus, followed by Escherichia-Shigella (17.588%) and Acinetobacter (5.956%). Our results would offer fundamental data and direction for the wildlife rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Gong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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8
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de Sousa MA, Muller MP, Berghahn E, de Souza CFV, Granada CE. New enterococci isolated from cheese whey derived from different animal sources: High biotechnological potential as starter cultures. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Missaoui J, Saidane D, Mzoughi R, Minervini F. Fermented Seeds ("Zgougou") from Aleppo Pine as a Novel Source of Potentially Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E709. [PMID: 31861080 PMCID: PMC6958562 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms inhabiting fermented foods represent the main link between the consumption of this food and human health. Although some fermented food is a reservoir of potentially probiotic microorganisms, several foods are still unexplored. This study aimed at characterizing the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from zgougou, a fermented matrix consisting of a watery mixture of Aleppo pine's seeds. In vitro methods were used to characterize the safety, survival ability in typical conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, and adherence capacity to surfaces, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Strains belonged to the Lactobacillus plantarum group and Enterococcus faecalis showed no DNase, hemolytic, and gelatinase activities. In addition, their susceptibility to most of the tested antibiotics, satisfied some of the safety prerequisites for their potential use as probiotics. All the strains tolerated low pH, gastrointestinal enzymes, and bile salts. They displayed a good antibacterial activity and antibiofilm formation against 10 reference bacterial pathogens, especially when used as a cell-free supernatant. Furthermore, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus carbonarius. Finally, they had good antioxidant activity, although depending on the strain. Overall, the results of this work highlight that zgougou represents an important reservoir of potentially probiotic LAB. Obviously, future studies should be addressed to confirm the health benefits of the LAB strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Missaoui
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Evaluation of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; (J.M.); (D.S.); (R.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Dalila Saidane
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Evaluation of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; (J.M.); (D.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Ridha Mzoughi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Evaluation of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; (J.M.); (D.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Fabio Minervini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is a globally significant public health threat and was listed on the World Health Organization's 2017 list of high-priority pathogens for which new treatments are urgently needed. Treatment options for invasive VREfm infections are very limited, and outcomes are often poor. Whole-genome sequencing is providing important new insights into VREfm evolution, drug resistance and hospital adaptation, and is increasingly being used to track VREfm transmission within hospitals to detect outbreaks and inform infection control practices. This mini-review provides an overview of recent data on the use of genomics to understand and respond to the global problem of VREfm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gorrie
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charlie Higgs
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glen Carter
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.,Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Singhal N, Maurya AK, Mohanty S, Kumar M, Virdi JS. Evaluation of Bile Salt Hydrolases, Cholesterol-Lowering Capabilities, and Probiotic Potential of Enterococcus faecium Isolated From Rhizosphere. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1567. [PMID: 31379762 PMCID: PMC6646458 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, hypo-cholesterolemic effect, and probiotic properties have been reported for Enterococcus strains isolated from animal and human gut and fermented foods but not for strains isolated from environmental niches, like aquatic and terrestrial plants, soil, and water. The present study is the first report on isolation of Enterococcus faecium from rhizospheric soils that harbor the bsh gene, remove cholesterol in vitro, and possess essential and desirable probiotic attributes. Fifteen samples were collected from different sites located in northern, southern, and central regions of India, of which five yielded pure colonies that were named LR2, LR3, ER5, LR13, and VB1. These were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as E. faecium and evaluated for BSH activity, cholesterol-lowering potential in vitro, and probiotic properties. Our results indicated that all the strains were capable of surviving the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and did not harbor any of the virulence genes. Though all strains showed the presence of bsh and potential for cholesterol removal, E. faecium strain LR13 showed a remarkable cholesterol removal capability and vancomycin susceptibility and possessed most of the desirable and essential attributes of a probiotic. Hence, it seems to be a fairly promising probiotic candidate that needs to be further evaluated in in vivo studies, especially for its hypo-cholesterolemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelja Singhal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shilpa Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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12
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Willis A, Magdesian K, Byrne B, Edman J. Enterococcus infections in foals. Vet J 2019; 248:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Sanlibaba P, Senturk E. Prevalence, characterization and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from traditional cheeses in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1489413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Sanlibaba
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Golbası, Turkey
| | - Esra Senturk
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Golbası, Turkey
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Zommiti M, Cambronel M, Maillot O, Barreau M, Sebei K, Feuilloley M, Ferchichi M, Connil N. Evaluation of Probiotic Properties and Safety of Enterococcus faecium Isolated From Artisanal Tunisian Meat "Dried Ossban". Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1685. [PMID: 30127770 PMCID: PMC6088202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium strains were isolated from an original biotope, artisanal dried Tunisian meat “Dried Ossban,” and evaluated for safety and capacity as probiotics. Gram-positive, catalase negative, and bacteriocin-producing bacteria were screened using selective microbiological media. All isolates were identified by phenotypic and molecular tools. Five E. faecium strains (MZF1, MZF2, MZF3, MZF4, and MZF5) were selected and further assessed for their probiotic properties. They were found to be resistant to the physiological concentrations of bile salts, and the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, and showed autoaggregation and adhesion ability. All these isolates possess at least one enterocin and could efficiently inhibit the growth of Listeria innocua HPB13. The analysis of their safety profile revealed for almost all the strains the absence of cytotoxicity and virulence determinants, and susceptibility to clinically important antibiotics such as vancomycin. These data suggest that these bacteria, isolated from “Dried Ossban,” do not present a risk to human health, and may be considered as interesting candidates for future use as probiotics and bioprotective cultures for application in the food and/or feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zommiti
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mélyssa Cambronel
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, Université de Rouen Normandie, Évreux, France
| | - Olivier Maillot
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, Université de Rouen Normandie, Évreux, France
| | - Magalie Barreau
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, Université de Rouen Normandie, Évreux, France
| | - Khaled Sebei
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marc Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, Université de Rouen Normandie, Évreux, France
| | - Mounir Ferchichi
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Clinical Laboratory Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, Université de Rouen Normandie, Évreux, France
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Cenci-Goga B, Karama M, Sechi P, Iulietto M, Grispoldi L, Selvaggini R, Ceccarelli M, Barbera S. Fate of selected pathogens in spiked «SALAME NOSTRANO» produced without added nitrates following the application of NONIT™ technology. Meat Sci 2018; 139:247-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Goh HMS, Yong MHA, Chong KKL, Kline KA. Model systems for the study of Enterococcal colonization and infection. Virulence 2017; 8:1525-1562. [PMID: 28102784 PMCID: PMC5810481 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1279766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are common inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract, as well as frequent opportunistic pathogens. Enterococci cause a range of infections including, most frequently, infections of the urinary tract, catheterized urinary tract, bloodstream, wounds and surgical sites, and heart valves in endocarditis. Enterococcal infections are often biofilm-associated, polymicrobial in nature, and resistant to antibiotics of last resort. Understanding Enterococcal mechanisms of colonization and pathogenesis are important for identifying new ways to manage and intervene with these infections. We review vertebrate and invertebrate model systems applied to study the most common E. faecalis and E. faecium infections, with emphasis on recent findings examining Enterococcal-host interactions using these models. We discuss strengths and shortcomings of each model, propose future animal models not yet applied to study mono- and polymicrobial infections involving E. faecalis and E. faecium, and comment on the significance of anti-virulence strategies derived from a fundamental understanding of host-pathogen interactions in model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Sharon Goh
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - M. H. Adeline Yong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Kian Long Chong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A. Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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17
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Shettigar K, Bhat DV, Satyamoorthy K, Murali TS. Severity of drug resistance and co-existence of Enterococcus faecalis in diabetic foot ulcer infections. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:115-122. [PMID: 28889401 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The genes encoding aminoglycoside resistance in Enterococcus faecalis may promote collateral aminoglycoside resistance in polymicrobial wounds. We studied a total of 100 diabetic foot ulcer samples for infection and found 60 samples to be polymicrobial, 5 to be monomicrobial, and 35 samples to be culture negative. A total of 65 E. faecalis isolates were screened for six genes coding for aminoglycoside resistance, antibiotic resistance patterns, and biofilm production. Infectious Diseases Society of America/International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot system was used to classify the wound ulcers. Majority of the subjects with culture-positive wound were recommended conservative management, while 14 subjects underwent amputation. Enterococcal isolates showed higher resistance for erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Isolates from grade 3 ulcer showed higher frequency of aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, while all the isolates were negative for aph(2″)-Ib, aph(2″)-Ic, and aph(2″)-Id. The isolates from grade 3 ulcers showed higher resistance to aminoglycosides as well as teicoplanin and chloramphenicol. All the 39 biofilm producers were obtained from polymicrobial wound and showed higher resistance when compared to biofilm non-producers. Higher frequency of isolates carrying aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia in polymicrobial community showing resistance to key antibiotics suggests widespread distribution of aminoglycoside-resistant E. faecalis and their role in worsening diabetic foot ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Shettigar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Deepika V Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Thokur Sreepathy Murali
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
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18
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Vaishya R, Butta H, Sardana R, Vaish A, Vijay V, Agarwal AK, Mendiratta L. Letter to the Editor on "Periprosthetic Joint Infections Caused by Enterococci Have Poor Outcomes". J Arthroplasty 2017; 32:2621-2622. [PMID: 28552445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Vaishya
- Department of Orthopaedics and Joint Replacement Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Hena Butta
- Department of Microbiology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman Sardana
- Department of Microbiology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Vaish
- Department of Orthopaedics and Joint Replacement Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Vipul Vijay
- Department of Orthopaedics and Joint Replacement Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit K Agarwal
- Department of Orthopaedics and Joint Replacement Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Leena Mendiratta
- Department of Microbiology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
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Aspri M, Bozoudi D, Tsaltas D, Hill C, Papademas P. Raw donkey milk as a source of Enterococcus diversity: Assessment of their technological properties and safety characteristics. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Indráková A, Mašlaňová I, Kováčová V, Doškař J, Pantůček R. The evolutionary pathway of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome element. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Synthesis, in vitro anticancer and antibacterial activities and in silico studies of new 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-coumarin hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:794-808. [PMID: 27639370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole core in designed coumarin hybrids (4-35) with diverse physicochemical properties was introduced by eco-friendly copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition under microwave irradiation. Coumarin-1,2,3-triazole-benzofused heterocycle hybrids emerged as the class of compounds exhibiting the highest antiproliferative activity. The strong relationship between lipophilicity and antiproliferative activities was observed indicating that lipophilic 1,2,3-triazole-coumarin hybrids containing phenylethyl (13), 3,5-difluorophenyl (14), 5-iodoindole (30) and benzimidazole (33 and 35) subunits showed the most potent cytostatic effects. The 7-methylcoumarin-1,2,3-triazole-2-methylbenzimidazole hybrid 33 can be highlighted as a lead that exerted the highest cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells with IC50 value of 0.9 μM and high selectivity (SI = 50). This compound induced cell death, mainly due to early apoptosis. Strong antiproliferative effect of 33 could be associated with its inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity and perturbation of sphingolipid signaling by interfering with intracellular acid ceramidase (ASAH) activity. Outlined considerable effect of lipophilicity on antiproliferative activity was not observed for antibacterial activity. The compounds with p-pentylphenyl (17), 2-chloro-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide (23) and dithiocarbamate (27) moiety were endowed with high selectivity against Enterococcus species. Moreover, these compounds were found to be superior in inhibiting the growth of clinically isolated vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, while the reference antibiotics exhibited the lack of activity. Our findings indicate that coumarin-1,2,3-triazole could be used as the scaffold for structural optimization to develop more potent and selective anticancer agents and encourage further development of novel structurally related analogs of 33 as more effective 5-LO inhibitors.
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Lv Z, Wang Y, Yang T, Zhan X, Li Z, Hu H, Li T, Chen J. Vitamin A deficiency impacts the structural segregation of gut microbiota in children with persistent diarrhea. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 59:113-121. [PMID: 27698538 PMCID: PMC5018569 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether gut microbiota is associated with vitamin A nutritional levels in children with persistent diarrhea, a total of 59 pediatric patients with persistent diarrhea aged 1-12 months were selected from the Department of Gastroenterology at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China. Subjects were hospitalized and divided into VA-deficient (n = 30) and VA-normal (n = 29) groups according to their venous serum retinol levels. Fecal samples from all 59 subjects were collected immediately after admission and analyzed by Illumina MiSeq for 16S rRNA genes to characterize the overall microbiota of the samples. The gut microbiota of the VA-deficient and VA-normal groups were compared using a bioinformatic statistical approach. The Shannon index (p = 0.02), Simpson index (p = 0.01) and component diagram data indicated significantly lower diversity in the VA-deficient than the VA-normal group. A metagenome analysis (LEfSe) and a differentially abundant features approach using Metastats revealed that Escherichia coli and Clostridium butyricum were the key phylotypes of the VA-normal group, while Enterococcus predominated the VA-deficient group. In conclusion, the diversity of gut microbiota and the key phylotypes are significantly different in children with persistent diarrhea at different VA nutritional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Lv
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xue Zhan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhongyue Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Huajian Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Zhongshan Second Road of Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China
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Oliveira M, Tavares M, Gomes D, Touret T, São Braz B, Tavares L, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Virulence traits and antibiotic resistance among enterococci isolated from dogs with periodontal disease. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 46:27-31. [PMID: 27260807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease - PD - is one of the most widespread diseases in dogs, but the role of this odontogenic infection in the dissemination of pathogenic bacteria present in the oral mucosa to other animals or pet owners is understudied. Trying to unveil the putative pathogenicity of enterococci present in the gums of dogs diagnosed with PD, thirty-two animals were investigated during routine visits to a private veterinary clinic. Seventy-one enterococci were recovered and characterized regarding species, genomic variability, virulence traits, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming ability. Isolates were mainly identified as Enterococcus faecalis, with the large majority (95%) being able to produce biofilm. Regarding antibiotic resistance, all dog-enterococci were susceptible to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, gentamicin-120, imipenem and vancomycin; while distinct levels of resistance were observed for chloramphenicol (10%), erythromycin (20%), streptomycin-300 (35%) and tetracycline (95%). For virulence traits incidence levels of 35% were observed for β-hemolysis and 25% for cylA, 25% for gelatinase and 35% for gelE; 85% harbor efaAfs and ebpABC; while ace, agg and esp are present respectively in 50, 30 and 10% of the dog-enterococci; efaAfm and acm were detected in all the Enterococcus faecium. Overall, the widespread prevalence of PD in dogs, associated with the close contact between companion animals, other animals and humans, may act as source for the dissemination of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. Hence, aforementioned data on virulence and resistance features, emphasizes the need for active surveillance measures, such as the diagnose of PD in companion animals during routine visits to the veterinary clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Tavares
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Gomes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Touret
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Berta São Braz
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Acute Pyelonephritis with Bacteremia Caused by Enterococcus hirae: A Rare Infection in Humans. Case Rep Infect Dis 2016; 2016:4698462. [PMID: 27127665 PMCID: PMC4835626 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4698462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are one of the usual residents of the microflora in humans. In the last decade this genus has been reported as the third most common cause of bacteremia. We present the case of a 78-year-old female who was admitted to the emergency room because of nausea, lipothymia, and weakness. She was diagnosed with a pyelonephritis with bacteremia, with the isolation in blood and urine cultures of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus hirae. This last microorganism is a rarely isolated pathogen in humans. Currently it is estimated to represent 1–3% of all enterococcal species isolated in clinical practice.
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Soares-Santos V, Barreto AS, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Characterization of Enterococci from Food and Food-Related Settings. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1320-6. [PMID: 26197283 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus species are ubiquitous in nature, exist at high levels in food, and can cause severe diseases in humans. Thus, surveillance of enterococci harboring antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in food and food-related environments is needed. In the present study, 89 samples from food and food processing surfaces were collected in a cheese factory, a swine slaughterhouse, and a supermarket, and 132 Enterococcus isolates were recovered. Most isolates were identified as E. faecalis, which is considered the most pathogenic member of this genus. Safety analysis covering antibiotic resistance revealed that all isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, or teicoplanin. More than half of the isolates were resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin, tetracycline, and bacitracin, and less than half were resistant to the other antibiotics evaluated. Regarding virulence factors, 52% the isolates were beta-hemolytic, 39% were gelatinase producers, and 45% contained the gelE gene. For the remaining genes evaluated, efaAfs was detected in more than half of the isolates, and agg, esp, and efaAfm were found in less than half of the isolates. The present investigation revealed that food-related enterococci obtained from very different settings have multidrug resistance and virulence factors, highlighting the importance of effective surveillance networks to avoid the spread of putative pathogenic enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Soares-Santos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Salvador Barreto
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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26
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Madaras-Kelly K, Jones M, Remington R, Caplinger C, Huttner B, Samore M. Description and validation of a spectrum score method to measure antimicrobial de-escalation in healthcare associated pneumonia from electronic medical records data. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:197. [PMID: 25927970 PMCID: PMC4418054 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparison of antimicrobial de-escalation rates between healthcare settings is problematic. To objectively and electronically measure de-escalation a method based upon the spectrum of antimicrobial regimens administered (i.e., spectrum score) was developed. METHODS A Delphi process was used to develop applicable concepts. Spectrum scores were created for 27 antimicrobials based upon susceptibility for 19 organisms. National VA susceptibility data was used to estimate microbial spectrum. Susceptibility estimates were converted to ordinal scores, and values for organisms with multi-drug resistance potential were weighted more heavily. Organism scores were summed to create antibiotic-specific spectrum scores and extended mathematically to score multi-antimicrobial regimens. Vignettes were created from antimicrobial regimens administered to 300 patients hospitalized with pneumonia. Daily spectrum scores were calculated for each case. Hospitalization day 4 scores were subtracted from day 2 scores (i.e., spectrum score ∆). A positive spectrum score ∆ defined de-escalation. Experts ranked each pneumonia case on a 7-point Likert scale (Likert >4 indicated de-escalation). Spectrum score ∆s were compared to expert review. Findings were used to identify score deficiencies. Next, 40 pairs of cases were modified to include antimicrobial administration routes. Each pair contained almost similar regimens; however, one contained oral (PO) the other only intravenous (IV) antimicrobials on day 4 of therapy. Experts reviewed cases as described. Spectrum score ∆ credits to account for PO conversion were derived from the mean paired differences in Likert Score. De-escalation status was evaluated in 100 vignettes containing antimicrobial route by different experts and compared to the modified method. RESULTS Initial sensitivity and specificity of the spectrum score ∆ to detect expert classified de-escalation events was 86.3 and 96.0%, respectively. In paired cases, the mean (± SD) Likert score was 5.0 (1.5) and 4.6 (1.5) for PO and IV (P = 0.002), respectively. To improve de-escalation event detection, two credits were added to spectrum score ∆s based upon the percentage of antimicrobials administered PO on day 4. The final method, exhibited sensitivity and specificity to detect expert classified de-escalation events of 96.2 and 93.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The final spectrum score method exhibited excellent agreement with expert judgments of de-escalation events in pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Madaras-Kelly
- Pharmacy Service, Boise Veterans Affairs Medical Center and College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, T111, 500 W Fort Street, Boise, 83702, USA.
| | - Makoto Jones
- IDEAS Center, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Division of Epidemiology Health Care System and Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, 84148, UT, USA.
| | - Richard Remington
- Research Service, Boise Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Quantified Inc, T111, 500 W Fort Street, Boise, 83702, USA.
| | - Christina Caplinger
- Research Fellow, Pharmacy Service, Boise Veterans Affairs Medical Center, T111, 500 W Fort Street, Boise, 83702, USA.
| | - Benedikt Huttner
- Infection Control Programme & Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret- Gentil 4, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.
| | - Matthew Samore
- IDEAS Center, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA.
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Gijo J, K PK, S SG, Surya K, Bala KR. Enterococcus faecalis, a nightmare to endodontist: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2014.7122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Talebi M, Jahangiri S, Eshraghi S, Pourshafie MR. Ribotyping, Antibiotic Resistance Pattern, and Virulence Factors of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolates From UTIs. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Fouhy F, Ogilvie LA, Jones BV, Ross RP, Ryan AC, Dempsey EM, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C, Cotter PD. Identification of aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance genes from within an infant gut functional metagenomic library. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108016. [PMID: 25247417 PMCID: PMC4172600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The infant gut microbiota develops rapidly during the first 2 years of life, acquiring microorganisms from diverse sources. During this time, significant opportunities exist for the infant to acquire antibiotic resistant bacteria, which can become established and constitute the infant gut resistome. With increased antibiotic resistance limiting our ability to treat bacterial infections, investigations into resistance reservoirs are highly pertinent. This study aimed to explore the nascent resistome in antibiotically-naïve infant gut microbiomes, using a combination of metagenomic approaches. Faecal samples from 22 six-month-old infants without previous antibiotic exposure were used to construct a pooled metagenomic library, which was functionally screened for ampicillin and gentamicin resistance. Our library of ∼220Mb contained 0.45 ampicillin resistant hits/Mb and 0.059 gentamicin resistant hits/Mb. PCR-based analysis of fosmid clones and uncloned metagenomic DNA, revealed a diverse and abundant aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance reservoir within the infant gut, with resistance determinants exhibiting homology to those found in common gut inhabitants, including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., and Clostridium difficile, as well as to genes from cryptic environmental bacteria. Notably, the genes identified differed from those revealed when a sequence-driven PCR-based screen of metagenomic DNA was employed. Carriage of these antibiotic resistance determinants conferred substantial, but varied (2–512x), increases in antibiotic resistance to their bacterial host. These data provide insights into the infant gut resistome, revealing the presence of a varied aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance reservoir even in the absence of selective pressure, confirming the infant resistome establishes early in life, perhaps even at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Fouhy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lesley A. Ogilvie
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Brian V. Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
- Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anthony C. Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene M. Dempsey
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald F. Fitzgerald
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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30
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Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from retail cheese, ready-to-eat salads, ham, and raw meat. Food Microbiol 2014; 41:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Fouhy F, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C, Cotter PD. A degenerate PCR-based strategy as a means of identifying homologues of aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance genes in the gut microbiota. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:25. [PMID: 24499167 PMCID: PMC3917905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential for the human gut microbiota to serve as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes has been the subject of recent discussion. However, this has yet to be investigated using a rapid PCR-based approach. In light of this, here we aim to determine if degenerate PCR primers can detect aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance genes in the gut microbiota of healthy adults, without the need for an initial culture-based screen for resistant isolates. In doing so, we would determine if the gut microbiota of healthy adults, lacking recent antibiotic exposure, is a reservoir for resistance genes. Results The strategy employed resulted in the identification of numerous aminoglycoside (acetylation, adenylation and phosphorylation) and β-lactam (including blaOXA, blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M) resistance gene homologues. On the basis of homology, it would appear that these genes originated from different bacterial taxa, with members of the Enterobacteriaceae being a particularly rich source. The results demonstrate that, even in the absence of recent antibiotic exposure, the human gut microbiota is a considerable reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes. Conclusions This study has demonstrated that the gut can be a significant source of aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance genes, even in the absence of recent antibiotic exposure. The results also demonstrate that PCR-based approaches can be successfully applied to detect antibiotic resistance genes in the human gut microbiota, without the need to isolate resistant strains. This approach could also be used to rapidly screen other complex environments for target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
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Vorontsov II, Wu Y, DeLucia M, Minasov G, Mehrens J, Shuvalova L, Anderson WF, Ahn J. Mechanisms of allosteric activation and inhibition of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase from Enterococcus faecalis. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2815-24. [PMID: 24338016 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.524207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
EF1143 from Enterococcus faecalis, a life-threatening pathogen that is resistant to common antibiotics, is a homo-tetrameric deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase), converting dNTPs into the deoxyribonucleosides and triphosphate. The dNTPase activity of EF1143 is regulated by canonical dNTPs, which simultaneously act as substrates and activity modulators. Previous crystal structures of apo-EF1143 and the protein bound to both dGTP and dATP suggested allosteric regulation of its enzymatic activity by dGTP binding at four identical allosteric sites. However, whether and how other canonical dNTPs regulate the enzyme activity was not defined. Here, we present the crystal structure of EF1143 in complex with dGTP and dTTP. The new structure reveals that the tetrameric EF1143 contains four additional secondary allosteric sites adjacent to the previously identified dGTP-binding primary regulatory sites. Structural and enzyme kinetic studies indicate that dGTP binding to the first allosteric site, with nanomolar affinity, is a prerequisite for substrate docking and hydrolysis. Then, the presence of a particular dNTP in the second site either enhances or inhibits the dNTPase activity of EF1143. Our results provide the first mechanistic insight into dNTP-mediated regulation of dNTPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan I Vorontsov
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611 and
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Hammad AM, Shimamoto T, Shimamoto T. Genetic characterization of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in Enterococcus spp. from Japanese retail ready-to-eat raw fish. Food Microbiol 2013; 38:62-6. [PMID: 24290627 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Little information is available on the diversity and distribution of resistance and virulence factors in enterococci isolated from retail fish. In this study, 200 samples of retail ready-to-eat raw fish (sashimi) collected from the Japanese prefecture of Hiroshima were analyzed for incidence of Enterococcus spp. We recovered 96 enterococcal isolates from 90 (45%, 90/200) samples. Fifty-six strains were identified at the species level: E. faecalis (n = 31), E. faecium (n = 7), E. casseliflavus (n = 7), E. gallinarum (n = 3), E. phoeniculicola (n = 4), E. raffinosus (n = 2), E. saccharolyticus (n = 1), and E. gilvus (n = 1). Twenty-five (26%, 25/96) strains carried antibiotic resistance genes. These included the tet(M), tet(L), tet(K), erm(B), msr(A/B), aph(3'), and blaZ genes, which were detected in 12.5%, 9.3%, 2%, 14.5%, 1%, 1%, and 2% of isolates, respectively. The virulence genes gelE and asa1 were detected in 31 and 24 E. faecalis strains, respectively. Both genes were detected in one E. faecium strain. In conclusion, this is the first study to underscore the importance of sashimi as not only a reservoir of Enterococcus spp. carrying resistance and virulence genes, but also a reservoir for unusual Enterococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Hammad
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt.
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Structure, function, and biology of the Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:895-911. [PMID: 23628786 PMCID: PMC3709268 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5050895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive commensal member of the gut microbiota of a wide range of organisms. With the advent of antibiotic therapy, it has emerged as a multidrug resistant, hospital-acquired pathogen. Highly virulent strains of E. faecalis express a pore-forming exotoxin, called cytolysin, which lyses both bacterial and eukaryotic cells in response to quorum signals. Originally described in the 1930s, the cytolysin is a member of a large class of lanthionine-containing bacteriocins produced by Gram-positive bacteria. While the cytolysin shares some core features with other lantibiotics, it possesses unique characteristics as well. The current understanding of cytolysin biosynthesis, structure/function relationships, and contribution to the biology of E. faecalis are reviewed, and opportunities for using emerging technologies to advance this understanding are discussed.
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Dadfarma N, Imani Fooladi AA, Oskoui M, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H. High level of gentamicin resistance (HLGR) among enterococcus strains isolated from clinical specimens. J Infect Public Health 2013; 6:202-8. [PMID: 23668465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococci are pathogens that can cause nosocomial infections and acquire resistance properties via several molecular mechanisms. The aac (6')Ie-aph(2″)Ia gene plays a significant role in the emergence of high-level gentamicin-resistant (HLGR) strains. The screening of resistant strains and the provision of appropriate antibiotic therapy can decide the outcome of serious nosocomial infections. METHODS In the present study, 142 enterococci were isolated from patients, and the species were identified using standard methods. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the disc diffusion method, and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of gentamicin was determined according to the broth micro-dilution method. Additionally, PCR was utilized to detect the aac(6')Ie-aph(2″)Ia gene, the presence of which was confirmed by digestion with Sca1 and sequencing. RESULTS Of the 142 isolates, 62 (43.7%) were found to exhibit the HLGR phenotype. All except one of the HLGR isolates contained the aac(6')Ie-aph(2″)Ia gene. The prevalence of resistance to other antibiotics and multi-drug resistance (MDR) was higher among the HLGR isolates compared to the non-HLGR isolates. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that high prevalence rates of MDR and HLGR enterococci are an important problem associated with medical treatment. Furthermore, the presence of the aac(6')Ie-aph(2″)Ia gene was shown to correspond to the presence of the HLGR phenotype among enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Dadfarma
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Iran
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36
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Sung CH, Chon JW, Kwak HS, Kim H, Seo KH. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Beef, Pork, Chicken and Sashimi. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2013. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2013.33.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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37
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Wang JT, Chang SC, Wang HY, Chen PC, Shiau YR, Lauderdale TL. High rates of multidrug resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium isolated from inpatients and outpatients in Taiwan. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 75:406-11. [PMID: 23414747 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal national data on resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium from different sources in Taiwan are rare. The present study analyzed data from the Taiwan Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance program to address this issue. Between 2002 and 2010, a total of 1696 E. faecalis and 452 E. faecium isolates were studied. Although these 2 species together comprised similar percentages of all enterococci in each study year (94.1-97.2%, P = 0.19), the proportion of E. faecium increased from 12.4% in 2002 to 27.3% in 2010 (P < 0.001). The most noteworthy change in susceptibilities of these 2 species was vancomycin resistance in E. faecium (VREfm), which increased from 0.3% in 2004 to 24.9% in 2010 (P < 0.001). VREfm prevalence differed significantly between geographic regions, patient age groups, and locations. Multidrug resistance was very common in both species even in isolates from outpatients (82.7% for E. faecalis and 98.1% for E. faecium), at rates similar to those from intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients (80.5-80.9% in E. faecalis and 97.2-98.6% in E. faecium). Nonsusceptibility to linezolid was <0.5% in both species. All tested isolates were susceptible to daptomycin. Continuous surveillance of VRE prevalence and survey of community reservoirs of multidrug-resistant enterococci are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jann-Tay Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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38
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Jamet E, Akary E, Poisson MA, Chamba JF, Bertrand X, Serror P. Prevalence and characterization of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecalis in French cheeses. Food Microbiol 2012; 31:191-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Pinto D, Ruivo M, Vandamme P, Lopes MDFS. Hospital-Adapted Clonal Complex 17 <i>Enterococcus Faecium</i> Found among Sand Enterococcal Isolates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2012.31010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Ramos S, Igrejas G, Capelo-Martinez JL, Poeta P. Antibiotic resistance and mechanisms implicated in fecal enterococci recovered from pigs, cattle and sheep in a Portuguese slaughterhouse. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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41
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Mondragón VA, Llamas-Pérez DF, González-Guzmán GE, Márquez-González AR, Padilla-Noriega R, Durán-Avelar MDJ, Franco B. Identification of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria resistant to heavy metals and antibiotics in surface waters of the Mololoa River in Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 183:329-340. [PMID: 21394435 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-1924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal and antibiotic resistance have been shown to have a strong correlation in nature, and their inter-relation is an important subject of study. We report an analysis of surface waters of the Mololoa River in the municipality of Tepic, state of Nayarit, Mexico. This river has two distinctive sources of contamination: sewage waters and trash confinements. Our findings demonstrate a correlation between the river flow pattern and resistance to heavy metals or to heavy metals and antibiotics in isolated bacteria of the genus Enterococcus, specifically Enterococcus faecalis. The Mololoa River provides a model to study the relationship between water flow and generation of biodiversity, and more importantly, it constitutes a model for studying genetic diversity of bacteria affecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Alejandra Mondragón
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic, Nayarit, CP 63155, México.
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Dombrádi Z, Dobay O, Nagy K, Kozák A, Dombrádi V, Szabó J. Prevalence of vanC vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the teaching hospitals of the University of Debrecen, Hungary. Microb Drug Resist 2011; 18:47-51. [PMID: 21649462 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are common nosocomial pathogens; however, until now they have been rarely encountered in Hungary. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of VRE in the teaching hospitals of the University of Debrecen. Of 7,271 Enterococcus-containing clinical samples collected between 2004 and 2009, we identified 16 VRE. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to detect Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and Enterococcus gallinarum. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify the vancomycin resistance genes: vanA, vanB, vanC1/C2, vanD, vanE, and vanG. Restriction digestion with SalI and HindIII was introduced to differentiate the vanC1 and vanC2 genes from each other. Genetic relationships between the strains were investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Overall, we identified the vanC1 resistance gene in 14 E. gallinarum and the vanC2 resistance gene in two E. casseliflavus strains. Except for two samples, the isolates had different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types, suggesting sporadic emergence of the resistant bacteria. In addition, antibiotic resistance profile was determined by E-test. Three E. gallinarum strains proved to be resistant to gentamicin because of the presence of the aacA-aphD gene. Although the prevalence of VRE in Debrecen is rather low, the appearance of multiple resistances is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Dombrádi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Nam HM, Lim SK, Moon JS, Kang HM, Kim JM, Jang KC, Kim JM, Kang MI, Joo YS, Jung SC. Antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from mastitic bovine milk samples in Korea. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 57:e59-64. [PMID: 20042062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance of various species of enterococci isolated from mastitic bovine milk samples. A total of 105 enterococci isolates were examined: Enterococcus faecalis (n = 47), Enterococcus faecium (n = 39), Enterococcus gallinarum (n = 6), Enterococcus avium (n = 6), Enterococcus hirae (n = 5) and Enterococcus durans (n = 2). All the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin, and only a single E. hirae isolate was resistant to ampicillin. In general, the most frequently observed resistance among the enterococcal isolates was to tetracycline (69.5%), followed by penicillin (64.7%), erythromycin (57.1%) and cephalothin (44.7%). A similar antimicrobial resistance pattern was observed among individual species except E. durans, which exhibited only tetracycline resistance. Resistance observed among isolates of E. hirae and E. gallinarum was almost as high as E. faecium and E. faecalis. Of 105 isolates, only six (5.7%) strains of E. faecium were susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested and about 52% (55/105) showed resistance to more than three antimicrobials. The most common multiple resistance pattern was penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin, which was observed in 32 of 105 (30.4%) isolates. This study demonstrates that enterococcal isolates belonging to minor species showed antimicrobial resistance rates as high as those of E. faecium and E. faecalis, and that monitoring of antimicrobial resistance should not be restricted only to those two major species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Nam
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang City, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
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44
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Plech T, Wujec M, Siwek A, Kosikowska U, Malm A. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of thiosemicarbazides, s-triazoles and their Mannich bases bearing 3-chlorophenyl moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 46:241-8. [PMID: 21130541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A fast and efficient synthesis of some 1,4-disubstituted thiosemicarbazide derivatives is described. The reaction of 3-chlorobenzoic acid hydrazide with various aryl isothiocyanates gave thiosemicarbazide derivatives (1-11) in good yield. The cyclization of compounds (1-11) in the presence of 2% NaOH resulted in the formation of compounds (12-22) containing the 1,2,4-triazole ring. A series of new Mannich bases (23-33) related to the structure of 1,2,4-triazole has been also synthesized. All of these compounds were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity against the reference strains of aerobic bacteria - 6 Gram-positive and 3 Gram-negative ones; 12 Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates were also examined. An attempt was made to clarify the influence of the nature/position of substituents on antibacterial activity of compounds described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Plech
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland.
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45
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Lanthier M, Scott A, Lapen DR, Zhang Y, Topp E. Frequency of virulence genes and antibiotic resistances inEnterococcusspp. isolates from wastewater and feces of domesticated mammals and birds, and wildlife. Can J Microbiol 2010; 56:715-29. [DOI: 10.1139/w10-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are gastrointestinal tract residents and also an important cause of nosocomial infections. To understand which species, virulence determinants, and antibiotic resistances are prevalent in enterococci shed by various hosts groups, a total of 1460 strains isolated from 144 fecal samples obtained from wastewater, domesticated mammals and birds, and wildlife were characterized. Identification of isolates to the species level showed that Enterococcus faecalis was dominant in domesticated mammals and birds and wildlife feces, whereas Enterococcus faecium was dominant among wastewater isolates, and that no single Enterococcus species could be associated with a specific host group. The frequency of 12 virulence determinants was evaluated among isolates, but no single virulence determinant could be associated with a specific host group. Resistance to 12 antibiotics was evaluated among isolates, and it was shown that the highest frequency of resistance at breakpoint concentration was found in domesticated mammals and birds (P ≤ 0.05 for 4 antibiotics). Our results suggests that (1) species identification and virulence typing of Enterococcus spp. isolates are not useful for the identification of the host groups responsible for fecal contamination of water by microbial source tracking and that (2) antibiotic use for clinical, veterinary, or animal husbandry practices is promoting resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lanthier
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sanford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Andrew Scott
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sanford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - David R. Lapen
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sanford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Yun Zhang
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sanford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sanford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
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46
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Virulence factors among enterococci isolated from traditional fermented meat products produced in the North of Portugal. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Servais P, Passerat J. Antimicrobial resistance of fecal bacteria in waters of the Seine river watershed (France). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 408:365-372. [PMID: 19853889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We studied the prevalences of antimicrobial resistance (AR) and multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) among the fecal bacteria found in the rivers of a large watershed under strong anthropogenic pressures, the Seine river watershed (France). Two groups of fecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci, were tested for their susceptibility to 16 and 10 antimicrobials respectively, using the disk diffusion method. We found that 42% of the 214 E. coli river isolates were AR (resistant to at least one antimicrobial) and 35% were MAR (resistant to at least two antimicrobials). Among the 148 intestinal enterococci isolates from rivers, 83% were AR and 49% were MAR. We also investigated the sources of AR fecal bacteria found in the rivers of the watershed. A total of 715 E. coli isolates and 476 intestinal enterococci isolates were collected in point sources (municipal and hospital wastewaters) and non-point sources (surface runoff and soil leaching waters from agricultural or forest areas). For E. coli, the prevalence of AR differed widely from source to source and ranked in this order: hospital wastewaters (71%)>municipal wastewaters (44%)>agricultural non-point sources (16%)>forest non-point sources (2%). The prevalence of MAR ranked similarly, and the same trend was observed for intestinal enterococci. The AR level of fecal bacteria in the sources was related to their expected exposure level to antimicrobials before their release into the environment. A MAR index was calculated for every source and a good discrimination between them was thus obtained. At the global scale of the Seine river watershed, domestic wastewaters seemed more likely to be the predominant source of the AR fecal bacteria found in the rivers. This was corroborated by the similarity of the MAR indices from river and municipal wastewater isolates for both fecal indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Servais
- Ecologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, CP 221, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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48
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Antibiotic susceptibility of enterococci isolated from traditional fermented meat products. Food Microbiol 2009; 26:527-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Matos R, Pinto VV, Ruivo M, Lopes MDFS. Study on the dissemination of the bcrABDR cluster in Enterococcus spp. reveals that the BcrAB transporter is sufficient to confer high-level bacitracin resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:142-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fisher K, Phillips C. The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:1749-1757. [PMID: 19383684 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.026385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacteria, which usually inhabit the alimentary tract of humans in addition to being isolated from environmental and animal sources. They are able to survive a range of stresses and hostile environments, including those of extreme temperature (5-65 degrees C), pH (4.5-10.0) and high NaCl concentration, enabling them to colonize a wide range of niches. Virulence factors of enterococci include the extracellular protein Esp and aggregation substances (Agg), both of which aid in colonization of the host. The nosocomial pathogenicity of enterococci has emerged in recent years, as well as increasing resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics. Understanding the ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus species is important for limiting urinary tract infections, hepatobiliary sepsis, endocarditis, surgical wound infection, bacteraemia and neonatal sepsis, and also stemming the further development of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Fisher
- University of Northampton, School of Health, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK
| | - Carol Phillips
- University of Northampton, School of Health, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK
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