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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Stahl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, De Clercq K, Sjunnesson Y, Gervelmeyer A, Roberts HC. Assessment of the control measures of the Category A diseases of the Animal Health Law: prohibitions in restricted zones and risk-mitigating treatments for products of animal origin and other materials. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07443. [PMID: 35958104 PMCID: PMC9361132 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of prohibitions of certain activities in restricted zones, and of certain risk mitigation treatments for products of animal origin and other materials with respect to diseases included in the Category A list in the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) 2016/429). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where other disease-specific control measures have been assessed. In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of (i) prohibiting the movements of certain products, notably germinal products (semen, oocytes, embryos and hatching eggs), products of animal origin and animal by-products and feed of plant origin, hay and straw, and (ii) risk mitigation treatments for products of animal origin. In terms of semen, oocytes, embryos and hatching eggs, it was agreed that there was a lack of evidence particularly for embryos and oocytes reflected in a varying degree of uncertainty, whether these commodities could potentially contain the pathogen under consideration. The scenario assessed did not consider whether the presence of pathogen would lead to infection in the recipient animal. In terms of animal products, certain animal by-products and movement of feed of plant origin and straw, the assessment considered the ability of the commodity to transmit disease to another animal if exposed. For most pathogens, products were to some degree considered a risk, but lack of field evidence contributed to the uncertainty, particularly as potential exposure of ruminants to meat products is concerned. In terms of the risk mitigating treatments, recommendations have been made for several of these treatments, because the treatment description is not complete, the evidence is poor or inconclusive, or the evidence points to the treatment being ineffective.
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Jiang Q, Fu Y, Gao P, Yu D, Xia W. Microbiological, physicochemical and structural characteristics of natural salted casings treated with antibacterial agents. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Yuhan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Pei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Wenshui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, Smid B, Verheij E, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Determination of Intestinal Viral Loads and Distribution of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Classical Swine Fever Virus, and Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus: A Pilot Study. Pathogens 2021; 10:1188. [PMID: 34578220 PMCID: PMC8466767 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine viral loads and distribution over the total length, at short distances, and in the separate layers of the intestine of virus-infected animals for future inactivation studies. Two calves, two pigs, and two goats were infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), respectively. Homogenously distributed maximum BVDV viral loads were detected in the ileum of both calves, with a mean titer of 6.0 log10 TCID50-eq/g. The viral loads in colon and caecum were not distributed homogenously. In one pig, evenly distributed CSFV mean viral loads of 4.5 and 4.2 log10 TCID50-eq/g were found in the small and large intestines, respectively. Mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer/serosa showed mean viral loads of 5.3, 3.4, and 4.0 log10 TCID50-eq/g, respectively. Homogenous distribution of PPRV was shown in the ileum of both goats, with a mean viral load of 4.6 log10 TCID50-eq/g. Mean mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer/serosa viral loads were 3.5, 2.8, and 1.7 log10 TCID50-eq/g, respectively. This pilot study provides essential data for setting up inactivation experiments with intestines derived from experimentally infected animals, in which the level and the homogeneous distribution of intestinal viral loads are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.175, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Bregtje Smid
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Eline Verheij
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Intestinal Viral Loads and Inactivation Kinetics of Livestock Viruses Relevant for Natural Casing Production: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020173. [PMID: 33557372 PMCID: PMC7915499 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal intestines are the source of edible sausage casings, which are traded worldwide and may come from areas where notifiable infectious animal diseases are prevalent. To estimate the risks of virus contamination, knowledge about the quantity of virus and decimal reduction values of the standard preservation method by salting is of great importance. A literature search, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was performed in search engine CAB Abstracts to determine the viral load of 14 relevant animal viruses in natural casings or intestines. Only a very limited number of scientific publications per virus were found and viral loads in the intestines varied from high for ASFV (five publications), BVDV (3), CSFV (6), PPRV (3), RPV (2) and TGEV (3) to moderate for PEDV (2) and SVDV (3), low for HEV (2) and FMDV (5), very low for VESV (1) and negative for PrV (2) and VSV (1). PRRSV was found in intestines, however, viral titers were not published. Three viruses (BVDV, CSFV and PPRV) with high viral loads were selected to search for their inactivation kinetics. For casings, no inactivation data were found, however, thermal inactivation data of these viruses were available, but differed in quantity, quality and matrices. In conclusion, important data gaps still exist when it comes to the quantitative inactivation of viruses in sausage casings or livestock intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, Smid B, Verheij E, van der Poel WH, Wisselink HJ. Salt inactivation of classical swine fever virus and African swine fever virus in porcine intestines confirms the existing in vitro casings model. Vet Microbiol 2019; 238:108424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Boklund A, Cay B, Depner K, Földi Z, Guberti V, Masiulis M, Miteva A, More S, Olsevskis E, Šatrán P, Spiridon M, Stahl K, Thulke HH, Viltrop A, Wozniakowski G, Broglia A, Cortinas Abrahantes J, Dhollander S, Gogin A, Verdonck F, Amato L, Papanikolaou A, Gortázar C. Epidemiological analyses of African swine fever in the European Union (November 2017 until November 2018). EFSA J 2018; 16:e05494. [PMID: 32625771 PMCID: PMC7009685 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This update on the African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks in the EU demonstrated that out of all tested wild boar found dead, the proportion of positive samples peaked in winter and summer. For domestic pigs only, a summer peak was evident. Despite the existence of several plausible factors that could result in the observed seasonality, there is no evidence to prove causality. Wild boar density was the most influential risk factor for the occurrence of ASF in wild boar. In the vast majority of introductions in domestic pig holdings, direct contact with infected domestic pigs or wild boar was excluded as the route of introduction. The implementation of emergency measures in the wild boar management zones following a focal ASF introduction was evaluated. As a sole control strategy, intensive hunting around the buffer area might not always be sufficient to eradicate ASF. However, the probability of eradication success is increased after adding quick and safe carcass removal. A wider buffer area leads to a higher success probability; however it implies a larger intensive hunting area and the need for more animals to be hunted. If carcass removal and intensive hunting are effectively implemented, fencing is more useful for delineating zones, rather than adding substantially to control efficacy. However, segments of fencing will be particularly useful in those areas where carcass removal or intensive hunting is difficult to implement. It was not possible to demonstrate an effect of natural barriers on ASF spread. Human‐mediated translocation may override any effect of natural barriers. Recommendations for ASF control in four different epidemiological scenarios are presented. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1521/full
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González-Mora A, Ruiz-Ruiz F, Benavides J, Rito-Palomares M. Improved recovery of bacteriophage M13 using an ATPS-based bioprocess. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1177-1184. [PMID: 29882325 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) have been widely exploited for the recovery and partial purification of biological compounds. Recently our research group characterized the primary recovery and partial purification of bacteriophage M13 using polymer-salt and ionic liquid-salt ATPS. From such study, it was concluded that PEG 400-potassium phosphate ATPS with a volume ratio (VR ) of 1 and 25% w/w TLL were the best suitable for the primary recovery of bacteriophage M13 from a crude extract, achieving a recovery yield of 83.3%. Although such system parameters were proven to be adequate for the recovery of the product of interest, it was concluded that further optimization was desirable and attainable by studying the effect of additional system parameters such as VR , concentration of neutral salt (M) and sample load (% w/w). This research work presents an optimization of a previously reported process for the recovery of bacteriophage M13 directly from a crude extract using ATPS. The increase in VR and sample load showed a positive effect in the recovery of M13 indicating an improved performance of the proposed ATPS. According to the results presented here, a system composed of PEG 400 17.2% (w/w), potassium phosphate 15.5% (w/w) and a sample load of 30% (w/w) allowed the recovery of M13 directly from a crude extract with a top phase recovery of 80.1%, representing an increase of 4.8 times in the final concentration and a reduction of 2.65 times in the processing costs. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2018 © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1177-1184, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro González-Mora
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Ave. Eugenio Garza, Sada, 2501, Monterrey, N.L., , México 64849
| | - Federico Ruiz-Ruiz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departmento: Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey, N.L., , México 64710
| | - Jorge Benavides
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Ave. Eugenio Garza, Sada, 2501, Monterrey, N.L., , México 64849
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departmento: Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey, N.L., , México 64710
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Cottingim KM, Verma H, Urriola PE, Sampedro F, Shurson GC, Goyal SM. Feed additives decrease survival of delta coronavirus in nursery pig diets. Porcine Health Manag 2017; 3:5. [PMID: 28405461 PMCID: PMC5382497 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feed contaminated with feces from infected pigs is believed to be a potential route of transmission of porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV). The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of commercial feed additives (e.i., acids, salt and sugar) to swine feed can be an effective strategy to inactive PDCoV. RESULTS Six commercial feed acids (UltraAcid P, Activate DA, KEMGEST, Acid Booster, Luprosil, and Amasil), salt, and sugar were evaluated. The acids were added at the recommended concentrations to 5 g aliquots of complete feed, which were also inoculated with 1 mL of PDCoV and incubated for 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. In another experiment, double the recommended concentrations of these additives were also added to the feed samples and incubated for 0, 1, 3, 7, and 10 days. All samples were stored at room temperature (~25 °C) followed by removal of aliquots at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. Any surviving virus was eluted in a buffer solution and then titrated in swine testicular cells. Feed samples without any additive were used as controls. Both Weibull and log-linear kinetic models were used to analyze virus survival curves. The presence of a tail in the virus inactivation curves indicated deviations from the linear behavior and hence, the Weibull model was chosen for characterizing the inactivation responses due to the better fit. At recommended concentrations, delta values (days to decrease virus concentration by 1 log) ranged from 0.62-1.72 days, but there were no differences on virus survival among feed samples with or without additives at the manufacturers recommended concentrations. Doubling the concentration of the additives reduced the delta value to ≤ 0.28 days (P < 0.05) for all the additives except for Amasil (delta values of 0.86 vs. 4.95 days). Feed additives that contained phosphoric acid, citric acid, or fumaric acid were the most effective in reducing virus survival, although none of the additives completely inactivated the virus by 10- days post-inoculation. CONCLUSIONS Commercial feed additives (acidifiers and salt) may be utilized as a strategy to decrease risk of PDCoV in feed, specially, commercial feed acidifiers at double the recommended concentrations reduced PDCoV survival in complete feed during storage at room temperature. However, none of these additives completely inactivated the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Cottingim
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Harsha Verma
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Pedro E. Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Gerald C. Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
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Robinson L, Knight-Jones TJD, Charleston B, Rodriguez LL, Gay CG, Sumption KJ, Vosloo W. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 5 - Biotherapeutics and Disinfectants. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63 Suppl 1:49-55. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center; ARS; USDA; Greenport NY USA
| | - C. G. Gay
- National Program 103-Animal Health; Agricultural Research Service; USDA; Beltsville MD USA
| | - K. J. Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of FMD (EuFMD); FAO; Rome Italy
| | - W. Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory; CSIRO-Biosecurity Flagship; Geelong Vic. Australia
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Kröckel L, Schmidt H, Andrée S. Tyrosine deposits in brines of salted natural sausage casings of bovine origin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The DNA packaging motors of double-stranded DNA phages are models for analysis of all multi-molecular motors and for analysis of several fundamental aspects of biology, including early evolution, relationship of in vivo to in vitro biochemistry and targets for anti-virals. Work on phage DNA packaging motors both has produced and is producing dualities in the interpretation of data obtained by use of both traditional techniques and the more recently developed procedures of single-molecule analysis. The dualities include (1) reductive vs. accretive evolution, (2) rotation vs. stasis of sub-assemblies of the motor, (3) thermal ratcheting vs. power stroking in generating force, (4) complete motor vs. spark plug role for the packaging ATPase, (5) use of previously isolated vs. new intermediates for analysis of the intermediate states of the motor and (6) a motor with one cycle vs. a motor with two cycles. We provide background for these dualities, some of which are under-emphasized in the literature. We suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Serwer
- Department of Biochemistry; The University of Texas Health Science Center; San Antonio, TX USA
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Scientific Opinion on animal health risk mitigation treatments as regards imports of animal casings. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in various bovine tissues used for the production of natural sausage casings. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 153:237-40. [PMID: 22137684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine intestines, bladders and oesophagus are used for the production of natural casings ("beef casings") as edible sausage containers. Derived from cattle experimentally infected with FMDV (initial dosage 10(4) TCID(50)/mL, strain A Iran 97), these beef casings were treated with sodium chloride (NaCl) or phosphate supplemented salt (P-salt). In addition, different in-vitro experiments using beef casings were done on a small scale with other FMDV strains (A Turkey 06, C-Oberbayern and O(1) Manisa) as "proof of principle". Based on the combined results of the in-vivo and in-vitro experiments, it can be concluded that the storage period of 30 days at 20 °C in NaCl is sufficiently effective to inactivate a possible contamination with FMDV in beef casings and that the usage of P-salt does not clearly enhance the inactivation of FMDV infectivity. Storage of salted beef casings at about 20 °C for 30 days is already part of the Standard Operating Procedures (included in HACCP) of the international casing industry and can therefore be considered as a protective measure for the international trade in natural casings.
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