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El-Dawy EGAM, Hussein MA, El-Nahas S. Description and management of Aspergillus section Nigri causing post-harvest bulbs rot of onion. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6076. [PMID: 38480751 PMCID: PMC10937967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
When onions are improperly stored, a post-harvest disease known as black mold of onion bulbs can result in considerable economic losses. Aspergillus section Nigri, one of many species, has been implicated in the development of black mold. In the present study, rot onion bulbs were collected from markets in Qena, Egypt. Thirteen Aspergillus section Nigri isolates were obtained and identified by morphological and molecular characterization. The ochratoxins potential of isolated A. section Nigri was tested, and three isolates were producers at the range of 1.5-15 ppm. For the presence of pks gene, no amplification product was detected. Using the fungal growth inhibition test, the isolates of A. niger were inhibited by eco-friendly materials Cement and Zeolite. Cement exhibited maximum percentage growth inhibition against the tested isolates at 74.7-86.7%. The pathogenicity activity of the A. niger isolates was tested by inoculation of healthy onion bulbs, other onion bulbs covered with Cement and Zeolite before inoculation by A. niger was used. The two treatments significantly reduced bulbs rot disease of onion than untreated bulbs. Seven and nine isolates showed 0% rot on covered bulbs by Cement and Zeolite, respectively as compared with inoculated onions, which exhibited rot ranging from 55 to 80%. Using eco-friendly materials with efficiency against post-harvest bulbs rot of onion was evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman G A M El-Dawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Center, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Hussein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Center, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Safaa El-Nahas
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
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Álvarez M, Andrade MJ, Delgado J, Núñez F, Román ÁC, Rodrigues P. Rosmarinus officinalis reduces the ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus westerdijkiae in a dry-cured fermented sausage-based medium. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Álvarez M, Delgado J, Núñez F, Roncero E, Andrade MJ. Proteomic approach to unveil the ochratoxin A repression by Debaryomyces hansenii and rosemary on Penicillium nordicum during dry-cured fermented sausages ripening. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Molecular Diversity of Aspergilli in Two Iranian Hospitals. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:519-533. [PMID: 34052941 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus species are main causative agents of various infections such as invasive aspergillosis (IA) in immunocompromised patients and these infections have high mortality rates. In this study, we provide insight in the species causing aspergillosis in Iran based on morphology and sequence data. Clinical (n = 117) and environmental isolates (n = 54) collected during 2010-2016 from University hospitals in Mashhad and Tehran (Iran) were identified both morphologically and molecularly using partial calmodulin (CaM) gene sequences. Clinical cases were identified based on EORTC/MSG criteria. Aspergillus flavus (n = 96, 55%) was the most prevalent species among the clinical and environmental isolates while A. fumigatus (n = 13, 7.5%) ranked fourth after A. tubingensis (n = 23, 13%) and A. welwitchiae (n = 18, 10%). Species such as A. tubingensis, A. welwitschiae, A. fumigatus, A. sydowii, A. neoniger and A. terreus were present in both clinical and environmental samples indicating the possible environmental source of infections. Interestingly, A. niger was isolated only once. Furthermore, 13 other rare and cryptic Aspergillus species were detected. Pulmonary and respiratory disorders (n = 33), followed by transplantation (n = 23), invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (n = 14), and haematological malignancies (n = 12) were major predisposing factors. According to EORTC/MSG criteria, there were 43 probable cases identified followed by 36 cases for each of proven and possible ones. Correct molecular identification will be useful for further epidemiological studies.
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Molecular analysis of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from onion samples reveals the prevalence of A. welwitschiae. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:387-392. [PMID: 33094470 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate Aspergillus section Nigri from onion samples bought in supermarkets and to analyze the fungal isolates by means of molecular data in order to differentiate A. niger and A. welwitschiae species from the other non-toxigenic species of black aspergilli, and detect genes involved in the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B2. Aspergillus section Nigri were found in 98% (94/96) of the onion samples. Based on the results of multiplex PCR (performed on 500 randomly selected strains), 97.4% of the Aspergillus section Nigri strains were recognized as A. niger/A. welwitschiae. Around half of them were subjected to partial sequencing of the CaM gene to distinguish one from the other. A total of 97.9% of the isolates were identified as A. welwitschiae and only 2.1% as A. niger. The fum8 gene, involved in fumonisin B2 biosynthesis, was found in 36% of A. welwitschiae isolates, but radH and pks genes, involved in ochratoxin A biosynthesis, were found in only 2.8%. The presence/absence of fum8 gene in the A. welwitschiae genome is closely associated with ability/inability of the isolates to produce fumonisin in vitro. Based on these results, we suggest that in-depth studies are conducted to investigate the presence of fumonisins in onion bulbs.
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Gherbawy YA, Elhariry HM, Alamri SA, El‐Dawy EG. Molecular characterization of ochratoxigenic fungi associated with poultry feedstuffs in Saudi Arabia. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5298-5308. [PMID: 33133533 PMCID: PMC7590298 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal and mycotoxins contamination of food and poultry feeds can occur at each step along the chain from grain production, storage, and processing. A total of 200 samples comprising of mixed poultry feedstuffs (n = 100) and their ingredients (n = 100) were collected from Riyadh, Alhassa, Qassium, and Jeddah cities in Saudi Arabia. These samples were screened for contamination by fungi. Penicillium chrysogenum was the predominant species taking into its account and frequency, respectively, in both mixed poultry feedstuff and barley samples (4,561.9 and 687 fungal colony-forming units (CFU)/g) and (66% and 17%). Moisture content was an important indicator for the count of fungi and ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin analysis of plate cultures was performed by a HPLC technique. Sample of mixed poultry feedstuff which was collected from Jeddah displayed the highest level of ochratoxin (14.8 µg/kg) and moisture content (11.5%). Corn grains samples were highly contaminated by ochratoxin A (450 and 423 µg/kg) and recorded the highest moisture contents (14.1 and 14.5%). Ochratoxin A production in fungal species isolated from mixed poultry feedstuff samples were high with P. verrucosum (5.5 μg/kg) and A. niger (1.1 μg/kg). In sorghum and corn grains, the highest ochratoxins producing species were P. viridicatum (5.9 μg/kg) and A. niger (1.3 μg/kg), respectively. Sixty-three isolates of A. niger were ochratoxigenic, and all of them showed the presence of pks genes using PKS15C-MeT and PKS15KS primer pairs. The detection technique of A. niger in poultry feedstuff samples described in the present study was successfully used as a rapid and specific protocol for early detection of A. niger without cultivation on specific media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssuf A. Gherbawy
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology CenterSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
- Botany and Microbiology DepartmentFaculty of ScienceSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
| | - Hesham M. Elhariry
- Department of Food ScienceFaculty of AgricultureAin Shams UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Saad A. Alamri
- Biology DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS)King Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia
| | - Eman G.A. El‐Dawy
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology CenterSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
- Botany and Microbiology DepartmentFaculty of ScienceSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
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7
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Li X, Pan L, Wang B, Pan L. The Histone Deacetylases HosA and HdaA Affect the Phenotype and Transcriptomic and Metabolic Profiles of Aspergillus niger. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090520. [PMID: 31500299 PMCID: PMC6784283 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation is an important modification for the regulation of chromatin accessibility and is controlled by two kinds of histone-modifying enzymes: histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). In filamentous fungi, there is increasing evidence that HATs and HDACs are critical factors related to mycelial growth, stress response, pathogenicity and production of secondary metabolites (SMs). In this study, seven A. niger histone deacetylase-deficient strains were constructed to investigate their effects on the strain growth phenotype as well as the transcriptomic and metabolic profiles of secondary metabolic pathways. Phenotypic analysis showed that deletion of hosA in A. niger FGSC A1279 leads to a significant reduction in growth, pigment production, sporulation and stress resistance, and deletion of hdaA leads to an increase in pigment production in liquid CD medium. According to the metabolomic analysis, the production of the well-known secondary metabolite fumonisin was reduced in both the hosA and hdaA mutants, and the production of kojic acid was reduced in the hdaA mutant and slightly increased in the hosA mutant. Results suggested that the histone deacetylases HosA and HdaA play a role in development and SM biosynthesis in A. niger FGSC A1279. Histone deacetylases offer new strategies for regulation of SM synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lijie Pan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Li Pan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Santos-Ciscon BAD, van Diepeningen A, Machado JDC, Dias IE, Waalwijk C. Aspergillus species from Brazilian dry beans and their toxigenic potential. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 292:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Han X, Jiang H, Li F. Dynamic Ochratoxin A Production by Strains of Aspergillus niger Intended Used in Food Industry of China. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020122. [PMID: 30781673 PMCID: PMC6410283 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty strains of Aspergillus niger, including 27 intended used in the food industry of China, were studied for their ochratoxin A (OTA) production on the three natural substrates—corn, rice, and wheat bran—at different time intervals by high-performance liquid chromatography. It was found that the frequencies of OTA for the studied 27 industrial strains ranged from 14.8% (4/27) at day 28 to 25.9% (7/27) at day 7 on corn, 14.8% (4/27) at day 7 to 33.3% (9/27) at day 21 on rice, and 22.2% (6/27) at day 7, 14, and 28 to 44.4% (12/27) at day 21 on wheat bran, respectively. The average concentrations of OTA produced by the studied 27 industrial strains ranged from 5.1 μg/kg at day 28 to 8.7 μg/kg at day 21 on corn, 4.2 μg/kg at day 7 to 17.9 μg/kg at day 14 on rice, and 4.5 μg/kg at day 7 to 7.2 μg/kg at day 21 on wheat bran, respectively. Furthermore, the OTA production in the studied 27 industrial strains of A.niger was strongly associated with their function (or application), culture substrate, and time. The saccharifying enzyme producers produced higher levels of OTA, compared with the organic acid producers, the tannase producers, and the β-galactosidase producer, while concentration differences were also observed in OTA production among strains of A.niger with the same application. In a word, some strains of A.niger intended used in the Chinese food industry indeed have the capability of producing OTA, elevating the risks to food safety associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Hongru Jiang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 10050, China.
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
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10
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Wang B, Lv Y, Li X, Lin Y, Deng H, Pan L. Profiling of secondary metabolite gene clusters regulated by LaeA in Aspergillus niger FGSC A1279 based on genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis. Res Microbiol 2017; 169:67-77. [PMID: 29054463 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The global regulator LaeA controls the production of many fungal secondary metabolites, possibly via chromatin remodeling. Here we aimed to survey the secondary metabolite profile regulated by LaeA in Aspergillus niger FGSC A1279 by genome sequencing and comparative transcriptomics between the laeA deletion (ΔlaeA) and overexpressing (OE-laeA) mutants. Genome sequencing revealed four putative polyketide synthase genes specific to FGSC A1279, suggesting that the corresponding polyketide compounds might be unique to FGSC A1279. RNA-seq data revealed 281 putative secondary metabolite genes upregulated in the OE-laeA mutants, including 22 secondary metabolite backbone genes. LC-MS chemical profiling illustrated that many secondary metabolites were produced in OE-laeA mutants compared to wild type and ΔlaeA mutants, providing potential resources for drug discovery. KEGG analysis annotated 16 secondary metabolite clusters putatively linked to metabolic pathways. Furthermore, 34 of 61 Zn2Cys6 transcription factors located in secondary metabolite clusters were differentially expressed between ΔlaeA and OE-laeA mutants. Three secondary metabolite clusters (cluster 18, 30 and 33) containing Zn2Cys6 transcription factors that were upregulated in OE-laeA mutants were putatively linked to KEGG pathways, suggesting that Zn2Cys6 transcription factors might play an important role in synthesizing secondary metabolites regulated by LaeA. Taken together, LaeA dramatically influences the secondary metabolite profile in FGSC A1279.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yangyong Lv
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xuejie Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yiying Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Hai Deng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Li Pan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 382 Waihuan East Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Cardoso BB, Silvério SC, Abrunhosa L, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. β-galactosidase from Aspergillus lacticoffeatus : A promising biocatalyst for the synthesis of novel prebiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Zhang J, Zhu L, Chen H, Li M, Zhu X, Gao Q, Wang D, Zhang Y. A Polyketide Synthase Encoded by the Gene An15g07920 Is Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A in Aspergillus niger. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9680-9688. [PMID: 27959549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The polyketide synthase gene An15g07920 was known in Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88 as putatively involved in the production of ochratoxin A (OTA). Genome resequencing analysis revealed that the gene An15g07920 is also present in the ochratoxin-producing A. niger strain 1062. Disruption of An15g07920 in A. niger 1062 removed its capacity to biosynthesize ochratoxin β (OTβ), ochratoxin α (OTα), and OTA. These results indicate that the polyketide synthase encoded by An15g07920 is a crucial player in the biosynthesis of OTA, in the pathway prior to the phenylalanine ligation step. The gene An15g07920 reached its maximum transcription level before OTA accumulation reached its highest level, confirming that gene transcription precedes OTA production. These findings will not only help explain the mechanism of OTA production in A. niger but also provide necessary information for the development of effective diagnostic, preventive, and control strategies to reduce the risk of OTA contamination in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin SF-Bio Industrial Bio-Tec Co., Ltd. , Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Liuyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Depei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
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Ferrara M, Perrone G, Gambacorta L, Epifani F, Solfrizzo M, Gallo A. Identification of a Halogenase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A in Aspergillus carbonarius. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5631-41. [PMID: 27422838 PMCID: PMC5007760 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01209-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aspergillus carbonarius is the main responsible fungus of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of grapes and derived products. To date, the biosynthetic mechanism of this mycotoxin has been partially elucidated. Availability of genome sequence of A. carbonarius has allowed the identification of a putative gene cluster involved in OTA biosynthesis. This region hosts the previously characterized AcOTAnrps and AcOTApks genes encoding two key enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway. At about 4,400 nucleotides downstream of these loci, a gene encoding a putative flavin dependent-halogenase came out from the annotation data. Its proximity to OTA biosynthetic genes and its sequence analysis have suggested a role in the biosynthesis of OTA, directed to the introduction of the chlorine atom in the C-5 position of the final molecular structure of this mycotoxin. The deduced protein sequence of the halogenase gene, we designated AcOTAhal, shows a high similarity to a halogenase that is located in the OTA cluster of A. niger The deletion of the halogenase gene completely eliminated the production of ochratoxin A in A. carbonarius and determined a significant increase of ochratoxin B, as confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. Moreover, its expression profile was similar to the two biosynthetic genes previously identified, AcOTApks and AcOTAnrps, indicating a strong correlation of the AcOTAhal gene with the kinetics of OTA accumulation in A. carbonarius. Therefore, experimental evidence confirmed that the chlorination step which converts OTB in OTA represents the final stage of the biosynthetic pathway, supporting our earlier hypothesis on the order of enzymatic steps of OTA biosynthesis in A. carbonarius IMPORTANCE Ochratoxin A is a potent mycotoxin classified as a possible carcinogen for humans, and Aspergillus carbonarius is the main agent responsible for OTA accumulation in grapes. We demonstrate here that a flavin-halogenase is implicated in the biosynthesis of OTA in A. carbonarius The encoding gene, AcOTAhal, is contiguous to biosynthetic genes that we have already described (nrps and pks), resulting as part of the biosynthetic cluster. The encoded protein is responsible of the introduction of chlorine atom in the final molecular structure and acts at the last step in the pathway. This study can be considered a continuation of an earlier study wherein we started to clarify the molecular basis of OTA biosynthesis in A. carbonarius, which has not been completely elucidated until now. This research represents an important step forward to a better understanding of the production mechanism, which will contribute to the development of improved control strategies to reduce the risk of OTA contamination in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ferrara
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Gambacorta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Epifani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
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Susca A, Proctor RH, Morelli M, Haidukowski M, Gallo A, Logrieco AF, Moretti A. Variation in Fumonisin and Ochratoxin Production Associated with Differences in Biosynthetic Gene Content in Aspergillus niger and A. welwitschiae Isolates from Multiple Crop and Geographic Origins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1412. [PMID: 27667988 PMCID: PMC5016791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungi Aspergillus niger and A. welwitschiae are morphologically indistinguishable species used for industrial fermentation and for food and beverage production. The fungi also occur widely on food crops. Concerns about their safety have arisen with the discovery that some isolates of both species produce fumonisin (FB) and ochratoxin A (OTA) mycotoxins. Here, we examined FB and OTA production as well as the presence of genes responsible for synthesis of the mycotoxins in a collection of 92 A. niger/A. welwitschiae isolates from multiple crop and geographic origins. The results indicate that (i) isolates of both species differed in ability to produce the mycotoxins; (ii) FB-nonproducing isolates of A. niger had an intact fumonisin biosynthetic gene (fum) cluster; (iii) FB-nonproducing isolates of A. welwitschiae exhibited multiple patterns of fum gene deletion; and (iv) OTA-nonproducing isolates of both species lacked the ochratoxin A biosynthetic gene (ota) cluster. Analysis of genome sequence data revealed a single pattern of ota gene deletion in the two species. Phylogenetic analysis suggest that the simplest explanation for this is that ota cluster deletion occurred in a common ancestor of A. niger and A. welwitschiae, and subsequently both the intact and deleted cluster were retained as alternate alleles during divergence of the ancestor into descendent species. Finally, comparison of results from this and previous studies indicate that a majority of A. niger isolates and a minority of A. welwitschiae isolates can produce FBs, whereas, a minority of isolates of both species produce OTA. The comparison also suggested that the relative abundance of each species and frequency of FB/OTA-producing isolates can vary with crop and/or geographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
| | - Robert H Proctor
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Massimiliano Morelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, UOS Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
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Study of gene expression and OTA production by Penicillium nordicum during a small-scale seasoning process of salami. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 227:51-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Massi FP, Sartori D, de Souza Ferranti L, Iamanaka BT, Taniwaki MH, Vieira MLC, Fungaro MHP. Prospecting for the incidence of genes involved in ochratoxin and fumonisin biosynthesis in Brazilian strains of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus welwitschiae. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 221:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Donzelli B, Krasnoff S. Molecular Genetics of Secondary Chemistry in Metarhizium Fungi. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI 2016; 94:365-436. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Castellá G, Alborch L, Bragulat M, Cabañes F. Real time quantitative expression study of a polyketide synthase gene related to ochratoxin a biosynthesis in Aspergillus niger. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Gherbawy Y, Elhariry H, Kocsubé S, Bahobial A, Deeb BE, Altalhi A, Varga J, Vágvölgyi C. Molecular Characterization of BlackAspergillusSpecies from Onion and Their Potential for Ochratoxin A and Fumonisin B2 Production. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:414-23. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youssuf Gherbawy
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Hesham Elhariry
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Abdulaziz Bahobial
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahig El Deeb
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Abdulla Altalhi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - János Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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21
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22
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Lv Y, Xiao J, Pan L. Type III polyketide synthase is involved in the biosynthesis of protocatechuic acid in Aspergillus niger. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2303-10. [PMID: 25048233 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genomic studies have shown that not only plants but also filamentous fungi contain type III polyketide synthases. To study the function of type III polyketide synthase (AnPKSIII) in Aspergillus niger, a deletion strain (delAnPKSIII) and an overexpression strain (oeAnPKSIII) were constructed in A. niger MA169.4, a derivative of the wild-type (WT) A. niger ATCC 9029 that produces large quantities of gluconic acid. Alterations in the metabolites were analyzed by HPLC when the extract of the overexpression strain was compared with extracts of the WT and deletion strains. Protocatechuic acid (PCA; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3.2 mg/l) was isolated and identified as the main product of AnPKSIII when inductively expressed in A. niger MA169.4. The molecular weight of PCA was 154.1 (m/z 153.1 [M-H](-)), was detected by ESI-MS in the negative ionization mode, and (1)H and (13)C NMR data confirmed its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyong Lv
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Rodríguez A, Medina Á, Córdoba JJ, Magan N. The influence of salt (NaCl) on ochratoxin A biosynthetic genes, growth and ochratoxin A production by three strains of Penicillium nordicum on a dry-cured ham-based medium. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 178:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Kim NY, Lee I, Ji GE. Reliable and simple detection of ochratoxin and fumonisin production in black Aspergillus. J Food Prot 2014; 77:653-8. [PMID: 24680080 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, edible fungi such as black Aspergillus (Aspergillus niger aggregates) have been considered as safe. However, it has recently been reported that some strains have a mycotoxin biosynthetic capability, and this capability must be evaluated to determine the safety of edible fungi. In this study, we assessed the ability of mycotoxin production in A. niger aggregates isolated from various Korean foods using multiplex PCR and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. Multiplex PCR and HPLC analyses of 32 A. niger aggregates showed that ochratoxin and fumonisin were produced only by strains exhibiting positive PCR patterns with ochratoxin and fumonisin biosynthesis genes. However, several strains did not produce mycotoxins, even though they contained mycotoxin biosynthesis genes. Using multiplex PCR pattern and HPLC analyses, we selected Aspergillus strains that do not produce mycotoxins, which will contribute to the development of safer fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Yeun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- Department of Advanced Fermentation Fusion Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea, Research Institute, Bifido Inc., Gangwon-do 250-804, Korea.
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25
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Lozano-Ojalvo D, Rodríguez A, Bernáldez V, Córdoba JJ, Rodríguez M. Influence of temperature and substrate conditions on the omt-1 gene expression of Aspergillus parasiticus in relation to its aflatoxin production. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Sartori D, Massi FP, Ferranti LS, Fungaro MHP. Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed Between Ochratoxin-Producing and Non-Producing Strains of Aspergillus westerdijkiae. Indian J Microbiol 2013; 54:41-5. [PMID: 24426165 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-013-0408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70 % of Aspergillus westerdijkiae strains are able to produce ochratoxin A (OTA), a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin which have been found in cereal and food commodities. Despite of its importance there is, up to now, no information available about which genes are differentially expressed between A. westerdijkiae ochratoxin-producing and non-producing strains. Using cDNA RDA approach we successfully sequenced 231 raw ESTs expected to be enriched in the ochratoxin-producing strain. BLASTX searches against the public databases showed that of these, 205 ESTs (79 %) exhibited significant similarities with proteins of known functions, 28 ESTs (11 %) had matches to hypothetical proteins, and the remaining 27 ESTs (10 %) had no significant hits. EST alignment resulted in a total of 14 non-redundant consensus sequences. Three putative genes encoding oxidoreductases were validated as up-expressed in the OTA producer strain using RT-qPCR approach. The expression of the putative genes encoding a cytochrome P450 family protein, 3-hydroxyphenylacetate-6-hydroxylase, and endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin were higher (32-, 2.8- and 20-fold respectively) in the OTA producer strain compared to the non-producer strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sartori
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, Londrina, 86051-990 Brazil
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β-tubulin paralogue tubC is frequently misidentified as the benA gene in Aspergillus section Nigri taxonomy: primer specificity testing and taxonomic consequences. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2012; 29:1-10. [PMID: 23606761 PMCID: PMC3589786 DOI: 10.3767/003158512x658123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
β-tubulin (benA, tub-2) and calmodulin (caM) are crucial genes in the taxonomy of Aspergillus section Nigri. Widely used β-tubulin primers are not specific for the benA gene for some taxa and preferentially amplify the tubC paralogue. Sequences of the tubC paralogue are widely combined with benA sequences in recent taxonomical works as well as other works, resulting in incongruent trees. In this study we newly provide benA sequences for several ex-type strains, which were characterised using the tubC gene only. We designed a highly specific forward primer to benA designated Ben2f for use in Aspergillus section Nigri, and tested specificity of numerous primer combinations to β-tubulin paralogs. The primer pairs with the highest specificity to the benA gene and functional across species in section Nigri includes Ben2f/Bt2b, Ben2f/T22 and T10/T22. We also provide tools based on codon usage bias analysis that reliably distinguish both paralogues. Exon/intron arrangement is the next distinctive characteristic, although this tool is not valid outside section Nigri. The species identity of taxa from the A. aculeatus clade used in previous molecular studies was revised using combined molecular data (ITS, benA, caM). These data together with two different PCR-fingerprinting methods indicated that A. japonicus should be treated as a synonym of A. violaceofuscus. Similarly, A. fijiensis is reduced to synonymy with A. brunneoviolaceus.
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Lin SH, Yoshimoto M, Lyu PC, Tang CY, Arita M. Phylogenomic and domain analysis of iterative polyketide synthases in Aspergillus species. Evol Bioinform Online 2012; 8:373-87. [PMID: 22844193 PMCID: PMC3399418 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s9796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species are industrially and agriculturally important as fermentors and as producers of various secondary metabolites. Among them, fungal polyketides such as lovastatin and melanin are considered a gold mine for bioactive compounds. We used a phylogenomic approach to investigate the distribution of iterative polyketide synthases (PKS) in eight sequenced Aspergilli and classified over 250 fungal genes. Their genealogy by the conserved ketosynthase (KS) domain revealed three large groups of nonreducing PKS, one group inside bacterial PKS, and more than 9 small groups of reducing PKS. Polyphyly of nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS)-PKS genes raised questions regarding the recruitment of the elegant conjugation machinery. High rates of gene duplication and divergence were frequent. All data are accessible through our web database at http://metabolomics.jp/wiki/Category:PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hsi Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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