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Beres C, Colobatiu L, Tabaran A, Mihaiu R, Mihaiu M. Prevalence and Characterisation of Clostridium perfringens Isolates in Food-Producing Animals in Romania. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1373. [PMID: 37374875 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) recovered from animal faeces, as well as to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of such isolates. A total of 14 (14/100; 14%) C. perfringens isolates were isolated from the 100 analysed samples (twelve recovered from faecal samples collected from pigs and two from veal calves' faecal samples). The preponderant genotype was type A, with all isolates being cpa-positive. The most potent antimicrobial agents against C. perfringens proved to be vancomycin, rifampicin and lincomycin. A strong resistance to tetracycline (71.4%), penicillin (64.2%), erythromycin (42.8%) and enrofloxacin (35.7%) was also observed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analysis regarding the prevalence, characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of C. perfringens in food-producing animals in Romania, adding further evidence for the probable role of animals as a source of resistant C. perfringens strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Beres
- Department of Animal Breeding and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liora Colobatiu
- Department of Medical Devices, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes Street No. 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Tabaran
- Department of Animal Breeding and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Romolica Mihaiu
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economic Sciences and Business Administration, Babes Bolyai University, Mihail Kogalniceanu Street No.1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- Department of Animal Breeding and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Blau K, Gallert C. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Toxin-Encoding Genes of Clostridioides difficile from Environmental Sources Contaminated by Feces. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010162. [PMID: 36671363 PMCID: PMC9855088 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is the most common pathogen causing antibiotic-associated intestinal diseases in humans and some animal species, but it can also be present in various environments outside hospitals. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the presence and the characteristics of toxin-encoding genes and antimicrobial resistance of C. difficile isolates from different environmental sources. C. difficile was found in 32 out of 81 samples (39.50%) after selective enrichment of spore-forming bacteria and in 45 samples (55.56%) using a TaqMan-based qPCR assay. A total of 169 C. difficile isolates were recovered from those 32 C. difficile-positive environmental samples. The majority of environmental C. difficile isolates were toxigenic, with many (88.75%) positive for tcdA and tcdB. Seventy-four isolates (43.78%) were positive for binary toxins, cdtA and cdtB, and 19 isolates were non-toxigenic. All the environmental C. difficile isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole, and most isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (66.86%) and clindamycin (46.15%), followed by moxifloxacin (13.02%) and tetracycline (4.73%). Seventy-five isolates (44.38%) showed resistance to at least two of the tested antimicrobials. C. difficile strains are commonly present in various environmental sources contaminated by feces and could be a potential source of community-associated C. difficile infections.
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Crivaro AN, Carasi P, Salto I, Hugo A, Soldavini Pelichotti PC, Bengoa A, Fragomeno M, Serradell MA, Minnaard J, Rolny I, Alul E, Arregui L, Fabra Martinez ME, Moreno Valero OJ, Facente A, Magariños F, Jewtuchowicz V, Pérez PF, Trejo FM. Clostridioides difficile: Characterization of the circulating toxinotypes in an Argentinean public hospital. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:73-82. [PMID: 35840437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming anaerobe microorganism associated to nosocomial diarrhea. Its virulence is mainly associated with TcdA and TcdB toxins, encoded by their respective tcdA and tcdB genes. These genes are part of the pathogenicity locus (PaLoc). Our aim was to characterize relevant C. difficile toxinotypes circulating in the hospital setting. The tcdA and tcdB genes were amplified and digested with different restriction enzymes: EcoRI for tcdA; HincII and AccI for tcdB. In addition, the presence of the cdtB (binary toxin) gene, TcdA and TcdB toxins by dot blot and the cytotoxic effect of culture supernatants on Vero cells, were evaluated. Altogether, these studies revealed three different circulating toxinotypes according to Rupnik's classification: 0, I and VIII, being the latter the most prevalent one. Even though more studies are certainly necessary (e.g. sequencing analysis), it is worth noting that the occurrence of toxinotype I could be related to the introduction of bacteria from different geographical origins. The multivariate analysis conducted on the laboratory values of individuals infected with the most prevalent toxinotype (VIII) showed that the isolates associated with fatal outcomes (GCD13, GCD14 and GCD22) are located in regions of the biplots related to altered laboratory values at admission. In other patients, although laboratory values at admission were not correlated, levels of urea, creatinine and white blood cells were positively correlated after the infection was diagnosed. Our study reveals the circulation of different toxinotypes of C. difficile strains in this public hospital. The variety of toxinotypes can arise from pre-existing microorganisms as well as through the introduction of bacteria from other geographical regions. The existence of microorganisms with different pathogenic potential is relevant for the control, follow-up, and treatment of the infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Crivaro
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900AJI La Plata, Argentina; IIFP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Paula Carasi
- IIFP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ileana Salto
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900AJI La Plata, Argentina; IBBM (Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular), CCT-CONICET-La Plata, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ayelen Hugo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP-CIC PBA, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - P Cecilia Soldavini Pelichotti
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900AJI La Plata, Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP-CIC PBA, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Agustina Bengoa
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP-CIC PBA, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Melisa Fragomeno
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP-CIC PBA, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - María A Serradell
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900AJI La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jessica Minnaard
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900AJI La Plata, Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP-CIC PBA, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Ivanna Rolny
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900AJI La Plata, Argentina; IIFP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Alul
- Luisa G de Gandulfo Hospital, Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Arregui
- Luisa G de Gandulfo Hospital, Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Andrea Facente
- Luisa G de Gandulfo Hospital, Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Pablo F Pérez
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900AJI La Plata, Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP-CIC PBA, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - Fernando M Trejo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP-CIC PBA, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina
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Ruzante JM, Harris B, Plummer P, Raineri RR, Loy JD, Jacob M, Sahin O, Kreuder AJ. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine in the United States: Current efforts, challenges, and opportunities. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1068406. [PMID: 36605768 PMCID: PMC9807758 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1068406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem facing human, animal, plant, and environmental health by threatening our ability to effectively treat bacterial infections with antimicrobials. In the United States, robust surveillance efforts exist to collect, analyze, and disseminate AMR data in human health care settings. These tools enable the development of effective infection control methods, the detection of trends, and provide the evidence needed to guide stewardship efforts to reduce the potential for emergence and further spread of AMR. However, in veterinary medicine, there are currently no known equivalent tools. This paper reviews efforts in the United States related to surveillance of AMR in veterinary medicine and discusses the challenges and opportunities of using data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to build a comprehensive AMR surveillance program that will support stewardship efforts and help control AMR in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Ruzante
- Center for Environmental Health Risk and Sustainability, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Beth Harris
- National Animal Health Laboratory Network, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paul Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Raissa R. Raineri
- National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA, United States,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Megan Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amanda J. Kreuder
- National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA, United States,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Amanda J. Kreuder
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Clostridioides difficile in Food-Producing Animals in Romania: First Study on the Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091194. [PMID: 36139973 PMCID: PMC9495095 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the epidemiology of the gastrointestinal disease caused by Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is starting to be slowly elucidated internationally, although information about the bacteria in the food supply chain is insufficient and, in many countries, even absent. The study was conducted in order to investigate the prevalence of C. difficile isolated from animal feces, as well as to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of such isolates. The presence of antibiotic resistance determinants has also been evaluated. Overall, a total of 24 (12.5%) C. difficile isolates were recovered (out of the 192 samples collected), the highest percentage of positive isolates being detected in the fecal samples collected from piglets (25%). The majority of the isolates recovered in the current study proved to be toxigenic. Moreover, all C. difficile isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, although a large proportion of the porcine isolates (50%) were resistant to levofloxacin. The tetW and erm(B) genes have also been identified in the porcine isolates. In conclusion, this is the first analysis of the prevalence of C. difficile in food-producing animals in Romania, and it adds further evidence about the possible role of animals as a source of resistant C. difficile strains and a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants.
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Sitovs A, Sartini I, Giorgi M. Levofloxacin in veterinary medicine: a literature review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:111-126. [PMID: 33964616 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A potent third-generation antimicrobial fluoroquinolone drug, levofloxacin was introduced into human clinical practice in 1993. Levofloxacin is also used in veterinary medicine, however its use is limited: it is completely banned for veterinary use in the EU, and used extralabel in only companion animals in the USA. Since its introduction to clinical practice, many studies have been published on levofloxacin in animal species, including pharmacokinetic studies, tissue drug depletion, efficacy, and animal microbial isolate susceptibility to levofloxacin. This literature overview highlights the most clinically relevant and scientifically important levofloxacin studies linked to the field of veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Sitovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Clostridioides difficile in Calves in Central Italy: Prevalence, Molecular Typing, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Association with Antibiotic Administration. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020515. [PMID: 33669325 PMCID: PMC7920295 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of nosocomial and community-acquired diarrhoea in men. The infection most commonly occurs in people who have recently been treated with antibiotics. Indistinguishable C. difficile strains have been isolated from livestock and humans, which has shed light on a possible zoonotic origin of this infection. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of C. difficile in calves bred in dairy and beef cattle farms of the Umbria, central Italy. We estimated a 19.8% prevalence of farms positive for C. difficile. The C. difficile isolates from calves were potentially toxigenic and resistant to antibiotics, including lincosamides, quinolones, vancomycin and linezolid. Isolates belonging to ribotype RT-126, which is also commonly reported in humans, showed the highest number of resistance to the antimicrobials tested. Furthermore, we observed an almost sixfold increased risk for C. difficile on farms where penicillins had been prescribed. This, together with the detection of toxigenic and antibiotic-resistant isolates, strongly suggests the need for a reduction of antibiotic use in cattle. Abstract The emergence of Clostridioides difficile as the main agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea has raised concerns about its potential zoonotic role in different animal species. The use of antimicrobials is a major risk factor for C. difficile infection. Here, we provide data on C. difficile infection in dairy and beef calves in Umbria, a region in central Italy. This cross-sectional study focuses on prevalence, risk factors, ribotypes, toxinotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of circulating ribotypes. A prevalence of 19.8% (CI95%, 12–27.6%) positive farms was estimated, and the prescription of penicillins on the farms was associated with C. difficile detection (OR = 5.58). Eleven different ribotypes were found, including the ST11 sublineages RT-126 and -078, which are also commonly reported in humans. Thirteen isolates out of 17 showed resistance to at least one of clindamycin, moxifloxacin, linezolid and vancomycin. Among them, multiple-drug resistance was observed in two isolates, belonging to RT-126. Furthermore, RT-126 isolates were positive for tetracycline resistance determinants, confirming that tetracycline resistance is widespread among ST11 isolates from cattle. The administration of penicillins increased the risk of C. difficile in calves: this, together with the recovery of multi-resistant strains, strongly suggests the need for minimising antibiotic misuse on cattle farms.
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Characterisation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile Isolated from Chicken Carcasses. J Vet Res 2020; 64:407-412. [PMID: 32984631 PMCID: PMC7497745 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is a Gram+, anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that can produce toxins, and it is mainly because its virulence is attributed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of C. difficile and hyper virulent ribotypes in chicken carcasses and the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated strains. Material and Methods C. difficile was isolated from chicken carcasses by microbiological methods, its ribotypes were identified by means of PCR, the toxin production ability was defined by ELISA, and the susceptibility of the isolates to selected antibiotics was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration evaluator strips. Results The bacterium was isolated from 69 out of 185 (37.3%) examined chicken carcass samples, and six out of the 69 (8.7%) isolates were identified as ribotype 027. All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100.0%), vancomycin (97.1%), metronidazole (88.4%), and tetracycline (95.7%), whereas they were resistant to cefotaxime (97.1%) and imipenem (89.9%). Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate the presence of toxigenic C. difficile isolates such as ribotype 027 (one of the most common causes of C. difficile infection in humans) in chicken carcasses. Although there is no case for stating that C. difficile is a food-borne pathogen, the presence of C. difficile in chicken may be considered to be a potential risk to consumers.
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Muratoglu K, Akkaya E, Hampikyan H, Bingol EB, Cetin O, Colak H. Detection, Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile in Meat Products. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:578-587. [PMID: 32734265 PMCID: PMC7372980 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is a Gram (+),
anaerobic, spore forming, rod shaped bacterium that can produce toxin. The
objective of this study is to reveal the presence of C.
difficile in meat products, to analyze the ribotype diversity by
PCR and to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated strains. The
organism was isolated in 22 out of 319 (6.9%) examined meat product
samples and 9 out of 22 (40.9%) isolates were identified as RT027 and all
isolates had the ability of toxin production. In terms of antibiotic
susceptibility, all isolates were susceptive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid,
tetracycline and vancomycin and 21 (95.4%) isolates to metronidazole. On
the other hand, imipenem and cefotaxim resistance was observed in all. In
conclusion, the results of this comprehensive study conducted in Turkey deduced
the presence of C. difficile in different meat products.
Therefore, these products can be evaluated as a potential contamination source
of C. difficile from animals to humans especially for elders,
youngsters, long terms wide spectrum antibiotic used and immuno-suppressed
individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Muratoglu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Akkaya
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamparsun Hampikyan
- Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Beykent University, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enver Baris Bingol
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Cetin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilal Colak
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey
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Liu X, Wei X, Liu L, Feng X, Shao Z, Han Z, Li Y. Prevalence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli from broiler chickens at different day-age. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3688-3696. [PMID: 32616265 PMCID: PMC7597924 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal Escherichia coli from the poultries have been considered as reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-encoding genes. Between May 2018 and March 2019, a total of 340 E. coli isolates were obtained from apparently healthy broiler chickens from 20 to 40 D old, distributed in 17 small-scale commercial farms. Finally, 45 isolates (8 from 20-day-old broiler chickens, 14 from 30-day-old ones, and 23 from 40-day-old ones) were identified as ESBL producers, which were further investigated to shed light on the virulence gene profiles, phylogenetic groups, and multilocus sequence types and to detect the ESBL plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant (PMQR) genes as well as the mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA and parC. Molecular analysis showed that phylogenic group A and B1 accounted for 66.7% of the ESBL producers. The overall occurrence of virulence genes ranged from 5.1% (cva) to 86.7% (papC). Twenty (44.4%) ESBL producers were considered as biofilm producers with moderate or heavy biofilm formation. The most predominant specific CTX-M subtype was blaCTX-M-14 (n = 19), followed by blaCTX-M-9 (n = 17), blaCTX-M-55 (n = 9), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 6), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 5), and blaCTX-M-65 (n = 4). Additionally, PMQR genes were identified in 86.7% of ESBL producers, qnrS (n = 21) was the most dominant PMQR gene, followed by the aac(6')-Ib-cr (n = 15), qnrB (n = 12), and qnrA (n = 9), and all of them co-expressed with β-lactamase genes. All PMQR-positive isolates harbored simultaneously at least 1 mutation in the QRDR of gyrA and parC. Forty-five ESBL producers were assigned to 33 sequence types, and the most frequent sequence types (STs) was ST10 (n = 5) and followed by ST95 (n = 3). Additionally, ST302, ST88, ST410, ST187, and ST23 were represented by 2 ESBL producers, respectively, and the remaining ones exhibited diverse ST. Moreover, the prevalence of ESBL producers, the biofilm-forming ability, and the occurrence of the QRDR mutations among the E. coli isolates were characterized by gradually increased with advancing age of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueqi Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolan Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengqi Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zilong Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinqian Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Development of an optimized broth enrichment culture medium for the isolation of Clostridium difficile. Anaerobe 2018; 54:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Nayebpour F, Rahimi E. Retracted:
Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and toxigenic gene profile of the
Clostridium difficile
isolated from molluscan shellfish. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Nayebpour
- Department of Food HygieneFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food HygieneFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
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13
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Andino-Molina M, Barquero-Calvo E, Seyboldt C, Schmoock G, Neubauer H, Tzoc E, Rodríguez C, Quesada-Gómez C. Multidrug-resistant Clostridium difficile ribotypes 078 and 014/5-FLI01 in piglets from Costa Rica. Anaerobe 2018; 55:78-82. [PMID: 30414919 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Though an overlap of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes (RT) in humans and animals has been noted -particularly in piglets-information regarding C. difficile isolates from swine is scarce in Latin America. A characterization of 10 C. difficile isolates obtained from this origin in Costa Rica revealed the presence of the RT078 (n = 4) and RT014/5-FLI01 (n = 6) ribotypes. Unlike two previous reports from the region, all isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). According to a minimum spanning tree (MST) analysis, our RT078 isolates formed a clonal complex with some German RT078 isolates and the already noted overlap of RT078 strains in humans and animals. This unanticipated high level of genetic relatedness confirms the transcontinental spread and geographically unlimited clustering of RT078.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Andino-Molina
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Anaerobia, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Elías Barquero-Calvo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut), Jena, Germany
| | - Gernot Schmoock
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut), Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut), Jena, Germany
| | - Edgardo Tzoc
- Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - César Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Anaerobia, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Quesada-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Anaerobia, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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14
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Isolation of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile from Animal Manure and Composts Being Used as Biological Soil Amendments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00738-18. [PMID: 29858208 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00738-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-known nosocomial pathogen Clostridium difficile has recently been recognized as a community-associated pathogen. As livestock animals carry and shed C. difficile in their feces, animal manure-based composts may play an important role in disseminating toxigenic C. difficile strains into the agricultural environment. The present study surveyed C. difficile contamination of commercially available composts and animal manure. Presumptive C. difficile isolates were confirmed by testing for the tpi housekeeping gene in addition to Gram staining. The confirmed C. difficile isolates were further tested for toxigenicity, PCR ribotype, and susceptibilities to selected antibiotics. C. difficile was found in 51 out of 142 samples (36%). A total of 58 C. difficile strains were isolated from those 51 positive compost/manure samples. The presence of C. difficile in compost did not significantly correlate (P > 0.05) with the physical and most microbiological parameters, including the presence of fecal coliforms. The majority of C. difficile isolates were toxigenic, with 63.8% positive for the toxin A gene (tcdA) and 67.2% positive for the toxin B gene (tcdB). Only 3 isolates (5.17%) were positive for the binary toxins. There were 38 different PCR ribotypes among the 58 C. difficile isolates, and ribotype 106 was the most prevalent, followed by ribotypes 020 and 412. All C. difficile isolates were susceptible to the selected antibiotics, but >50% of the isolates had reduced susceptibility to clindamycin by the agar dilution method. This study indicates that compost may be a reservoir of toxigenic C. difficile strains.IMPORTANCEClostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in health care facilities in developed countries. Extended hospital stays and recurrences severely increase the cost of treatments and the high mortality rate that is observed among the elderly. Community-associated CDI cases that occur without any recent contact with the hospital environment are increasing. Studies have reported the isolation of virulent C. difficile strains from water, soil, meat, vegetables, pets, livestock animals, and animal manure. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize C. difficile strains from animal manure and commercially available compost products. Our results demonstrate that not only unprocessed animal manure but also finished composts made of different feedstocks can serve as a reservoir for C. difficile as well. Most importantly, our study revealed that properly processed compost is a potential source of toxigenic and clindamycin-resistant C. difficile isolates.
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15
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Hampikyan H, Bingol EB, Muratoglu K, Akkaya E, Cetin O, Colak H. The prevalence of Clostridium difficile in cattle and sheep carcasses and the antibiotic susceptibility of isolates. Meat Sci 2018; 139:120-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Borrelli L, Coretti L, Dipineto L, Bovera F, Menna F, Chiariotti L, Nizza A, Lembo F, Fioretti A. Insect-based diet, a promising nutritional source, modulates gut microbiota composition and SCFAs production in laying hens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16269. [PMID: 29176587 PMCID: PMC5701250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects could be potential nutritional sources both for humans and animals. Among these, Hermetia illucens, with good amount of chitin and proteins, represents a suitable diet replacement for laying hens. Little is known about insect diet effects on the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and bacterial metabolites production. In this study we investigated the effect of H. illucens larvae meal administration on cecal microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in laying hens. 16S rDNA sequencing showed strong differences between cecal microbiota of soybean (SD) and insect diet (ID) groups both in type and relative abundance (unweighted and weighted beta diversity) of microbial species. In particular, Bacteroides plebeius, Elusimicrobium minutum, Alkaliphilus transvaalensis, Christensenella minuta, Vallitalea guaymasensis and Flavonifractor plautii represented the principal contributors of changes in gut microbiota composition of ID group (FDR p-values < 0.05). Of these, F. plautii, C. minuta and A. transvaalensis have the potential to degrade the chitin’s insect meal and correlated with the observed high levels of gut SCFAs produced in ID group. These microorganisms may thus connect the chitin degradation with high SCFAs production. Our results suggest H. illucens as a potential prebiotic by well feeding gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" IEOS, National Research Council CNR, Naples, Italy.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiariotti
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" IEOS, National Research Council CNR, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Nizza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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17
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernández Escámez PS, Girones R, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Kuile BT, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Bengtsson B, Bouchard D, Randall L, Tenhagen BA, Verdon E, Wallace J, Brozzi R, Guerra B, Liebana E, Stella P, Herman L. Risk for the development of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) due to feeding of calves with milk containing residues of antibiotics. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04665. [PMID: 32704309 PMCID: PMC7372110 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA was requested to: 1) assess the risk for the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to feeding on farm of calves with colostrum potentially containing residues of antibiotics; 2) assess the risk for the development of AMR due to feeding on farm of calves with milk of cows treated during lactation with an antibiotic and milked during the withdrawal period, and 3) propose possible options to mitigate the risk for the development of AMR derived from such practices. Treatment of dairy cows during the dry period and during lactation is common in the EU Member States. Penicillins, alone or in combination with aminoglycosides, and cephalosporins are most commonly used. Residue levels of antimicrobials decrease with the length of the dry period. When the interval from the start of the drying-off treatment until calving is as long as or longer than the minimum specified in the Summary of Product Characteristics of the antimicrobial, faecal shedding of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria will not increase when calves are fed colostrum from treated cows. Milk from cows receiving antimicrobial treatment during lactation contains substantial residues during the treatment and withdrawal period. Consumption of such milk will lead to increased faecal shedding of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria by calves. A range of possible options exist for restricting the feeding of such milk to calves, which could be targeting the highest priority critically important antimicrobials. β-Lactamases can reduce the concentration of β-lactams which are the most frequently used antimicrobials in milking cows. Options to mitigate the presence of resistant bacteria in raw milk or colostrum are mainly based on thermal inactivation.
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18
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Warriner K, Xu C, Habash M, Sultan S, Weese S. Dissemination ofClostridium difficilein food and the environment: Significant sources ofC. difficilecommunity-acquired infection? J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:542-553. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Warriner
- Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - C. Xu
- Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai China
| | - M. Habash
- School of Environmental Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - S. Sultan
- School of Environmental Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - S.J. Weese
- Pathobiology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
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19
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Álvarez-Pérez S, Blanco JL, Harmanus C, Kuijper E, García ME. Subtyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078/126 isolates of human and animal origin. Vet Microbiol 2016; 199:15-22. [PMID: 28110780 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype complex 078/126 (RT078/126) is often involved in human disease and is also frequently isolated from diverse animal species. The high genetic relatedness between human and animal RT078/126 isolates found in different regions has encouraged discussion about the zoonotic potential of this lineage. We compared for the first time the genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of human and animal C. difficile RT078/126 isolates from Spain. A collection of 96 isolates (50 of human and 46 of animal origin; 63 and 33 of ribotypes 078 and 126, respectively) was subtyped by an improved amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting method and tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 67 genotypes were distinguished, three of which grouped together isolates of human and animal origin. Furthermore, two main groups of isolates that mostly correlated with PCR ribotypes could be distinguished in the AFLP dendrogram. Human origin was significantly associated with resistance to ertapenem, erythromycin and moxifloxacin; resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin was associated with RT126 and AFLP group 1. Twenty-nine isolates (30.2% of total) displayed heteroresistance to metronidazole. Substantial differences were observed in the susceptibility profiles of isolates belonging to a same genotype. Altogether, these results provide a valuable baseline for future studies on the epidemiology of C. difficile RT078/126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Blanco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Celine Harmanus
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ed Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marta E García
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clostridium difficile infection has attained high prominence given its prevalence and impacts on patients and healthcare institutions. Multiple new approaches to the prevention and treatment of C. difficile infection (CDI) are undergoing clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Bezlotoxumab is a monoclonal antibody against toxin B that has successfully completed phase III studies, demonstrating a significant reduction in recurrent CDI when given with standard of care antibiotics. Antibiotics under development include cadazolid and ridinilazole, whereas surotomycin has had disappointing phase III results. Multiple live biotherapeutics are being developed, including freeze thawed and encapsulated versions of faecal microbiota transplantation to improve the practicality of treating patients with recurrent CDI. Alternatives to faecal microbiota transplantation, that aim to improve safety, including a microbial suspension, RBX2660, and a complex spore formulation, SER-109, have progressed to phase II studies. A nontoxigenic C. difficile strain has also shown promise to prevent recurrent CDI. In addition, three C. difficile vaccines have progressed to phase II/III clinical trials. SUMMARY The diverse approaches to treating and preventing CDI offer substantial promise that new treatment options will soon emerge, particular ones that reduce the risk of recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Martin
- aLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust/University of Leeds, Microbiology, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary bLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust cUniversity of Leeds, Leeds dPublic Health England, UK
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