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Qi Z, Sun N, Liu C. Glyoxylate cycle maintains the metabolic homeostasis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in viable but nonculturable state induced by chlorine stress. Microbiol Res 2023; 270:127341. [PMID: 36870195 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state with low metabolic activity to cope with environmental stress (e.g., chlorine disinfection). Elucidating the mechanism and key pathway of VBNC bacteria maintaining low metabolic competence is of great significance to realize their effective control and reduce their environmental and health risks. This study discovered that the glyoxylate cycle is a key metabolic pathway for VBNC bacteria, but not for culturable bacteria. And blocking the glyoxylate cycle pathway inhibited the reactivation and led to the death of VBNC bacteria. The main mechanisms involved the breakdown of material and energy metabolism and the antioxidant system. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed that blocking the glyoxylate cycle led to a disruption of carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid catabolism in VBNC bacteria. As a result, the energy metabolism system of VBNC bacteria collapsed and the abundance of energy metabolites (ATP, NAD+ and NADP+) decreased significantly. Moreover, the decrease in the level of quorum sensing signaling molecules (quinolinone and N-Butanoyl-D-homoserine lactone) inhibited the synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and biofilm formation. And the downregulation of glycerophospholipid metabolic competence increased the permeability of cell membranes, leading to the entry of large amounts of hypochlorous acid (HClO) into the bacteria. In addition, the down-regulation of nucleotide metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and the reduction of antioxidant enzyme content resulted in the inability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by chlorine stress. The large production of ROS and the reduction of antioxidants together led to the breakdown of the antioxidant system of VBNC bacteria. In short, the glyoxylate cycle is the key metabolism pathway of VBNC bacteria for stress resistance and maintaining cellular metabolic balance, and targeting the glyoxylate cycle represents an attractive strategy for developing new and efficient disinfection methods for the control of VBNC bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, China-America CRC for Environment & Health of Shandong Province, Shandong University, 72 Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Na Sun
- Jining Ecology and Environment Bureau, 30 Pipashan Street, Rencheng, Jining, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, China-America CRC for Environment & Health of Shandong Province, Shandong University, 72 Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong, PR China.
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Proteolysis Degree of Protein Corona Affect Ultrasound-Induced Sublethal Effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Transcriptomics Analysis and Adaptive Regulation of Membrane Homeostasis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233883. [PMID: 36496692 PMCID: PMC9735630 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein corona (PC) adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles brings new research perspectives on the interaction between nanoparticles and fermentative microorganisms. Herein, the proteolysis of wheat PC adsorbed on a nano-Se surface using cell-free protease extract from S. cerevisiae was conducted. The proteolysis caused monotonic changes of ζ-potentials and surface hydrophobicity of PC. Notably, the innermost PC layer was difficult to be proteolyzed. Furthermore, when S. cerevisiae was stimulated by ultrasound + 0.1 mg/mL nano-Se@PC, the proportion of lethal and sublethal injured cells increased as a function of the proteolysis time of PC. The transcriptomics analysis revealed that 34 differentially expressed genes which varied monotonically were related to the plasma membrane, fatty acid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, etc. Significant declines in the membrane potential and proton motive force disruption of membrane were found with the prolonged proteolysis time; meanwhile, higher membrane permeability, membrane oxidative stress levels, membrane lipid fluidity, and micro-viscosity were triggered.
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Qi Z, Liu C. Metabolic characteristics and markers in viable but nonculturable state of Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced by chlorine stress. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114111. [PMID: 35987374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative pathogens enter the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state to resist external environmental stress (such as disinfection). However, little is known about the metabolic properties, especially for the metabolic markers, of VBNC bacteria, which impedes the development of efficient disinfection technologies and causes more potential health risks. In this study, we analyzed the metabolic characteristics of chlorine stress-induced VBNC Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the population and single-cell levels. The overall metabolic activity of VBNC bacteria showed a downward trend, but the glyoxylate cycle, fatty acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways were up-regulated. Based on the metabolic profiles of VBNC bacteria, nine metabolic markers (pyruvate, glyoxylate, guanine, glutamate, sn glycero-3-phos-phocholine, fatty acid, D-alanine, glutathione, N-Butanoyl-D-homoserine lactone) were determined. The results of single-cell Raman spectroscopy showed that the metabolic activity of VBNC bacteria was significantly reduced, but showed more significant metabolic heterogeneity. The redshift of the Raman peaks of 15N and 13C labeled VBNC bacteria was significantly weaker than that of the culturable bacteria, suggesting that the VBNC bacteria have a reduced ability to synthesize proteins, nucleotides, phospholipids, and carbohydrates. The result of this study can help to better understand the metabolic mechanisms and energy management strategy of VBNC bacteria, to achieve precise identification and effective control of VBNC bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, China-America CRC for Environment & Health of Shandong Province, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, China-America CRC for Environment & Health of Shandong Province, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Extraction of Acetogenins Using Thermosonication-Assisted Extraction from Annona muricata Seeds and Their Antifungal Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186045. [PMID: 36144779 PMCID: PMC9502848 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to find the optimal conditions by thermosonication-assisted extraction (TSAE) of the total acetogenin content (TAC) and yield from A. muricata seeds, assessing the effect of the temperature (40, 50, and 60 °C), sonication amplitude (80, 90, and 100%), and pulse-cycle (0.5, 0.7, and 1 s). In addition, optimal TSAE conditions of acetogenins (ACGs) were compared with extraction by ultrasound at 25 °C and the soxhlet method measuring TAC and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, solubility and identification of isolated ACGs were performed. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of ACGs crude extract and isolated ACGs was evaluated. Optimal TSAE conditions to extract the highest TAC (35.89 mg/g) and yield (3.6%) were 50 °C, 100% amplitude, and 0.5 s pulse-cycle. TSAE was 2.17-fold and 15.60-fold more effective than ultrasound at 25 °C and the Soxhlet method to extract ACGs with antioxidant capacity. Isolated ACGs were mostly soluble in acetone and methanol. Seven ACGs were identified, and pseudoannonacin was the most abundant. The inhibition of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis was higher from isolated ACGs than crude extract. TSAE was effective to increase the yield in the ACGs extraction from A. muricata seeds and these ACGs have important antifungal activity.
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Siderakou D, Zilelidou E, Poimenidou S, Tsipra I, Ouranou E, Papadimitriou K, Skandamis P. Assessing the survival and sublethal injury kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes under different food processing-related stresses. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 346:109159. [PMID: 33773356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen L. monocytogenes can be present in food processing environments where it is exposed to various stressors. These antimicrobial factors, which aim to eliminate the pathogen, can induce sub-lethal injury to the bacterial cells. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of different treatments (stresses) relevant to food processing and preservation as well as sanitation methods, in generating sub-lethal injury at 4 °C and 20 °C to two L. monocytogenes strains, ScottA and EGDe. Additionally, we evaluated the survival and extent of L. monocytogenes injury after exposure to commonly used disinfectants (peracetic acid and benzalkonium chloride), following habituation in nutrient-deprived, high-salinity medium. Each stress had a different impact on the survival and injury kinetics of L. monocytogenes. The highest injury levels were caused by peracetic acid which, at 4 °C, generated high populations of injured cells without loss of viability. Other injury-inducing stresses were lactic acid and heating. Long-term habituation in nutrient-limited and high salinity medium (4 °C) and subsequent exposure to disinfectants resulted in higher survival and injury in benzalkonium chloride and increased survival, yet with lower injury levels, in peracetic acid at 20 °C. Taken together, these results highlight the potential food safety risk emerging from the occurrence of injured cells by commonly used food processing methods. Consequently, in order to accurately assess the impact of an antimicrobial method, its potential of inducing sublethal injury needs to be considered along with lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Siderakou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Evangelia Zilelidou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Sofia Poimenidou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Ioanna Tsipra
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Eleni Ouranou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papadimitriou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Skandamis
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece.
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Simonis P, Garjonyte R, Stirke A. Mediated amperometry as a prospective method for the investigation of electroporation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19094. [PMID: 33154473 PMCID: PMC7644768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric field effects induced in a membrane, as well as intracellular structures, depend on cell type, field and media parameters. To achieve desired outcomes, membranes should be permeabilized in a controlled manner, and thus efficiency of electroporation should be investigated in advance. Here, we present a framework for using mediated amperometry as a prospective method for the investigation of electroporation and its effects on cellular machinery. Whole-cell sensors with single mediator systems comprised of hydrophilic or lipophilic mediators were successfully employed to investigate membrane permeability as well as cellular responses. Exposure of yeast cells to single electric field pulse (τ = 300 µs, E = 16 kV/cm) resulted in up to tenfold increase of current strength mediated with hydrophilic mediators. Exposure to PEF resulted in decrease of menadione mediated current strength (from 138 ± 15 to 32 ± 15 nA), which could be completely compensated by supplementing electrolyte with NADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Povilas Simonis
- State Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio al. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Rasa Garjonyte
- State Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio al. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Stirke
- State Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio al. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Zhu H, Xu Y, Qi G, Wang S, Wang H. Modeling the combined effect of high hydrostatic pressure and mild heat on the sub‐lethal injury of
Listeria monocytogenes
by
Box–Behnken
design. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) Beijing China
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of PharmacyLishui Hospital of Zhejiang University Lishui China
| | - Guohong Qi
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Suilou Wang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Haixiang Wang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
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Zhu N, Zhang SL, Li JP, Qu C, Sun AD, Qiao XL. Design and Optimization of a Microchip Operating at Low-Voltage Pulsed Electric Field for Juice Sterilization. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Zhu N, Zhu Y, Yu N, Wei Y, Zhang J, Hou Y, Sun AD. Evaluation of microbial, physicochemical parameters and flavor of blueberry juice after microchip-pulsed electric field. Food Chem 2019; 274:146-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Suchanek M, Olejniczak Z. Low field MRI study of the potato cell membrane electroporation by pulsed electric field. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhu N, Yu N, Zhu Y, Wei Y, Zhang H, Sun AD. Inactivation of Pichia rhodanensis in relation to membrane and intracellular compounds due to microchip pulsed electric field (MPEF) treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198467. [PMID: 29939985 PMCID: PMC6016922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of microchip pulsed electric field (MPEF) treatment on lethal and sublethal injury of Pichia rhodanensis (P. rhodanensis) were employed under 100–500 V for 20–100 pulses and the underlying mechanism of MPEF treatment was investigated as well. A 6.48 log10 reduction of P. rhodanensis was achieved at 500V for 80 pulse. The fluorescent staining with Propidium Iodide (PI) verified that the rate of sublethal injury cells maximum up to 27.2% under 200 V. MPEF can cause the damage of cell morphology and ultrastructure, meanwhile causing a decrease in cellular enzymes, antioxidant enzyme activity and cell membrane fluidity. The leakage of intracellular compounds (protein, nucleic acid, K+, Mg2+) and Ca2+-ATPase gradually increased as the growth of voltage, especially the proportion of protein in the supernatants increased from 2.0% to 26.4%. Flow cytometry analysis showed that MPEF has significant effect on membrane potential, but no obvious influence on non-specific esterase. MPEF can cause the changing of the secondary structure of protein, at the same time, double helix structure of DNA became loose and unwinding. These results provide a theoretical guidance for the widespread using of MPEF technology in the application of a non-thermal processing technique for food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Wei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-dong Sun
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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