1
|
Gökmen M, İlhan Z, Tavşanlı H, Önen A, Ektik N, Göçmez EB. Prevalence and molecular characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in animal source foods and green leafy vegetables. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2024; 30:30-36. [PMID: 36113141 DOI: 10.1177/10820132221125104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has emerged as important enteric foodborne zoonotic pathogens of considerable public health significance worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the top seven STEC serotypes and to identify these serotypes in samples of animal source foods and vegetables. A total of 294 samples including 84 meat samples, 135 milk and dairy product samples and 75 green leafy vegetable samples were tested. The samples were harvested in mTSB-broth pre-enriched with novobiocin and then were tested by amplifying 16S shiga toxin (stx1/2), and eae genes using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) assay. A total of 260 (88.4%) samples were positive for E. coli and 29 (11.1%) of them were positive for shiga toxin, and eae genes. The positive samples were cultivated on CHROMAgar STEC and the colonies were evaluated for top seven STEC by m-PCR. The top seven STEC serotypes were detected in 27 (93.1%) of the samples: the STEC O111 serotype in 11 (40.7%) beef samples, STEC O45 in 3 (11.1%) chicken, STEC O145 in 6 (22.2%) parsley, 3 (11.1%) lettuce, 1 (3.7%) spinach, and 1 (3.7%) cheese, and STEC O103 in 2 (7.4%) lettuce samples. None of the samples was found positive for STEC O26, O121, and O157 serotypes. This study highlights the fact that the top seven STEC group poses a great risk in terms of food safety and public health in both animal source foods and vegetables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukadderat Gökmen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Ziya İlhan
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Hakan Tavşanlı
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Adem Önen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Nisanur Ektik
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Health, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Enise Begüm Göçmez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Health, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramatla T, Tawana M, Lekota KE, Thekisoe O. Antimicrobial resistance genes of Escherichia coli, a bacterium of "One Health" importance in South Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:75-89. [PMID: 36891533 PMCID: PMC9988412 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a systematic review and meta-analysis that evaluated the prevalence of Escherichia coli antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) in animals, humans, and the environment in South Africa. This study followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to search and use literature published between 1 January 2000 to 12 December 2021, on the prevalence of South African E. coli isolates' ARGs. Articles were downloaded from African Journals Online, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines. A random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the antibiotic-resistant genes of E. coli in animals, humans, and the environment. Out of 10764 published articles, only 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. The obtained results indicated that the pooled prevalence estimates (PPE) of E. coli ARGs was 36.3%, 34.4%, 32.9%, and 28.8% for blaTEM-M-1 , ampC, tetA, and bla TEM, respectively. Eight ARGs (blaCTX-M , blaCTX-M-1 , blaTEM , tetA, tetB, sul1, sulII, and aadA) were detected in humans, animals and the environmental samples. Human E. coli isolate samples harboured 38% of the ARGs. Analyzed data from this study highlights the occurrence of ARGs in E. coli isolates from animals, humans, and environmental samples in South Africa. Therefore, there is a necessity to develop a comprehensive "One Health" strategy to assess antibiotics use in order to understand the causes and dynamics of antibiotic resistance development, as such information will enable the formulation of intervention strategies to stop the spread of ARGs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Mpho Tawana
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Kgaugelo E Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Comparative meta-analysis of antimicrobial resistance from different food sources along with one health approach in Italy and Thailand. One Health 2022; 16:100477. [PMID: 36593979 PMCID: PMC9803827 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing worldwide due to overuse, misuse and incomplete treatment of antibiotics. Many countries are facing the excessive issue due to the spreading of AMR not only in humans and animals, but also in water and agri-food sector. Our main aim was to perform a competitive meta-analysis of surveillance-resistant microbes and their antimicrobial superintendence in Italy and Thailand. Data have been collected from reports published for the period 2012-2021. A total of 9507 and 11,753 food samples contained 3905 (41.07%) and 3526 (30%) AMR bacteria in Italy and Thailand, respectively. In Italy, the highest microbial prevalence was β-lactam and tetracycline, while in Thailand mostly isolates showed resistance to cephalosporin and aminoglycoside. Our findings contribute to highlighting the increment of AMR related to different microbes with tendency to become multidrug resistant.
Collapse
|
4
|
BABACAN O. Investigation of Escherichia coli O157 and Listeria monocytogenes presence and antibiotic susceptibility isolated from ruminant feces and feeds in Balikesir province. ANKARA ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.1007572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, which was conducted for the first time in Balıkesir, it was purposed to determine the existense, virulence factors and antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157, which is zoonotic in ruminant feces and feed, and the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, which causes diseases in humans and animals, and to use these results as epidemiological data in our province, region and country. Feces and animal feed samples were analyzed simultaneously for in order of E. coli O157 and L. Monocytogenes according to ISO 16654: 2001 / Amd 1: 2017 and ISO 11290-1. 38 E.coli O157 was isolated from a total of one hunderd stool samples. 18 L. monocytogenes were isolated from a total of one hunderd stool samples. 6 L. monocytogenes were isolated from 50 silage samples. Three of these isolates were isolated from faeces and silage samples taken from the same farm with L. monocytogenes isolates isolated from sheep feces. E. coli O157 could not be isolated from a total of 100 silage and feed samples. All L. monocytogenes isolates were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim, tetracycline, streptomycin, meropenem and erythromycin. The highest resistance was detected against Sulbactam / ampicillin. 3 E. coli O157 isolates were found resistant to Gentamicin and 7 isolates to Tobramycin. 21 isolates were resistant to erythromycin, and 12 isolates were intermediate. According to PCR results of fliCH7, Stx1, Stx2, eaeA and EhlyA genes, EhlyA gene was found in 20 E. coli O157 isolates. Of these isolates, 4 were isolated from sheep feces and 16 from calf feces. The stx1 gene was found in a total of 5 E. coli O157 isolates, one from sheep feces and four from calf feces. EhlyA gene was also found in all isolates with stx1 gene. The stx2 gene was found in a total of 3 E. coli O157 isolates, one from sheep dung and two from calf dung. Intimin gene was found in 8 E. coli O157 isolates, two of which are sheep faeces and six calf faecal isolates. EhlyA gene was found in all isolates with intimin gene. In this study, enterohaemolysin is the predominant virulence factor among the isolates. Epidemiologically, silage was thought to be the main source of L. monocytogenes contamination, and recently, silage contamination continued in Balikesir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orkun BABACAN
- BALIKESİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ, KEPSUT MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU, VETERİNERLİK BÖLÜMÜ
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bier D, Oliveira CED, Brugeff EDCL, Areco MS, Ramos INDA, Brunetta AAP, Andrade DP. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from beef sold in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v23e-72603e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Hygiene failures in meat can be identified based on the evaluation of pathogenic microorganisms, which compromise the microbiological quality of food and can transmit food-borne diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hygienic quality of beef sold at supermarkets, butcher shops and public markets in the city of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, through the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as well as the investigation and quantification of Staphylococcus aureus. Seventy-one samples of beef from 17 commercial establishments were evaluated. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method recommended by the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute. Salmonella was found in 7.04% of the samples and 70.0% of the isolates were sensitive to the antimicrobials tested. A total of 25.35% of the samples were positive for Staphylococcus aureus, with counts ranging from 1.0 x 102 to 4.3 x 104 CFU/g; these isolates exhibited resistance to penicillin (87.5%), tetracycline (18.75%) and chloramphenicol (6.25%). None of the samples was positive for STEC. The detection of these pathogens in food poses a danger to public health, mainly due to the presence of antimicrobial-resistant isolates. These findings underscore the need for good hygiene and manufacturing practices at retail establishments.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shahein MA, Dapgh AN, Kamel E, Ali SF, Khairy EA, Abuelhag HA, Hakim AS. Advanced molecular characterization of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic camel neonates in Egypt. Vet World 2021; 14:85-91. [PMID: 33642790 PMCID: PMC7896916 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.85-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Camels are important livestock in Egypt on cultural and economic bases, but studies of etiological agents of camelid diseases are limited. The enteropathogen Escherichia coli is a cause of broad spectrum gastrointestinal infections among humans and animals, especially in developing countries. Severe infections can lead to death. The current study aimed to identify pathogenic E. coli strains that cause diarrhea in camel calves and characterize their virulence and drug resistance at a molecular level. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy fecal samples were collected from diarrheic neonatal camel calves in Giza Governorate during 2018-2019. Samples were cultured on a selective medium for E. coli, and positive colonies were confirmed biochemically, serotyped, and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. E. coli isolates were further confirmed through detection of the housekeeping gene, yaiO, and examined for the presence of virulence genes; traT and fimH and for genes responsible for antibiotic resistance, ampC, aadB, and mphA. The isolates in the important isolated serotype, E. coli O26, were examined for toxigenic genes and sequenced. RESULTS The bacteriological and biochemical examination identified 12 E. coli isolates from 70 fecal samples (17.1%). Serotyping of these isolates showed four types: O26, four isolates, 33.3%; O103, O111, three isolates each, 25%; and O45, two isolates, 16.7%. The isolates showed resistance to vancomycin (75%) and ampicillin (66.6%), but were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline (100%). The structural gene, yaiO (115 bp), was amplified from all 12 E. coli isolates and traT and fimH genes were amplified from 10 and 8 isolates, respectively. Antibiotic resistance genes, ampC, mphA, and aadB, were harbored in 9 (75%), 8 (66.6%), and 5 (41.7%), respectively. Seven isolates (58.3%) were MDR. Real-time-polymerase chain reaction of the O26 isolates identified one isolate harboring vt1, two with vt2, and one isolate with neither gene. Sequencing of the isolates revealed similarities to E. coli O157 strains. CONCLUSION Camels and other livestock suffer various diseases, including diarrhea often caused by microbial pathogens. Enteropathogenic E. coli serotypes were isolated from diarrheic neonatal camel calves. These isolates exhibited virulence and multiple drug resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momtaz A. Shahein
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany N. Dapgh
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Essam Kamel
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samah F. Ali
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman A. Khairy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussein A. Abuelhag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S. Hakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abass A, Adzitey F, Huda N. Escherichia coli of Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Meats Origin Showed Resistance to Antibiotics Used by Farmers. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120869. [PMID: 33291648 PMCID: PMC7761968 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial foodborne infections, including meat-derived infections, are globally associated with diseases and some deaths. Antibiotics are sometimes used to treat bacterial infections. The use of antibiotics by farmers contributes to the development of resistance by foodborne pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotics used by farmers and the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in ready-to-eat (RTE) meat sources. Data was obtained from livestock farmers through the administration of semistructured questionnaires (n = 376) to obtain information on their demographics, knowledge and antibiotic usage. The procedure in the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Bacteriological Analytical Manual was used for E. coli detection. Antibiotic resistance test was performed using the disk diffusion method. The findings revealed that most of the farmers were male (74.5%), were aged 30−39 years (28.5%), had tertiary education (30.3%) and had 6−10 years of experience in livestock husbandry. Sheep (65.7%) were the most reared livestock, and antibiotics were mostly used to treat sick animals (36.7%). Tetracycline (27.7%) was the most common antibiotic used by farmers, followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (18.6%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11.7%). Most farmers (56.1%) said they had knowledge of antibiotic usage. The prevalence of E. coli in RTE meats was lowest in pork (6.0%) and highest in chevon (20.0%). E. coli isolates from RTE meats were highly resistant to teicoplanin (96.77%), tetracycline (93.55%), amoxicillin/clavulanic (70.97%), azithromycin (70.97%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (58.06%) but was susceptible to chloramphenicol (93.55%), ciprofloxacin (61.29%) and ceftriaxone (58.06%). The multiple antibiotic index ranged from 0.22 to 0.78. Multidrug resistance (93.55%) was high among the E. coli isolates. The resistance pattern AmcAzmTecTeSxt (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid–azithromycin–telcoplanin–tetracycline–trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) was the most common. The use of antibiotics by farmers must be well regulated. Sellers of RTE meats also ought to take hygiene practices seriously to keep meat safe and healthy for public consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulai Abass
- Department of Animal Science, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale 1350, Ghana;
| | - Frederick Adzitey
- Department of Animal Science, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale 1350, Ghana;
- Department of Food Science, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale 1350, Ghana
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (N.H.); Tel.: +233-249-995-310 (F.A.); +60-124-843-144 (N.H.)
| | - Nurul Huda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (N.H.); Tel.: +233-249-995-310 (F.A.); +60-124-843-144 (N.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramos S, Silva V, Dapkevicius MDLE, Caniça M, Tejedor-Junco MT, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Escherichia coli as Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Among Food-Producing Animals: Health Implications of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Production. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122239. [PMID: 33260303 PMCID: PMC7761174 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This revision is about the problem of Escherichia coli as a commensal and pathogenic bacterium among food-producing animals and health implications. Escherichia coli may play an important ecological role and can be used as a bioindicator of antimicrobial resistance. All animal species used for food production, as well as humans, carry E. coli in their intestinal tract; plus, the genetic flexibility and adaptability of this bacteria to constantly changing environments allows it to acquire a great number of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. The majority of E. coli strains are commensals inhabiting the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals and rarely causes diseases. However, E. coli also remains as one of the most frequent causes of several common bacterial infections in humans and animals. All over the word, antibiotic resistance is commonly detected among commensal bacteria from food-producing animals, raising important questions on the potential impact of antibiotic use in animals and the possible transmission of these resistant bacteria to humans through the food chain. The use, in food-producing animals, of antibiotics that are critically important in human medicine has been implicated in the emergence of new forms of resistant bacteria, including new strains of multidrug-resistant foodborne bacteria, such as extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. Abstract Escherichia coli are facultative, anaerobic Gram-negative rods with many facets. Within resistant bacterial populations, they play an important ecological role and can be used as a bioindicator of antimicrobial resistance. All animal species used for food production, as well as humans, carry E. coli in their intestinal tracts; plus, the genetic flexibility and adaptability of this bacteria to constantly changing environments allows it to acquire a great number of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Thus, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in these commensal bacteria (or others, such as enterococci) can be a good indicator for the selective pressure caused by the use of antimicrobial agents, providing an early warning of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in pathogens. As many as 90% of E. coli strains are commensals inhabiting the intestinal tracts of humans and warm-blooded animals. As a commensal, it lives in a mutually beneficial association with its hosts and rarely causes diseases. However, E. coli also remains as one of the most frequent causes of several common bacterial infections in humans and animals. In humans, it is the prominent cause of enteritis, community- and hospital-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI), septicemia, postsurgical peritonitis, and other clinical infections, such as neonatal meningitis, while, in farm animals, it is more prominently associated with diarrhea. On a global scale, E. coli can be considered the most important human pathogen, causing severe infection along with other major bacterial foodborne agents, such as Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter. Thus, the importance of resistance in E. coli, typically considered a benign commensal, should not be underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Ramos
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.R.); (V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.R.); (V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lurdes Enes Dapkevicius
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal;
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9500-321 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.R.); (V.S.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +351-259-350-466
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brusa V, Costa M, Padola NL, Etcheverría A, Sampedro F, Fernandez PS, Leotta GA, Signorini ML. Quantitative risk assessment of haemolytic uremic syndrome associated with beef consumption in Argentina. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242317. [PMID: 33186398 PMCID: PMC7665811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) of haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-contaminated beef (intact beef cuts, ground beef and commercial hamburgers) in children under 15 years of age from Argentina. The QMRA was used to characterize STEC prevalence and concentration levels in each product through the Argentinean beef supply chain, including cattle primary production, cattle transport, processing and storage in the abattoir, retail and home preparation, and consumption. Median HUS probability from beef cut, ground beef and commercial hamburger consumption was <10-15, 5.4x10-8 and 3.5x10-8, respectively. The expected average annual number of HUS cases was 0, 28 and 4, respectively. Risk of infection and HUS probability were sensitive to the type of abattoir, the application or not of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) for STEC (HACCP-STEC), stx prevalence in carcasses and trimmings, storage conditions from the abattoir to retailers and home, the joint consumption of salads and beef products, and cooking preference. The QMRA results showed that the probability of HUS was higher if beef cuts (1.7x) and ground beef (1.2x) were from carcasses provided by abattoirs not applying HACCP-STEC. Thus, the use of a single sanitary standard that included the application of HACCP-STEC in all Argentinean abattoirs would greatly reduce HUS incidence. The average number of annual HUS cases estimated by the QMRA (n = 32) would explain about 10.0% of cases in children under 15 years per year in Argentina. Since other routes of contamination can be involved, including those not related to food, further research on the beef production chain, other food chains, person-to-person transmission and outbreak studies should be conducted to reduce the impact of HUS on the child population of Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L. Padola
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Pablo S. Fernandez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, España
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo L. Signorini
- IdICaL–Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea–(INTA–CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Onyeka LO, Adesiyun AA, Keddy KH, Madoroba E, Manqele A, Thompson PN. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Contamination of Raw Beef and Beef-Based Ready-to-Eat Products at Retail Outlets in Pretoria, South Africa. J Food Prot 2020; 83:476-484. [PMID: 32065651 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in raw beef and ready-to-eat (RTE) beef products sold in 31 retail outlets in Pretoria, South Africa, and nearby areas. A total of 463 beef and RTE samples were screened for four STEC virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA) and seven O-serogroups (O113, O157, O26, O91, O145, O111, and O103) with a multiplex PCR assay. The total aerobic plate count (TAPC) per gram was also determined. A total of 38 STEC isolates were recovered and characterized by conventional PCR assay and serotyping. The overall prevalence of STEC in the beef and RTE samples tested was 16.4% (76 of 463 samples; 95% confidence interval, 13 to 20%). The prevalence of STEC differed significantly by product type (P < 0.0001), with the highest prevalence (35%) detected in boerewors (spicy sausage). The STEC prevalences in minced beef, brisket, RTE cold beef, and biltong were 18, 13, 9, and 5%, respectively. The most frequently detected stx gene was stx2 (13%), and STEC serogroups from recovered isolates were detected at the following prevalences: O2, 15%; O8, 12%; O13, 15%; O20, 8%; O24, 3%; O39, 3%; O41, 8%; O71, 3%; O76, 3%; O150, 12%; and O174, 3%. A high proportion (77%) of the samples had TAPCs that exceeded the South African microbiological standards for meat export (5.0 log CFU/g). The prevalence of O157 STEC (16%) and the diversity of non-O157 STEC serogroups found in five common beef-based products from retail outlets in South Africa suggest exposure of raw beef and beef products to multiple contamination sources during carcass processing and/or cutting and handling at retail outlets. These data provide direct estimates of the potential health risk to consumers from undercooked contaminated products and indicate the need to improve sanitary practices during slaughter and processing of beef and beef-based RTE products. A risk-based surveillance system for STEC may be needed. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libby O Onyeka
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-9748 [P.N.T.]).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-9748 [P.N.T.])
| | - Karen H Keddy
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5400-343X [E.M.]).,Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Ayanda Manqele
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-9748 [P.N.T.]).,Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5400-343X [E.M.])
| | - Peter N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-9748 [P.N.T.])
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Determinants of Microbial Contamination of Street-Vended Chicken Products Sold in Nairobi County, Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2020; 2020:2746492. [PMID: 32149074 PMCID: PMC7044484 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2746492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Food safety problems pose a great threat to the health of consumers with the greatest burden in developing countries. Street-vended foods play a key role in providing many urban dwellers with cheap, nutritious, and accessible food, but when prepared in an unhygienic and unregulated environment, they could contribute to increased food safety burden. The study investigated the microbiological recovery of work surfaces and chicken sold in Korogocho and Kariobangi North slums in Nairobi County as well as evaluating vendors' hygiene and food safety practices. This is a cross-sectional study on an exhaustive sample size of 15 vendors, and swabs of the equipment and work surfaces and chicken were taken for microbial analysis. An exhaustive sample size of 15 vendors was selected for the study. The results showed that most vendors operate under unhygienic conditions. Microbial results revealed that raw portions of chicken had the highest contamination with all the four tested microorganisms (p < 0.05). The level of E. coli ranged from 6.42 ± 1.64 to 2.22 ± 1.88; Salmonella spp., 6.42 ± 1.64 to 2.22 ± 1.88; Staphylococcus aureus, 6.92 ± 1.32 to 2.86 ± 1.61; and Campylobacter jejuni, 8.95 ± 0.94 to 4.66 ± 2.67 log CFU/g in raw and cooked chicken samples, respectively. The predictors of E. coli contamination were the presence of pests and flies, unclean vending place, vending environment littered with waste, washing of hands by the vendor, and lack of appropriate clothing among the vendors at R2 of 0.33. The vendor practices and environmental hygiene of the vending place would not significantly (p > 0.05) predict contamination with Campylobacter and Staphylococcus. Consequently, there is a need to regulate the informal food processing and marketing channels, besides trainings, infrastructural development, and code of practice and inspections which are recommended in order to enhance the quality and safety standards of street-vended chicken products.
Collapse
|
12
|
Anihouvi DGH, Kpoclou YE, Assogba MF, Iko Afé OH, Lègba G, Scippo M, Hounhouigan DJ, Anihouvi VB, Mahillon J. Microbial contamination associated with the processing of grilled pork, a ready‐to‐eat street food in Benin. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dona G. H. Anihouvi
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Yénoukounmè E. Kpoclou
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Mahunan F. Assogba
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Ogouyôm H. Iko Afé
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Gertrude Lègba
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Marie‐Louise Scippo
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Djidjoho J. Hounhouigan
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Victor B. Anihouvi
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rhades LC, Larzábal M, Bentancor A, García JSY, Babinec FJ, Cataldi A, Amigo N, Baldone VN, Urquiza L, Delicia PJ, Fort MC. A one-year longitudinal study of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 fecal shedding in a beef cattle herd. Res Vet Sci 2019; 127:27-32. [PMID: 31670090 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bovines are the primary reservoir of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 and the main source of its transmission to humans. Here, we present a one-year longitudinal study of fecal shedding of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 obtained from recto-anal mucosal samples were characterized by multiplex PCR. The E. coli O157 prevalence ranged from 0.84% in July to 15.25% in November. The confinement within pens resulted in prevalence of 11%. Most animals (61.86%; 75/118) shed E. coli O157 at least in one sampling occasion. Of the positive animals, 82.19%, 16.44%, and 1.37% were stx positive on one, two and three sampling occasions, respectively. All the E. coli O157 isolated strains carried the genes eae and rfbO157, whereas 11%, 33% and 56% contained stx1, stx2 and stx1/stx2, respectively. The stx1/stx2 and stx2 types were significantly higher during the grazing and finishing periods, respectively, in comparison with the rearing and grazing periods. The presence of stx2a subtype was evident in four isolates, whereas stx2c was present in at least seven. However, both subtypes were present simultaneously in two isolates. The stx1/stx2c, stx1/stx2d and stx1/stx2NT genotypes occurred in 24, 2 and 15 isolates, respectively. The simultaneous occurrence of stx1 and stx2c significantly increased during grazing. Some cases of within-pen and between-pen transmission occurred throughout the study. Contagion levels during in-field grazing were higher than during permanent confinement in the pens. Thus, the individual patterns of shedding varied depending on the proportion of animals shedding the bacteria within pens and the time of shedding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Bentancor
- Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, UBA, Argentina
| | - J Sabio Y García
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, Argentina
| | - F J Babinec
- EEA INTA, Anguil, Argentina; Facultad de Agronomía, UNLPam, Argentina
| | | | - N Amigo
- IABIMO, CICVyA INTA, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Galarce N, Escobar B, Sánchez F, Paredes-Osses E, Alegría-Morán R, Borie C. Virulence Genes, Shiga Toxin Subtypes, Serogroups, and Clonal Relationship of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Livestock and Companion Animals. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E733. [PMID: 31569618 PMCID: PMC6826562 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes severe illness in humans and is an important cause of foodborne disease. In Chile, there is limited information on the virulence characteristics of this pathogen in livestock, and none in companion animals. The aim of this study was to characterize STEC strains isolated from cattle, swine, dogs, and cats, in Chile, in terms of the presence of Shiga toxin types and subtypes, virulence genes, serogroups, and clonality. One-thousand two-hundred samples were collected, isolating 54 strains (4.5%), where stx1a (68.5%) and ehxA (74.1%) were the most frequently detected virulence genes. Only one strain belonging to the most clinically relevant serogroups was identified. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis showed high clonal diversity among strains isolated from cattle, while those from swine showed the same pattern. This study provides further evidence regarding cattle and swine in Chile as a potential source of a wide variety of STEC strains that could potentially cause severe illness in humans, and that companion animals do not seem to represent a relevant reservoir. It also argues that preventive and control strategies should not be focused on detecting serogroups, but instead, on detecting their determinants of virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Galarce
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernando Sánchez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Esteban Paredes-Osses
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, 7780050 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile.
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, 7500908 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Consuelo Borie
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Varcasia BM, Tomassetti F, De Santis L, Di Giamberardino F, Lovari S, Bilei S, De Santis P. Presence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Fresh Beef Marketed in 13 Regions of ITALY (2017). Microorganisms 2018; 6:E126. [PMID: 30563244 PMCID: PMC6313577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in fresh beef marketed in 2017 in 13 regions of Italy, to evaluate the potential risk to human health. According to the ISO/TS 13136:2012 standard, 239 samples were analysed and nine were STEC positive, from which 20 strains were isolated. The STEC-positive samples were obtained from Calabria (n = 1), Campania (n = 1), Lazio (n = 2), Liguria (n = 1), Lombardia (n = 1) and Veneto (n = 3). All STEC strains were analysed for serogroups O26, O45, O55, O91, O103, O104, O111, O113, O121, O128, O145, O146 and O157, using Real-Time PCR. Three serogroups were identified amongst the 20 strains: O91 (n = 5), O113 (n = 2), and O157 (n = 1); the O-group for each of the 12 remaining STEC strains was not identified. Six stx subtypes were detected: stx1a, stx1c, stx2a, stx2b, stx2c and stx2d. Subtype stx2c was the most common, followed by stx2d and stx2b. Subtype stx2a was identified in only one eae-negative strain and occurred in combination with stx1a, stx1c and stx2b. The presence in meat of STEC strains being potentially harmful to human health shows the importance, during harvest, of implementing additional measures to reduce contamination risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Maria Varcasia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tomassetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura De Santis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Sarah Lovari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bilei
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola De Santis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jahan M, Rahman M, Rahman M, Sikder T, Uson-Lopez RA, Selim ASM, Saito T, Kurasaki M. Microbiological safety of street-vended foods in Bangladesh. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-018-1174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|