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Vargas DA, De Villena JF, Larios V, Bueno López R, Chávez-Velado DR, Casas DE, Jiménez RL, Blandon SE, Sanchez-Plata MX. Data-Mining Poultry Processing Bio-Mapping Counts of Pathogens and Indicator Organisms for Food Safety Management Decision Making. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040898. [PMID: 36832973 PMCID: PMC9956266 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-mapping studies play an important role, as the data collected can be managed and analyzed in multiple ways to look at process trends, find explanations about the effect of process changes, activate a root cause analysis for events, and even compile performance data to demonstrate to inspection authorities or auditors the effect of certain decisions made on a daily basis and their effects over time in commercial settings not only from the food safety perspective but also from the production side. This study presents an alternative analysis of bio-mapping data collected throughout several months in a commercial poultry processing operation as described in the article "Bio-Mapping Indicators and Pathogen Loads in a Commercial Broiler Processing Facility Operating with High and Low Antimicrobial Interventions". The conducted analysis identifies the processing shift effect on microbial loads, attempts to find correlation between microbial indicators data and pathogens loads, and identifies novel visualization approaches and conducts distribution analysis for microbial indicators and pathogens in a commercial poultry processing facility. From the data analyzed, a greater number of locations were statistically different between shifts under reduced levels of chemical interventions with higher means at the second shift for both indicators and pathogens levels. Minimal to negligible correlation was found when comparing aerobic counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts with Salmonella levels, with significant variability between sampling locations. Distribution analysis and visualization as a bio-map of the process resulted in a clear bimodality in reduced chemical conditions for multiple locations mostly explained by shift effect. The development and use of bio-mapping data, including proper data visualization, improves the tools needed for ongoing decision making in food safety systems.
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Host Response of Syrian Hamster to SARS-CoV-2 Infection including Differences with Humans and between Sexes. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020428. [PMID: 36851642 PMCID: PMC9960357 DOI: 10.3390/v15020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted the importance of having proper tools and models to study the pathophysiology of emerging infectious diseases to test therapeutic protocols, assess changes in viral phenotypes, and evaluate the effects of viral evolution. This study provided a comprehensive characterization of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) as an animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection using different approaches (description of clinical signs, viral load, receptor profiling, and host immune response) and targeting four different organs (lungs, intestine, brain, and PBMCs). Our data showed that both male and female hamsters were susceptible to the infection and developed a disease similar to the one observed in patients with COVID-19 that included moderate to severe pulmonary lesions, inflammation, and recruitment of the immune system in the lungs and at the systemic level. However, all animals recovered within 14 days without developing the severe pathology seen in humans, and none of them died. We found faint evidence for intestinal and neurological tropism associated with the absence of lesions and a minimal host response in intestines and brains, which highlighted another crucial difference with the multiorgan impairment of severe COVID-19. When comparing male and female hamsters, we observed that males sustained higher viral RNA shedding and replication in the lungs, suffered from more severe symptoms and histopathological lesions, and triggered higher pulmonary inflammation. Overall, these data confirmed the Syrian hamster as a suitable model for mild to moderate COVID-19 and reflected sex-related differences in the response against the virus observed in humans.
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Using E. coli population to predict foodborne pathogens in pastured poultry farms. Food Microbiol 2022; 108:104092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Assessment of poultry process hygiene and bacterial dynamics along two broiler slaughter lines in Norway. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Petrin S, Mancin M, Losasso C, Deotto S, Olsen JE, Barco L. Effect of pH and Salinity on the Ability of Salmonella Serotypes to Form Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:821679. [PMID: 35464965 PMCID: PMC9021792 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.821679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of food-borne infections in Europe, and the majority of human infections are caused by only a few serotypes, among them are Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis (hereafter Salmonella Enteritidis), Salmonella Typhimurium, and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium. The reason for this is not fully understood, but could include virulence factors as well as increased ability to transfer via the external environment. Formation of biofilm is considered an adaptation strategy used by bacteria to overcome environmental stresses. In order to assess the capability of different Salmonella serotypes to produce biofilm and establish whether this is affected by pH and salinity, 88 Salmonella isolates collected from animal, food, and human sources and belonging to 15 serotypes, including those most frequently responsible for human infections, were tested. Strains were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB), TSB with 4% NaCl pH 4.5, TSB with 10% NaCl pH 4.5, TSB with 4% NaCl pH 7, or TSB with 10% NaCl pH 7, and biofilm production was assessed after 24 h at 37°C using crystal violet staining. A linear mixed effect model was applied to compare results from the different experimental conditions. Among the tested serotypes, S. Dublin showed the greatest ability to form biofilm even at pH 4.5, which inhibited biofilm production in the other tested serotypes. Salmonella Senftenberg and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium showed the highest biofilm production in TSB with 10% NaCl pH 7. In general, pH had a high influence on the ability to form biofilm, and most of the tested strains were not able to produce biofilm at pH 4.5. In contrast, salinity only had a limited influence on biofilm production. In general, serotypes causing the highest number of human infections showed a limited ability to produce biofilm in the tested conditions, indicating that biofilm formation is not a crucial factor in the success of these clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrin
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory - SCS1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marzia Mancin
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory - SCS1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carmen Losasso,
| | - Silvia Deotto
- Clinical Diagnostics Laboratory - SCT4, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Basaldella di Campoformido, Italy
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lisa Barco
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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Wages JA, Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Ricke SC. Consequences of Implementing Neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water in Commercial Poultry Processing on the Microbiota of Whole Bird Carcass Rinses and the Subsequent Microbiological Analyses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:813461. [PMID: 35369495 PMCID: PMC8969756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) established guidelines which modified the Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) rinsate material to include additional compounds that would better neutralize residual processing aids and allow for better recovery of sublethal injured Salmonella spp. cells. While the added compounds improved the recovery of Salmonella spp., specific data to understand how the new rinse agent, neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water (nBPW), impacts the recovery of other microorganisms such as Campylobacter spp. and indicator microorganisms are lacking. Therefore, this study evaluated the impact of rinse solutions (BPW or nBPW) used in Whole Bird Carcass rinsate (WBCR) collections on the subsequent microbiome and downstream culturing methodologies. Carcasses exiting a finishing chiller were rinsed in 400 ml of BPW or nBPW. Resulting rinsates were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae (EB), Salmonella, and Campylobacter spp. prevalence and total aerobic bacteria (APC) and EB load. The 16S rDNA of the rinsates and the matrices collected from applied microbiological analyses were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq®. Log10-transformed counts were analyzed in JMP 15 using ANOVA with means separated using Tukey’s HSD, and prevalence data were analyzed using Pearson’s χ2 (P ≤ 0.05). Diversity and microbiota compositions (ANCOM) were analyzed in QIIME 2.2019.7 (P ≤ 0.05; Q ≤ 0.05). There was an effect of rinsate type on the APC load and Campylobacter spp. prevalence (P < 0.05), but not the quantity or prevalence of EB or Salmonella spp. prevalence. There were differences between the microbial diversity of the two rinsate types and downstream analyses (P < 0.05). Additionally, several taxa, including Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Clostridium, Enterococcaceae, Burkholderiaceae, and Staphylococcaceae, were differentially abundant in paired populations. Therefore, the rinse buffer used in a WBCR collection causes proportional shifts in the microbiota, which can lead to differences in results obtained from cultured microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Wages
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.,Tyson Foods, Inc., Springdale, AR, United States
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristina M Feye
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Cegar S, Kuruca L, Vidovic B, Antic D, Hauge SJ, Alvseike O, Blagojevic B. Risk categorisation of poultry abattoirs on the basis of the current process hygiene criteria and indicator microorganisms. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Dzieciolowski T, Boqvist S, Rydén J, Hansson I. Cleaning and disinfection of transport crates for poultry - comparison of four treatments at slaughter plant. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101521. [PMID: 34823182 PMCID: PMC8627975 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport crates for poultry can contribute to the spread of pathogens, with those of public health interest, for example, Campylobacter, being of particular importance. A strict cleaning procedure and use of an effective disinfection method for transport equipment are thus important to avoid introduction of Campylobacter to chicken and poultry farms, particularly during flock thinning. This study evaluated the efficacy of the disinfection procedure currently in use at one of the largest slaughter plants in Sweden and compared the effects with those of other disinfection methods. The evaluation was based on treatment ability to reduce the presence and amount of indicator bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic bacteria. In 4 trials, sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and drying with hot air, with or without sodium hypochlorite for final disinfection, were compared. The analysis was based on 40 cotton swab samples taken in each treatment, 20 after the soaking stage and 20 after the final disinfection step. The results showed that use of a chemical disinfectant in combination with drying with hot air (dehumidifier) was the most effective treatment, with an average reduction of 3.4 log for total aerobic bacteria and 3.8 log for Enterobacteriaceae. Since all crates treated with hot air were dry, transport conditions for the birds also improved, particularly in cold weather. A disadvantage is that this treatment is energy-consuming and would require substantial technical changes to the current cleaning process, increasing operating costs at the slaughter plant. However, considering the contribution of improved crate cleaning to overall hygiene control within the poultry supply chain and the beneficial effect on animal welfare, the costs may be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dzieciolowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden.
| | - S Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - J Rydén
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - I Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden
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Song X, Wang H, Xu X. Investigation of microbial contamination in a chicken slaughterhouse environment. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3598-3610. [PMID: 34287883 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The environment in poultry abattoirs is the primary potential source of bacterial contamination and cross-contamination of broiler carcasses. In this context, we explored the influence of chilling water and contact surfaces on the microbial diversity of broiler carcasses in warm and cold seasons. High-throughput sequencing was used to target the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Proteobacteria was the main phylum detected in broiler carcasses and on contact surfaces, whereas Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes had high abundances of the prechilling water in both seasons. At the genus level, Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter were much more abundant on broiler carcasses in the warm season, while Flavobacterium and Psychrobacter dominated in the cold season. LEfSe analysis showed that the chilling tank was a key location where carcass contamination occurred. Therefore, the risk of carcass contamination can be reduced by improving sanitary conditions during processing, installing longer chilling tanks, or increasing the water exchange rate in chilling tanks. The results of this study may be useful for better slaughterhouse environmental hygiene management in different seasons. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study will help poultry processing managers better understand the impact of different seasons on the environmental microbiota in the environment and their abundance in poultry processing plants, thus allowing them to adopt proper disinfection strategies for different seasons and environments, further improving the safety and shelf life of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, and College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Huhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, and College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, and College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Kwon BR, Wei B, Cha SY, Shang K, Zhang JF, Kang M, Jang HK. Longitudinal Study of the Distribution of Antimicrobial-Resistant Campylobacter Isolates from an Integrated Broiler Chicken Operation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33498355 PMCID: PMC7909429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic diversity of Campylobacter isolates that were obtained from whole chicken production stages in Korea. A total of 1348 samples were collected from 10 production lines. The prevalence of Campylobacter in breeder farm, broiler farm, slaughterhouse, and retail meat products was 50.0%, 3.3%, 13.4%, and 68.4%, respectively, and Campylobacter was not detected at the hatchery stage. Resistance to quinolones/fluoroquinolones was the most prevalent at all stages. Among the multidrug-resistant isolates, 16 isolates (19.8%) from breeder farm were resistant to both azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. A total of 182 isolates were subdivided into 82 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes with 100% similarity. Diverse genotypes were presented with discontinuous patterns along the whole production chain. Thirty percent of Campylobacter-free flocks became positive after slaughtering. An identical genotype was simultaneously detected from both breeder farm and retail meat, even from different production lines. This study reveals that antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter contamination can occur at all stages of the chicken supply chain. In particular, the breeder farm and slaughterhouse should be the main control points, as they are the potential stages at which antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter could spread to retail meat products by horizontal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (B.-R.K.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.S.); (J.-F.Z.)
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (B.-R.K.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.S.); (J.-F.Z.)
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (B.-R.K.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.S.); (J.-F.Z.)
| | - Ke Shang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (B.-R.K.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.S.); (J.-F.Z.)
| | - Jun-Feng Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (B.-R.K.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.S.); (J.-F.Z.)
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (B.-R.K.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.S.); (J.-F.Z.)
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (B.-R.K.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.S.); (J.-F.Z.)
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Korea
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11
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Moazzami M, Fernström LL, Hansson I. Reducing Campylobacter jejuni, Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic bacteria on transport crates for chickens by irradiation with 265-nm ultraviolet light (UV–C LED). Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Alter T, Reich F. Management Strategies for Prevention of Campylobacter Infections Through the Poultry Food Chain: A European Perspective. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:79-102. [PMID: 33620649 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies point out that at present, a complete elimination of Campylobacter species in the poultry food chain is not feasible. Thus, the current aim should be to establish control measures and intervention strategies to minimize the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in livestock (esp. poultry flocks) and to reduce the quantitative Campylobacter burden along the food chain in animals and subsequently in foods. The most effective measures to mitigate Campylobacter focus on the primary production stage. Nevertheless, measures applied during slaughter and processing complement the general meat hygiene approaches by reducing fecal contamination during slaughtering and processing and as a consequence help to reduce Campylobacter in poultry meat. Such intervention measures at slaughter and processing level would include general hygienic improvements, technological innovations and/or decontamination measures that are applied at single slaughter or processing steps. In particular, approaches that do not focus on a single intervention measure would need to be based on a thorough process of evaluation, and potential combinatory effects have to be modeled and tested. Finally, the education of all stakeholders (including retailers, food handlers and consumers) is required and will help to increase awareness for the presence of foodborne pathogens in raw meat and meat products and can thus aid in the development of the required good kitchen hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Alter
- Center for Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Free University Berlin, Koenigsweg 69, Berlin, 14163, Germany.
| | - Felix Reich
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
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Rasschaert G, De Zutter L, Herman L, Heyndrickx M. Campylobacter contamination of broilers: the role of transport and slaughterhouse. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 322:108564. [PMID: 32163798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most important causative agents of foodborne illnesses worldwide. The poultry reservoir is the main source of Campylobacter. Within the broiler production chain, campylobacters can only multiply in the chicken's intestinal tract. Intervention at farm level to reduce Campylobacter is thus preferred, but despite extensive study, no highly effective solutions have been found to combat Campylobacter at farm level. Slaughterhouses are experiencing great pressure to deliver carcasses with low Campylobacter contamination even when they receive and slaughter Campylobacter colonized flocks. Since 2018, a process hygiene criterion (EU 2017/1495) with the critical limit of <1000 cfu/g neck skin has been implemented in EU Member States based on the calculation done at the time of the study that human campylobacteriosis cases could be halved if all carcasses would comply with a criterion of <1000 cfu/g neck skin. This review covers Campylobacter contamination of broiler carcasses from transport through the different slaughter steps. Possible intervention methods during slaughter are discussed with a focus on the European situation, where chemicals are not allowed to disinfect carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium.
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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