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Al Naggar Y, Taha IM, Taha EKA, Zaghlool A, Nasr A, Nagib A, Elhamamsy SM, Abolaban G, Fahmy A, Hegazy E, Metwaly KH, Zahra AA. Gamma irradiation and ozone application as preservation methods for longer-term storage of bee pollen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25192-25201. [PMID: 38462566 PMCID: PMC11023998 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Bee pollen is a healthy product with a good nutritional profile and therapeutic properties. Its high moisture content, however, promotes the growth of bacteria, molds, and yeast during storage commonly result in product degradation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of gamma irradiation (GI) and ozone (OZ) as bee pollen preservation methods for longer storage time, as well as whether they are influenced by pollen species. To do that, GI at a dosage of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 kGy was applied at a rate of 0.68 kGy/h and OZ application at a concentration of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 g/m3 was applied for one time for 6 h, to Egyptian clover and maize bee pollen, then stored at ambient temperature for 6 months. We then determined the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of treated and non-treated pollen samples at 0, 3, and 6 months of storage. Total bacteria, mold, and yeast count were also evaluated at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months. Statistical analyses revealed that, TPC, antioxidant, and microbial load of both clover and maize pollen samples were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by both treatment and storage time and their interaction. Both methods were extremely effective at preserving the antioxidant properties of pollen samples after 6 months of storage at room temperature. Furthermore, the highest concentrations of both GI and OZ applications completely protected pollen samples from mold and yeast while decreasing bacterial contamination. GI at the highest dose (7.5 KGy) was found to be more effective than other GI doses and OZ application in preserving biologically active compounds and lowering the microbial count of pollen samples for 6 months. As a result, we advise beekeepers to use GI at this dose for longer-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Al Naggar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
- Center of Bee Research and its Products, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim M Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - El-Kazafy A Taha
- Department of Economic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ayman Zaghlool
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Ali Nasr
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Nagib
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Sam M Elhamamsy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Gomaa Abolaban
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Alaa Fahmy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
- Petrochemicals Department, Faculty of Engineering, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eslam Hegazy
- Department of Food Irradiation, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, 11787, Egypt
| | - Khaled H Metwaly
- Center of Plasma Technology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A Zahra
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
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Fuente-Ballesteros A, Augé C, Bernal J, Ares AM. Development and Validation of a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Determining Acaricides in Bee Pollen. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062497. [PMID: 36985469 PMCID: PMC10056623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides can be found in beehives for several reasons, including contamination from surrounding crops or for their use by beekeepers, which poses a risk to bee ecosystems and consumers. Therefore, efficient and sensitive methods are needed for determining pesticide residues in bee products. In this study, a new analytical method has been developed and validated to determine seven acaricides (atrazine, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos, α-endosulfan, bromopropylate, coumaphos, and τ-fluvalinate) in bee pollen using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. After an optimization study, the best sample treatment was obtained when using a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method employing an ethyl acetate and cyclohexane as the extractant mixture, and a mixture of salts for the clean-up step. A chromatographic analysis (<21 min) was performed in an Agilent DB-5MS column, and it was operated under programmed temperature conditions. The method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, limits of detection (0.2–3.1 µg kg−1) and quantification (0.6–9.7 µg kg−1), linearity, matrix effect (<20% in all cases), trueness (recoveries between 80% and 108%), and precision. Finally, the proposed method was applied to analyze commercial bee pollen samples, and some of the target pesticides (chlorfenvinphos, α-endosulfan, coumaphos, and τ-fluvalinate) were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Fuente-Ballesteros
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I.U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Camille Augé
- SIGMA Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand Campus, 63178 Aubiere, France
| | - José Bernal
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I.U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Ares
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I.U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-983184249
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