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Maldonado-Barrueco A, García-Rodríguez J, Ruiz-Carrascoso G. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Prevalence and Incidence of Bacterial Gastroenteritis in Spain, 2019-2022. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:279-287. [PMID: 38271584 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against SARS-CoV-2 on bacterial gastroenteritis illnesses (BGIs), including Campylobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), and Yersinia enterocolitica, in outpatients, inpatients, and emergency departments (ED). Data of patients from a health care area in Madrid (Spain) with diarrhea and positive-real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were collected. The periods analyzed were prepandemic (P0, April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020), first (P1, April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021), and second (P2, April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2022) pandemic years. We compared the prevalence, median age, patient profile, and absolute incidence (AI) per 100,000 population during the study periods using Fisher's test (p < 0.05). One thousand eighty-one (13.9%, [95% confidence interval, CI: 13.1-14.6]) of the 7793 patients tested during P0, 777 (13.3%, [95% CI: 12.4-14.2]) of the 5850 tested during P1, and 945 (12.4%, [95% CI: 11.7-13.2]) of the 7606 patients tested were positive for some BGIs. The global prevalence showed a decreasing trend that was statistically significant in P2. During P1, there was an increase in BGIs in the ED with a decrease of median age (p > 0.05). However, during P2, the prevalence for outpatients increased (p < 0.05). The individual prevalence analysis over the three periods remained homogeneous for most of the BGIs (p > 0.05). The AI of most BGIs showed a decreasing trend at P1 and P2 with respect to P0 (p > 0.05). However, Shigella spp./EIEC was the only BGI with a decrease in prevalence, and AI showed statistically significant variation in P1 and P2 (p < 0.05). The prevalence and AI for BGIs mostly showed a slight decrease during the first 2 pandemic years compared with the prepandemic may be explained by the greater impact of foodborne transmission on BGIs. The significant decrease in Shigella spp./EIEC illnesses could explain the mainly person-to-person transmission and the reduction of bacterial load in fomites for NPIs. This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee with the code: HULP PI-5700.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio García-Rodríguez
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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Marotta F, Janowicz A, Romantini R, Di Marcantonio L, Di Timoteo F, Romualdi T, Zilli K, Barco L, D’Incau M, Mangone I, Cito F, Di Domenico M, Pomilio F, Ricci L, Garofolo G. Genomic and Antimicrobial Surveillance of Campylobacter Population in Italian Poultry. Foods 2023; 12:2919. [PMID: 37569189 PMCID: PMC10418777 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide with increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. Most cases of campylobacteriosis can be traced back to the consumption of poultry meat. Despite many efforts to reduce contamination in farms and in slaughterhouses, the persistence of this pathogen in poultry products remains a problem. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of 542 C. jejuni and C. coli in Italian poultry, in the framework of two National Monitoring Programs. Genomes were screened for antibiotic resistance, virulence determinants and contextualized within a global collection of C. jejuni. ST2116, ST2863 and ST 832 were the most prevalent and significantly associated with Italian poultry. A worrying increase in resistance to quinolones, fluoroquinolones and tetracycline was observed in C. jejuni, while an increased occurrence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains and strains resistant to macrolides was detected in C. coli. Low resistance rates were found for aminoglycosides. Molecular resistance determinants were consistent with the phenotypic resistance for tetracycline and quinolones. In silico analysis revealed 119 genes associated with virulence factors, with a notably higher prevalence of some genes in ST2863 genomes. This study highlights the increased resistance to macrolides and the emergence of MDR strains for C. coli, the genetic basis of AMR and the predominance of two genotypes among Campylobacter strains isolated from the Italian poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marotta
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Anna Janowicz
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Romina Romantini
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Lisa Di Marcantonio
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Federica Di Timoteo
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Teresa Romualdi
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Katiuscia Zilli
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Lisa Barco
- Italian National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy;
| | - Mario D’Incau
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Iolanda Mangone
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Francesca Cito
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Lucilla Ricci
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
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Tang B, Zheng X, Lin J, Wu J, Lin R, Jiang H, Ji X, Yang H, Shen Z, Xia F. Prevalence of the phenicol resistance gene fexA in Campylobacter isolated from the poultry supply chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 381:109912. [PMID: 36081243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Florfenicol, an animal-specific broad-spectrum antibiotic, has been widely used in livestock and poultry breeding, which leads to the high antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Campylobacter in food animals. Recently, a new florfenicol resistance gene, fexA, often located on various multidrug resistance genomic islands (MDRGIs) and confers resistance to various antimicrobial agents, was characterized in Campylobacter. However, the prevalence and genetic environments of fexA and its associated MDRGIs in Campylobacter in the poultry supply chain need further characterization. Here, a total of 111 (15.48 %) Campylobacter isolates (63 C. jejuni, 40 C. coli, 8 C. lari) were obtained from 717 samples from farms, slaughterhouses, and supermarkets. Both phenotypic and genotypic analyses indicated that the AMR of C. coli was significantly higher than that of C. jejuni. PCR amplification and whole genome sequencing showed that the fexA gene was present in 26 out of 35 florfenicol-resistant Campylobacter isolates. This gene was located in the tet(L)-fexA-tet(O) MDRGI. The fexA-harboring isolates detected in the above sources could be clustered into the same branch, indicating that they may have the same ancestor. In addition, the erm(B) gene was identified in 17 Campylobacter isolates, and the A2075G point mutation in the 23S rRNA gene occurred in 26 isolates, emphasizing the high resistance of Campylobacter to macrolides. In summary, these results indicate that fexA within the MDRGI of Campylobacter can be transmitted through bacteria in the animal-based food supply chain, and it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of the prevalence and spread of fexA in foodborne Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; College of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rumeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhangqi Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fei Xia
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian, Shaanxi, China.
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Bort B, Martí P, Mormeneo S, Mormeneo M, Iranzo M. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Broilers Throughout the Supply Chain in Valencia, Spain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:717-724. [PMID: 36037011 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been described worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and AMR of Campylobacter spp. isolated from broilers throughout the supply chain in Valencia, Spain. A total of 483 samples were included in the analysis: 430 from the slaughterhouse (chicken carcass and neck skin) and 53 from the point of sale (retail broiler and packaging). Taking into account the origin of the sample, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 19% in carcass, 28.2% in neck skin, 36.7% in retail broiler, and 80% in packaging isolates. The prevalence of different species in the analyzed samples was 21.1% and 4.8% for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, respectively. AMR profiling of 125 Campylobacter isolates revealed that 122 (97.6%) of the isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. C. jejuni samples presented high resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, 96.1% and 90.2% respectively, whereas C. coli showed 87% of resistance to both antimicrobials. Both species were resistant to tetracycline (C. jejuni 84.3% and C. coli 60.9%) and 26.1% of C. coli was resistant to streptomycin. These results showed no significant difference in the frequency of AMR (p ≥ 0.05) among isolates originated from different points in the food-processing chain at slaughterhouses and retail establishments. In contrast, three main patterns were detected: quinolone-tetracycline (64%), quinolone-only (17.6%), and quinolone-tetracycline-aminoglycosides (8%). Additionally, 12.8% of the isolates presented multidrug resistance, with significantly higher levels detected among C. coli (30.4%) isolates compared with C. jejuni (8.8%) and all the three strains were resistant to all six antibiotics tested. Therefore, these results indicate that broilers could be a source of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter in humans and consequently pose a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Bort
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Pedro Martí
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mormeneo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - María Mormeneo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - María Iranzo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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