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Gravholt CH, Andersen NH, Christin-Maitre S, Davis SM, Duijnhouwer A, Gawlik A, Maciel-Guerra AT, Gutmark-Little I, Fleischer K, Hong D, Klein KO, Prakash SK, Shankar RK, Sandberg DE, Sas TCJ, Skakkebæk A, Stochholm K, van der Velden JA, Backeljauw PF. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:G53-G151. [PMID: 38748847 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) affects 50 per 100 000 females. TS affects multiple organs through all stages of life, necessitating multidisciplinary care. This guideline extends previous ones and includes important new advances, within diagnostics and genetics, estrogen treatment, fertility, co-morbidities, and neurocognition and neuropsychology. Exploratory meetings were held in 2021 in Europe and United States culminating with a consensus meeting in Aarhus, Denmark in June 2023. Prior to this, eight groups addressed important areas in TS care: (1) diagnosis and genetics, (2) growth, (3) puberty and estrogen treatment, (4) cardiovascular health, (5) transition, (6) fertility assessment, monitoring, and counselling, (7) health surveillance for comorbidities throughout the lifespan, and (8) neurocognition and its implications for mental health and well-being. Each group produced proposals for the present guidelines, which were meticulously discussed by the entire group. Four pertinent questions were submitted for formal GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) evaluation with systematic review of the literature. The guidelines project was initiated by the European Society for Endocrinology and the Pediatric Endocrine Society, in collaboration with members from the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, the European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions, the Society for Endocrinology, and the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Australia and New Zealand Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Latin American Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Arab Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and the Asia Pacific Pediatric Endocrine Society. Advocacy groups appointed representatives for pre-meeting discussions and the consensus meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sophie Christin-Maitre
- Endocrine and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Center of Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development (CMERCD), FIRENDO, Endo ERN Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Shanlee M Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Anthonie Duijnhouwer
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Aneta Gawlik
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrea T Maciel-Guerra
- Area of Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 13083-888 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris Gutmark-Little
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Kathrin Fleischer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Nij Geertgen Center for Fertility, Ripseweg 9, 5424 SM Elsendorp, The Netherlands
| | - David Hong
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Karen O Klein
- Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, United States
| | - Siddharth K Prakash
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Roopa Kanakatti Shankar
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20010, United States
| | - David E Sandberg
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, United States
- Division of Pediatric Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, United States
| | - Theo C J Sas
- Department the Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Pediatric and Adult Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Stochholm
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Janielle A van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
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Ossama HM, Kholeif S, Elhady GM. The Use of Fluorescence In situ Hybridisation in the Diagnosis of Hidden Mosaicism in Egyptian Patients with Turner Syndrome. J Hum Reprod Sci 2023; 16:286-298. [PMID: 38322635 PMCID: PMC10841934 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_128_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Turner syndrome (TS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality in females. The diagnosis of TS is based on karyotyping of 30 blood lymphocytes. This technique does not rule out tissue mosaicism or low-grade mosaicism in the blood. Because of the associated risk of gonadoblastoma, mosaicism is especially important in case this involves a Y chromosome. Aims This study was set to determine the value of additional genetic studies such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation and the inclusion of buccal cells in search for mosaicism in TS patients. Settings and Design This cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed in Human Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University. Materials and Methods Fluorescence in situ hybridisation technique was applied to lymphocyte cultures as well as buccal smears using centromeric probes for X and Y chromosomes. Genotype phenotype correlation was also evaluated. Statistical Analysis Used Descriptive study where categorical variables were described using number and percentage and continuous variables were described using mean and standard deviation. Results Fluorescence in situ hybridisation technique study detected hidden mosaicism in 60% of studied patients; 20% of patients had a cell line containing Y material, while 40% had variable degrees of X, XX mosaicism, and in the remaining 40% no second cell line was detected. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation study helped identify the origin of the marker to be Y in all patients. The introduction of an additional cell line helped in identifying mosaicism in patients with monosomy X. Virilisation signs were only observed among TS patients with Y cell line mosaicism. The clinical manifestations were more severe in patients with monosomy X than other mosaic cases. Conclusions Molecular cytogenetic investigation for all suspected cases of TS should be considered for appropriate treatment plan and genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Mohamed Ossama
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Soha Kholeif
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mohamed Elhady
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Sap SNU, Mbono Betoko R, Etoa Etoga M, Mure PY, Morel Y, Dahoun S, Mouafo Tambo F, Moiffo B, Sobngwi E, Koki Ndombo P. Observational study of disorders of sex development in Yaounde, Cameroon. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:417-423. [PMID: 32069241 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction According to the current classification of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) of Disorders of Sex Development (DSD), etiologies vary around the world. Ethnic or genetic diversity probably explains this variability. We therefore conducted the present study on etiologies of DSDs in a country from central Africa. Methods We carried out an observational retrospective study at the Pediatric Endocrinology Unit of the Mother and Child Centre of the Chantal Biya Foundation in Yaounde, Cameroon from May 2013 to December 2019. All patients diagnosed with a DSD were included, and incomplete files excluded. Results We included 80 patients diagnosed with DSD during the study period. The 46,XX DSD were the most frequent in our study population (n = 41, 51.25%), with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) as the main diagnosis. The 46,XY DSD accounted for 33.75% and sex chromosome DSD group represented 15% of the study population. Conclusions DSDs are not an exceptional diagnosis in a Sub-Saharan context. 46,XX DSD are the most prevalent diagnosis in our setting. The diagnosis of all these affections is late compared to other centers, justifying advocacy for neonatal screening of DSDs in our context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ngo Um Sap
- Mother and Child Center of the Chantal Biya Foundation of Yaounde, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon, Phone: +237 677594797
| | - Ritha Mbono Betoko
- District Hospital of Nylon, Douala, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Martine Etoa Etoga
- Central Hospital of Yaounde, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Yves Mure
- Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Yves Morel
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, GH Est, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Dahoun
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Faustin Mouafo Tambo
- Gyneco-Obstetric Hospital of Yaounde, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Boniface Moiffo
- Gyneco-Obstetric Hospital of Yaounde, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Eugène Sobngwi
- Central Hospital of Yaounde, Faculty of medicine and biomedical sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Paul Koki Ndombo
- Mother and Child Center of the Chantal Biya Foundation Yaounde, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Paediatrics, Yaounde, Cameroon
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Kruszka P, Addissie YA, Tekendo-Ngongang C, Jones KL, Savage SK, Gupta N, Sirisena ND, Cerda TEA, Nampoothiri S, Girisha KM, Patil SJ, Jamuar SS, Utari A, Sihombing N, Mishra R, Chitrakar NS, Iriele B, Lulseged E, Megarbane A, Uwineza A, Roque MMD, Thong MK, Moresco A, Obregon MG, Ling TY, Mok GTK, Fleischer N, Rwegerera G, de Herreros MB, Watts J, Fieggen K, Farouk D, Ashaat NA, Chung BH, Badoe E, Faradz SMH, El-Ruby M, Shotelersuk V, Wonkam A, Ekure EN, Richieri-Costa A, Muenke M. Turner syndrome in diverse populations. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:303-313. [PMID: 31854143 PMCID: PMC8141514 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a common multiple congenital anomaly syndrome resulting from complete or partial absence of the second X chromosome. In this study, we explore the phenotype of TS in diverse populations using clinical examination and facial analysis technology. Clinical data from 78 individuals and images from 108 individuals with TS from 19 different countries were analyzed. Individuals were grouped into categories of African descent (African), Asian, Latin American, Caucasian (European descent), and Middle Eastern. The most common phenotype features across all population groups were short stature (86%), cubitus valgus (76%), and low posterior hairline 70%. Two facial analysis technology experiments were conducted: TS versus general population and TS versus Noonan syndrome. Across all ethnicities, facial analysis was accurate in diagnosing TS from frontal facial images as measured by the area under the curve (AUC). An AUC of 0.903 (p < .001) was found for TS versus general population controls and 0.925 (p < .001) for TS versus individuals with Noonan syndrome. In summary, we present consistent clinical findings from global populations with TS and additionally demonstrate that facial analysis technology can accurately distinguish TS from the general population and Noonan syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yonit A. Addissie
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cedrik Tekendo-Ngongang
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kelly L. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughter, Norfolk, VA
| | | | - Neerja Gupta
- Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirmala D. Sirisena
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kerala, India
| | - Katta M. Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | | | | | - Agustini Utari
- Center for Biomedical Research, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Nydia Sihombing
- Center for Biomedical Research, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Rupesh Mishra
- Division of Human Genetics, Civil Service Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Brenda Iriele
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ezana Lulseged
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Annette Uwineza
- University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Center of Human Genetics, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Meow-Keong Thong
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Angélica Moresco
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Tung Yuet Ling
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary TK Mok
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - María Beatriz de Herreros
- National Secretariat for the Rights of People with Disabilities (SENADIS), Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
| | - Jonathan Watts
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Helath Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Fieggen
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Helath Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dalia Farouk
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neveen A. Ashaat
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Brian H.Y. Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eden Badoe
- Department of Child Health, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sultana MH Faradz
- Center for Biomedical Research, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Mona El-Ruby
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Helath Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ekanem Nsikak Ekure
- Department of Paediatrics College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Antonio Richieri-Costa
- Hospital for the Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, São Paulo University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Etoga MCE, Akwa G, Boli AO, Jingi AM, Katte JCN, Ngambou NSN, Wandji B, Dehayem M, Mbanya JC, Choukem SP, Sobngwi E. The clinical and psychological profiles of patients with hypogonadism, followed in 3 reference hospitals of Cameroon: an observational study. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:47. [PMID: 31448010 PMCID: PMC6689844 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.47.18352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypogonadism refers to a syndrome that results from failure of gonads to function properly. The main concern is considerable rise in morbidity, as shown by increased cardiovascular risk, infertility, osteoporosis and above all, the psychological impact on the life of the patients with hypogonadism. Judicious steroid replacement and culturally-sensitive psychological support before and during steroid therapy remains the key tool in the management of this condition. The present study aimed at filling the knowledge gap on hypogonadism in Cameroon. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study over a period of 12 months, in 3 reference hospitals of Cameroon. We included males and females diagnosed with hypogonadism, aged 16 to 50 years and 16 to 45 years respectively. After a complete clinical examination, patients were invited to fill the modified middlesex hospital questionnaire for psychoneurotic evaluation. Results We recruited 59 patients with a sex ratio of 1:1. The mean age of the females and males were 27.7 ± 9.1years and 30.8 ± 11.7 years respectively. Normosmic Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (NIHH) was the most common presentation. Compulsive obsessive traits, phobic anxiety and hysterical trait, were most pronounced in these patients. Testosterone titers significantly correlated positively with testicular size and negatively with body mass index (BMI). A significant positive correlation was found between the testicular volumes measured with ultrasound (US) and with the orchidometer. Conclusion Normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is the most common presentation of hypogonadism in the study population. There is a significant psychosocial impact requiring further investigation and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Claude Etoa Etoga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon.,National Obesity Center, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gilbert Akwa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Anne Ongmeb Boli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ahmadou Musa Jingi
- Internal Medicine Unit, Biyem-Assi District Hospital, Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Claude Njabou Katte
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Brigitte Wandji
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mesmin Dehayem
- National Obesity Center, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Mbanya
- National Obesity Center, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Simeon-Pierre Choukem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Eugene Sobngwi
- National Obesity Center, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Yang S. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in Turner syndrome. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 22:226-230. [PMID: 29301182 PMCID: PMC5769837 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.4.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly developed genetic techniques can reveal mosaicism in individuals diagnosed with monosomy X. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis using maternal blood can detect most fetuses with X chromosome abnormalities. Low-dose and ultralow-dose estrogen replacement therapy can achieve a more physiological endocrine milieu. However, many complicated and controversial issues with such treatment remain. Therefore, lifetime observation, long-term studies of health problems, and optimal therapeutic plans are needed for women with Turner syndrome. In this review, we discuss several diagnostic trials using recently developed genetic techniques and studies of physiological hormone replacement treatment over the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Hear t Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Jacquinet A, Millar D, Lehman A. Etiologies of uterine malformations. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2141-72. [PMID: 27273803 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ranging from aplastic uterus (including Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome) to incomplete septate uterus, uterine malformations as a group are relatively frequent in the general population. Specific causes remain largely unknown. Although most occurrences ostensibly seem sporadic, familial recurrences have been observed, which strongly implicate genetic factors. Through the study of animal models, human syndromes, and structural chromosomal variation, several candidate genes have been proposed and subsequently tested with targeted methods in series of individuals with isolated, non-isolated, or syndromic uterine malformations. To date, a few genes have garnered strong evidence of causality, mainly in syndromic presentations (HNF1B, WNT4, WNT7A, HOXA13). Sequencing of candidate genes in series of individuals with isolated uterine abnormalities has been able to suggest an association for several genes, but confirmation of a strong causative effect is still lacking for the majority of them. We review the current state of knowledge about the developmental origins of uterine malformations, with a focus on the genetic variants that have been implicated or associated with these conditions in humans, and we discuss potential reasons for the high rate of negative results. The evidence for various environmental and epigenetic factors is also reviewed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Jacquinet
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire and University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Debra Millar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anna Lehman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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Granger A, Zurada A, Zurada-Zielińska A, Gielecki J, Loukas M. Anatomy of turner syndrome. Clin Anat 2016; 29:638-42. [PMID: 27087450 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is one of the most common sex chromosome abnormalities and results from total or partial monosomy of the X chromosome. It occurs in 1 in 2000 newborn girls and is also believed to be present in a larger proportion of conceptuses. There are various anatomic anomalies that have been associated with TS and the consequences of late recognition of these anomalies can be devastating. Aortic dilation and dissection occur at increased rates in TS patients and contribute to the decreased life expectancy of these patients. Such cases have prompted the need for early identification and continuous monitoring. Other anatomic variations increase morbidity in this population, and negatively impact the social and reproductive aspects of their lives. In this review, we summarize the cardiovascular, neurological, genitourinary, otolaryngolical, craniofacial, and skeletal defects associated with TS. To elucidate these morphological variations, novel illustrations have also been constructed. Clin. Anat. 29:638-642, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Granger
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Anna Zurada
- Department of Anatomy, Varmia and Mazury Medical School, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Gielecki
- Department of Anatomy, Varmia and Mazury Medical School, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's University, Grenada, West Indies
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