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Moraes GS, Tozetto NM, Pedroso TAA, de Mattos MA, Urban AM, Paludo KS, Dos Santos FA, Neppelenbroek KH, Urban VM. Anti-Candida activity and in vitro toxicity screening of antifungals complexed with β-cyclodextrin. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:747-755. [PMID: 38198744 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of resistant fungal species and the toxicity of currently available antifungal drugs are relevant issues that require special consideration. Cyclodextrins inclusion complexes could optimize the antimicrobial activity of such drugs and create a controlled release system with few side effects. This study aimed to assess the in vitro toxicity and antifungal effectiveness of nystatin (Nys) and chlorhexidine (Chx) complexed or not with β-cyclodextrin (βCD). First, a drug toxicity screening was performed through the Artemia salina bioassay. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Candida albicans were determined with the broth microdilution test. After MICs determination, the cytotoxicity of the drugs was evaluated through the methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays and through cell morphology analysis. The PROBIT analysis was used to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50), and the cell viability values were submitted to one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)/Tukey (α = 0.05). Overall, the βCD-complexed antifungals were less toxic against A. salina than their raw forms, suggesting that inclusion complexes can reduce the toxicity of drugs. The MICs obtained were as follows: Nys 0.5 mg/L; Nys:βCD 4 mg/L; Chx 4 mg/L; and Chx:βCD 8 mg/L. Chx showed significant cytotoxicity (MTT: 12.9 ± 9.6%; NR: 10.6 ± 12.5%) and promoted important morphological changes. Cells exposed to the other drugs showed viability above 70% with no cellular damage. These results suggest that antifungals complexed with βCD might be a biocompatible option for the treatment of Candida-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Katia Sabrina Paludo
- Department of Structural, Molecular, and Genetic Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | | | - Karin Hermana Neppelenbroek
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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Bapat RA, Parolia A, Chaubal T, Dharamadhikari S, Abdulla AM, Sakkir N, Arora S, Bapat P, Sindi AM, Kesharwani P. Recent update on potential cytotoxicity, biocompatibility and preventive measures of biomaterials used in dentistry. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3244-3283. [PMID: 33949464 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dental treatment is provided for a wide variety of oral health problems like dental caries, periodontal diseases, periapical infections, replacement of missing teeth and orthodontic problems. Various biomaterials, like composite resins, amalgam, glass ionomer cement, acrylic resins, metal alloys, impression materials, bone grafts, membranes, local anaesthetics, etc., are used for dental applications. The physical and chemical characteristics of these materials influence the outcome of dental treatment. It also impacts on the biological, allergic and toxic potential of biomaterials. With innovations in science and their positive results, there is also a need for awareness about the biological risks of these biomaterials. The aim of dental treatment is to have effective, yet safe, and long-lasting results for the benefit of patients. For this, it is important to have a thorough understanding of biomaterials and their effects on local and systemic health. Materials used in dentistry undergo a series of analyses before their oral applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and original review that discusses the reasons for and studies on the toxicity of commonly used biomaterials for applications in dentistry. It will help clinicians to formulate a methodical approach for the selection of dental biomaterials, thus providing an awareness for forecasting their risk of toxic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Ajit Bapat
- Faculty, Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Faculty, Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tanay Chaubal
- Faculty, Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Anshad Mohamed Abdulla
- Faculty, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasil Sakkir
- Registrar Endodontist, Central Security Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suraj Arora
- Faculty, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Prachi Bapat
- Dentist, Modern Dental College, Indore 453112, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amal M Sindi
- Faculty, Oral Diagnostic Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Dos Santos Costa FM, Fernandes MH, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Genotoxicity of root canal sealers: a literature review. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3347-3362. [PMID: 32767107 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Root canal sealers are widely used worldwide in endodontics to prevent reinfection and growth of surviving microorganisms. Considering the strong correlation between genetic damage and carcinogenesis, evaluation of genotoxicity induced by endodontic sealers is recommended for elucidating the true health risks to patients and professionals. The purpose of this article was to provide a comprehensive review of studies involving genotoxicity analysis of endodontic sealers and the used methodologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was made in PubMed using the following combination of words "genotoxicity," "mutagenicity," "endodontic sealers," and "root canal sealers." A total of 39 articles with genotoxicity studies were selected for the present study. RESULTS Sealers have been ranked in decreasing order of their genotoxicity as: ZOE sealers > GIC sealers > S sealers > ER sealers > MR sealers > Novel sealers > CH sealers > CS sealers. CONCLUSIONS All published data showed some evidence of genotoxicity for most of the commercial root canal sealers; however, contradictory results were found, mainly for AH Plus, the most studied sealer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The information provided would direct the endodontists to use the less genotoxic materials in endodontic treatment in a way to reduce DNA damage promoting oral healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Miguel Dos Santos Costa
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Fernandes
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Effectiveness of Enzyme Dentifrices on Oral Health in Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122243. [PMID: 31242669 PMCID: PMC6617311 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plaque accumulation and white spot lesions are common adverse effects of fixed orthodontic appliance use. This study compared the effects between enzyme-containing and conventional dentifrices on orthodontic patients. This double-blind randomized controlled trial included 42 orthodontic patients (25 women and 17 men: 22.7 ± 4.2 years) from Taipei Medical University Hospital between 2017 and 2018. The patients were randomly divided into three groups and assigned to dentifrice use during the first 3 months of the orthodontic treatment: group 1 used dentifrices containing enzymes including amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase, group 2 used dentifrices containing 1450 ppm fluoride, and group 3 used natural dentifrices containing no chemical agent. White spot lesion index (WSL), gingival bleeding index (GBI), and visible plaque index (VPI) were recorded and analyzed. WSL, GBI, and VPI values exhibited no significant difference among the three groups. WSL increased significantly in group 3, GBI decreased significantly in all groups, and VPI decreased significantly in groups 1 and 2. No significant difference was observed between the use of enzyme-containing and conventional dentifrices after fixed orthodontic appliance placement.
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Salimi A, Alami B, Pourahmad J. Analysis of cytotoxic effects of chlorhexidine gluconate as antiseptic agent on human blood lymphocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Salimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Ardabil University of Medical Science; Ardabil Iran
| | - Bahare Alami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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de Castro DT, Valente MLDC, Aires CP, Alves OL, Dos Reis AC. Elemental ion release and cytotoxicity of antimicrobial acrylic resins incorporated with nanomaterial. Gerodontology 2017; 34:320-325. [PMID: 28436056 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the release of ions and the cytotoxicity of acrylic resins incorporated with silver vanadate decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgVO3 ). BACKGROUND The inhibition of the accumulation of microorganisms on the resins is critical in preventing diseases. However, the hypothesis is that the release of ions from the incorporation of AgVO3 may be important in biocompatibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens of autopolymerising (AP) and heat-polymerising resin (HP) with AgVO3 were prepared and immersed in culture medium. The release of silver ions (Ag) and vanadium (V) was evaluated by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) (n=9) and the cell viability of fibroblasts L929 by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (n=12). The results were evaluated with analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey and Pearson correlation test (α=.05). RESULTS The groups containing AgVO3 presented a difference in relation to the control (0%) regarding the release of Ag and V (P<.0001). All groups showed a reduction in L929 viability when compared with the cellular control (100%) (P<.0001). In comparison with the control resins for HP, a reduction in the metabolism of cells occurred starting at 2.5% and for AP at 5% (P<.0001). A positive correlation was found between the concentration of AgVO3 and the ion release, and a negative between the ion release and the cell viability. CONCLUSIONS Significant numbers of Ag and V ions were released from resins with higher concentrations of AgVO3 , presenting cytotoxicity for cells, suggesting that the use of low concentrations is indicated to avoid risks to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Tornavoi de Castro
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lima da Costa Valente
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Patricia Aires
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Ribeirão Preto Pharmaceutical Sciences School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Luiz Alves
- Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paul, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cândido Dos Reis
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kramer A, Assadian O, Koburger-Janssen T. Antimicrobial efficacy of the combination of chlorhexidine digluconate and dexpanthenol. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2016; 11:Doc24. [PMID: 27999767 PMCID: PMC5156840 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this standardised experimental study was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of the combination of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and the anti-inflammatory pro-vitamin dexpanthenol, which stimulates wound-healing, in the form of Bepanthen® Antiseptic Wound Cream, in order to rule out possible antagonistic combination effects of CHX and the alcohol analogue of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) dexpanthenol. Method: Testing was carried out using the quantitative suspension test at conditions simulating wound bio-burden. Test strains included Enterococcus hirae (ATCC 10541) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) in accordance with the standard methods of the German Hygiene and Microbiology Society with the following three organic challenges: i) cell culture medium MEM with Earle’s salts, L-glutamine and 10% foetal calf serum (CCM); ii) 10% sheep’s blood; iii) or a mixture of 4.5% albumin, 4.5% sheep’s blood and 1% mucin. For methodological reasons, the wound cream was tested as a 55% dilution, prepared with 1% Tween 80 (equivalent to a content of 0.275% CHX instead of 0.5% as in the original preparation). CHX 0.275% was tested as control in an aqueous solution and in 1% Tween 80. Additionally, 1% Tween 80 was tested in order to rule out an interfering effect of the dilution medium. A combination of 3% Tween 80, 3% saponin, 0.1% histidine, 0.3% lecithin, 0.5% Na-thiosulphate and 1% ether sulphate was identified as the most appropriate neutraliser during the experiments. Results: Exposed to CCM or 10% sheep’s blood, the tested wound cream fulfilled the requirements for a wound antiseptic against both test species with ≥3 log reduction at 10 minutes. Even at the the worst-case challenge test with 4.5% albumin, 4.5% sheep’s blood and 1% mucin, the requirement for a ≥3 log reduction was met after 24 hours of exposure. Interestingly, the aqueous solution of 0.275% CHX tested as control did not achieve the antimicrobial efficacy of the combination of CHX and 5% dexpanthenol. 1% Tween 80 was ineffective against both test species. Conclusion: Bepanthen® Antiseptic Wound Cream achieves the in vitro bactericidal and fungicidal efficacy required for a wound antiseptic under three different challenges, despite dilution to 55% of the original preparation. So far, the addition of dexpanthenol was intended to support wound healing. However, our results indicate that the antiseptic efficacy of CHX is synergistically increased by adding 5% dexpanthenol. Acknowledging the antimicrobial and residual efficacy of CHX, and bearing in the mind the contraindications to CHX (allergy and anaphylaxis), the tested wound cream should be regarded as better suitable to be used as wound antiseptic than preparations on basis of CHX alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ojan Assadian
- Institute for Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention, University of Huddersfield, UK
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Below H, Assadian O, Baguhl R, Hildebrandt U, Jäger B, Meissner K, Leaper DJ, Kramer A. Measurements of chlorhexidine, p-chloroaniline, and p-chloronitrobenzene in saliva after mouth wash before and after operation with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate in maxillofacial surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 55:150-155. [PMID: 27789177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine gluconate is used to prevent the accumulation of dental plaque and gingivitis, infection of the surgical site, and ventilator-associated pneumonia in maxillofacial surgery, but it is not clear whether the metabolites of chlorhexidine are detectable in the patient's saliva at clinically relevant concentrations. Forty-three patients who had orofacial operations were randomised to use a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (n=23), or an octenidine-based, chlorhexidine-free (n=20), mouthwash once preoperatively and three times daily for five postoperative days. After the first, 8.7 (23.3) mg/L chlorhexidine (0.7%-2.5% of the total amount used) was measured in saliva. The concentration increased to 15.2 (6.2) mg/L after the second rinse (first postoperative day), and peaked at 29.4 (11.2) mg/L on the fourth postoperative day. It remained detectable for up to 12hours after the last one, but was not detectable in serum or urine at any time. The potentially carcinogenic metabolite p-chloroaniline was detectable in saliva at higher concentrations in the chlorhexidine group (0.55mg/L) than the octenidine group (0.21mg/L), and p-chloronitrobenzene was detected in both groups in only minimal concentrations (0.001-0.21mg/L). Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes do increase the concentration of p-chloroaniline, but a single use seems to be safe. Whether prolonged exposure over many years may have carcinogenic potential is still not clear. Based on the hitherto unknown kinetics of p-chloroaniline in saliva, the recent recommendation of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA to limit the use of a chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash to a maximum of six months seems to be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Below
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - O Assadian
- Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention, School of Human & Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom.
| | - R Baguhl
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Hildebrandt
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Jäger
- Institute of Biometry and Medical Computer Science, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Meissner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - D J Leaper
- Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention, School of Human & Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - A Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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Santiago KB, Conti BJ, Cardoso EDO, Golim MDA, Sforcin JM. Immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory effects of a propolis-containing mouthwash on human monocytes. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw081. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Leite ADL, Santiago JF, Levy FM, Maria AG, Fernandes MDS, Salvadori DMF, Ribeiro DA, Buzalaf MAR. Absence of DNA damage in multiple organs (blood, liver, kidney, thyroid gland and urinary bladder) after acute fluoride exposure in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 26:435-40. [PMID: 17623768 DOI: 10.1177/0960327107076288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride has been widely used in dentistry as a caries prophylactic agent. However, there has been some speculation that excess fluoride could cause an impact on genome integrity. In the current study, the potential DNA damage associated with exposure to fluoride was assessed in cells of blood, liver, kidney, thyroid gland and urinary bladder by the single cell gel (comet) assay. Male Wistar rats aging 75 days were distributed into seven groups: Groups 1 (control), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 received 0 (deionized water), 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mgF/Kg body weight from sodium fluoride (NaF), respectively, by gastrogavage. These groups were killed at 2 h after the administration of the fluoride doses. The level of DNA strand breaks did not increase in all organs evaluated and at all doses of NaF tested, as depicted by the mean tail moment. Taken together, our results suggest that oral exposure to NaF did not result in systemic genotoxic effect in multiple organs related to fluoride toxicity. Since DNA damage is an important step in events leading to carcinogenesis, this study represents a relevant contribution to the correct evaluation of the potential health risk associated with chemical exposure. Human & Experimental Toxicology ( 2007) 26, 435—440
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Lima Leite
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, USP, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Midena RZ, Garcia RB, Cavenago BC, Marciano MA, Minotti PG, Ordinola-Zapata R, Weckwerth PH, Andrade FBD, Duarte MAH. Analysis of the reaction of subcutaneous tissues in rats and the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide paste used in association with different substances. J Appl Oral Sci 2015. [PMID: 26200527 PMCID: PMC4621947 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the subcutaneous tissue response in rats and the antimicrobial activity of intracanal calcium hydroxide dressings mixed with different substances against E. faecalis. Fifty four rats were divided into three experimental groups according to the vehicle in the calcium hydroxide treatment: 0.4% chlorohexidine in propylene glycol (PG), Casearia sylvestris Sw in PG and calcium hydroxide+PG (control group). The pastes were placed into polyethylene tubes and implanted into the subcutaneous tissue. After 7, 14 and 30 days, the samples were processed and histologically evaluated (hematoxylin and eosin). The tissue surface in contact with the material was analyzed, and the quantitative analysis determined the volume density occupied by the inflammatory infiltrate (giant cells, polymorphonuclear cells and mononuclear cells), fibroblasts, collagen fibers and blood vessels. For the antimicrobial analysis, 20 dentin blocks infected with E. faecalis were treated with calcium hydroxide pastes in different vehicles; 0.4% chlorhexidine in PG, PG, extract from Casearia sylvestris Sw in PG and a positive control (infection and without medication) for 7 days. The efficiency of the pastes was evaluated by the live/dead technique and confocal microscopy. The results showed that 0.4% chlorhexidine induced a higher inflammatory response than the other groups. The Casearia sylvestris Sw extract showed satisfactory results in relation to the intensity of the inflammatory response. In the microbiological test, there were no statistical differences between the evaluated intracanal dressings and the percentage of bacterial viability was between 33 and 42%. The control group showed an 86% viability. Antimicrobial components such as chlorhexidine or Casearia sylvestris Sw did not improve the antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis in comparison to the calcium hydroxide+PG treatment. In addition, the incorporation of chlorhexidine in the calcium hydroxide paste promoted the highest inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Zanin Midena
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Brandão Garcia
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cavalini Cavenago
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Angélica Marciano
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Paloma Gagliardi Minotti
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronald Ordinola-Zapata
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Câmara De Bem SH, Estrela C, Guedes DFC, Sousa-Neto MD, Pécora JD. Determination of chemical components derived from 2% chlorhexidine gel degradation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:630-8. [PMID: 24850506 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2014.880941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determined the chemical components derived from degradation of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and solution by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three 2% CHX gels were used to identify the products of CHX gel degradation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A solution of CHX was also evaluated to compare the degradation between gel and solution. Degradation was evaluated in four storage situations (on the worktable with light: on the worktable without light; in the Pasteur oven at 36.5°C without light; and in the refrigerator at 8°C without light). Measurements were made at four time points: initial analysis and 1, 3 and 6 months after. The conversion of CHX into para-chloroaniline in storage situations and in different periods was analyzed statistically using chi-square test (α = 5%). RESULTS The 2% CHX gel or solution had already degraded vial found within the period of validity, at all time points and for all storage conditions. The amount of para-chloroaniline (pCA) was directly proportional to time in the case of CHX solution, but not in CHX gel due to lack of homogeneity. CHX homogeneity in hydroxyethylcellulose gel was directly dependent on compounding mode. CONCLUSIONS Degradation products, such as para-chloroaniline (pCA), orto- chloroaniline (oCA), meta-chloroaniline (mCA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and organochlorines (ortho-chlorophenyl isocyanate and 2-amino-5-clorobenzonitrila) were found in 2% CHX gel and solution, regardless of storage conditions or time. In relationship to gel homogenization an alternative to produce 2% CHX gel and a new homogenization method have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Henrique Câmara De Bem
- University of São Paulo, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Restorative Dentistry , Ribeirão Preto, SP , Brazil
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Iz SG, Ertugrul F, Eden E, Gurhan SID. Biocompatibility of glass ionomer cements with and without chlorhexidine. Eur J Dent 2014; 7:S089-S093. [PMID: 24966735 PMCID: PMC4054086 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.119083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the biocompatibility of glass ionomer cements (GICs) with and without chlorhexidine (CHX) as well as coated with varnish or not using in vitro cytotoxicity test. Materials and Methods: Biocompatibility of Fuji IX, Fuji IX with varnish, Fuji IX with 1% CHX diacetate and Fuji IX with 1% CHX diacetate with varnish was determined with in vitro cytotoxicity assay by using L929 mouse connective tissue fibroblasts. After 72 h, cell viabilities were evaluated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay to determine the effects of the cements on the mitochondrial function and microscopic images were taken by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test at a significance level of P < 0.05. 72 h after treatment, there were statistically significant differences between Fuji IX and Fuji IX-CHX (P < 0.001). In addition, the reduction of the cytotoxicity by coating the GICs with varnish was indicative and increased the cell viability ratio (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Fuji IX coated with varnish was found to be the most biocompatible one among others. Thus adding CHX significantly reduced the cell viability, it is assumed that, due to the leakage of CHX and the other components of the GICs to the cell culture medium, the cell viabilities were decreased, so it is highly recommended to use varnish not only to reduce the water loss from the GICs, but also to reduce the cytotoxicity of the GICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Gulce Iz
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Fahinur Ertugrul
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Ece Eden
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
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Li YC, Kuan YH, Lee SS, Huang FM, Chang YC. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chlorhexidine on macrophages in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:452-458. [PMID: 22488977 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the most widely used antiseptic for wound, skin disinfection, and dental hygiene. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible correlation between CHX-induced cytogenotoxicity and alterations in normal cell cycle on RAW264.7 macrophages. The cytotoxicity, mechanism of cell death, mitotic activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were determined by tetrazolium bromide reduction assay, flow cytometry, cytokinesis-block proliferation index, and superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome c, respectively. The genotoxicity was measured using comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The cytotoxicity of CHX in RAW264.7 cells presented a dose- and time-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The mode of cell death shifted from apoptosis to necrosis when the dosage of CHX increased. The genotoxicity of CHX in RAW264.7 cells had shown DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Prolongation of cell cycle and the increase of ROS generation also expressed in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Taken together, the data suggested that CHX-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on macrophages may be via ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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16
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Tenorio NM, Ribeiro DA, Alvarenga TA, Fracalossi ACC, Carlin V, Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Andersen ML. The influence of sleep deprivation and obesity on DNA damage in female Zucker rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:385-9. [PMID: 23644860 PMCID: PMC3611896 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(03)oa16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate overall genetic damage induced by total sleep deprivation in obese, female Zucker rats of differing ages. METHOD Lean and obese Zucker rats at 3, 6, and 15 months old were randomly distributed into two groups for each age group: home-cage control and sleep-deprived (N = 5/group). The sleep-deprived groups were deprived sleep by gentle handling for 6 hours, whereas the home-cage control group was allowed to remain undisturbed in their home-cage. At the end of the sleep deprivation period, or after an equivalent amount of time for the home-cage control groups, the rats were brought to an adjacent room and decapitated. The blood, brain, and liver tissue were collected and stored individually to evaluate DNA damage. RESULTS Significant genetic damage was observed only in 15-month-old rats. Genetic damage was present in the liver cells from sleep-deprived obese rats compared with lean rats in the same condition. Sleep deprivation was associated with genetic damage in brain cells regardless of obesity status. DNA damage was observed in the peripheral blood cells regardless of sleep condition or obesity status. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that obesity was associated with genetic damage in liver cells, whereas sleep deprivation was associated with DNA damage in brain cells. These results also indicate that there is no synergistic effect of these noxious conditions on the overall level of genetic damage. In addition, the level of DNA damage was significantly higher in 15-month-old rats compared to younger rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuli M Tenorio
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Koban I, Bender CP, Assadian O, Kramer A, Hübner NO. Clinical use of the antiseptic polihexanide for genital tract infections. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:298-304. [PMID: 22907313 DOI: 10.1159/000340063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical practice, treatment of genital tract infections is based on administration of either antibiotics or antiseptics. While antibiotics may be applied systemically or topically, antiseptics may be applied only topically. In case of bacterial vaginosis (BV), antibiotic therapy may often be limited and side effects due to systemic administration may develop. Polihexanide (PHMB) is a promising option for the topical treatment of genital tract infections, in particular BV and vaginitis. METHOD A systematic search for publications on the use of PHMB for the treatment of genital infections in two electronic databases was performed. Titles, abstracts and citations were imported into a reference database. Duplicates were removed and two reviewers assessed each identified publication separately. RESULTS Among a total of 204 references, 3 prospective randomized trials were identified. Two trials treated BV infections with PHMB in comparison to clindamycin as antibiotic standard therapy with no significant differences either in safety or in efficacy. The third controlled trial investigated the clinical efficacy of PHMB compared to placebo in the treatment of human papilloma virus. Patients treated with PHMB daily for up to 16-weeks showed significantly higher (52%) clearance of genital warts as compared to patients treated with placebo (4%). CONCLUSION PHMB may be a clinically effective alternative for the treatment of BV and human papilloma virus. Although PHMB-based antiseptics are available since the late 90s, controlled trials to investigate its clinical potential for antiseptic treatment are scant. Clinical use of antiseptics for the treatment of infectious diseases should be explored and supported further.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Koban
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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18
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Koban I, Holtfreter B, Hübner NO, Matthes R, Sietmann R, Kindel E, Weltmann KD, Welk A, Kramer A, Kocher T. Antimicrobial efficacy of non-thermal plasma in comparison to chlorhexidine against dental biofilms on titanium discs in vitro - proof of principle experiment. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:956-65. [PMID: 21762196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Dental biofilms play a major role in the pathogenesis of peri-implant mucositis. Biofilm reduction is a pre-requisite for a successful therapy of peri-implant mucosal lesions. In this study, we evaluated the effect of three different plasma devices on the reduction of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and multispecies human saliva biofilms. MATERIAL AND METHODS We assessed the efficacy of three different non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma devices against biofilms of S. mutans and saliva multispecies grown on titanium discs in vitro in comparison with a chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) rinse. Efficacy of plasma treatment was determined by the number of colony forming units (CFU) and by scanning electron microscopy. The results were reported as reduction of CFU (CFU(untreated) -CFU(treated) ). RESULTS The application of plasma was much more effective than CHX against biofilms. The maximum reduction of CHX was 3.36 for S. mutans biofilm and 1.50 for saliva biofilm, whereas the colony forming units (CFU) reduction of the volume dielectric barrier discharge argon plasma was 5.38 for S. mutans biofilm and 5.67 for saliva biofilm. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of single- and multispecies dental biofilms on titanium discs with non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma was more efficient than CHX application in vitro. Thus, the development of plasma devices for the treatment of peri-implant mucositis may be fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Koban
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Unit of Periodontology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Germany.
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19
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Angelieri F, Marcondes JPC, de Almeida DC, Salvadori DM, Ribeiro DA. Genotoxicity of corrosion eluates obtained from orthodontic brackets in vitro. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 139:504-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Biomonitoring of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 139:e399-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Xue Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Lu M, Wang Y, Zhang T, Tang M, Takeshita H. Acute pulmonary toxic effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) following an intratracheal instillation in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30:1795-803. [PMID: 21339254 DOI: 10.1177/0960327111400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a cationic biguanide compound that has been widely used for disinfection of skin, mucous membranes, and medical instruments. Poisoning has been occurred occasionally due to its easy accessibility. Some fatal cases developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from aspiration of CHX directly into the lung. There is no preclinical information about the pulmonary toxicity of CHX available since the products of CHX are usually developed for disinfection by topical use. In this study, the acute pulmonary toxic effects of CHX following an intratracheal instillation in rats were investigated. Rats were exposed either to CHX at concentrations of 0.02% and 0.2% or to distilled water at a volume of 500 μl/kg b.w. CHX at concentration of 0.2% caused changes in hematological and biochemical values including white blood cell count (WBC), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE), and induced inflammatory reactions including intra-alveolar edema and hemorrhages, as well as resulted in the target organ concentration in lungs at the level of about 1.0 μg/g and maintained for more than 1 week, when administered intratracheally in rats. The cytotoxic action of CHX might induce those detrimental reactions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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22
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Nagaoka MR, Le Sueur-Maluf L, Aguiar O, Castro GM, Spadari-Bratfisch RC, Ribeiro DA. Differential response related to genotoxicity in multiple organs of cirrhotic rats. Hepatol Int 2011; 5:740-6. [PMID: 21484143 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to use the single cell gel (comet) assay to investigate whether blood, liver, heart, kidney, and brain are particularly sensitive organs for DNA damage in cirrhotic rats to predict genetic instability induced by cirrhosis. METHODS A total of 16 male Wistar rats (negative control, n = 8; experimental, n = 8) were submitted to bile duct ligation during 28 days. RESULTS Cirrhosis was able to induce genetic damage in liver and brain cells, as depicted by the mean tail moment. No genetic damage was induced in blood, heart, or kidney cells (i.e., no significant statistically differences were noticed when compared with negative control). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results suggest that cirrhosis could contribute to DNA damage in liver and brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R Nagaoka
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
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23
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Kahan V, Ribeiro DA, Andersen ML, Alvarenga TA, Tufik S. Sleep Loss Induces Differential Response Related To Genotoxicity in Multiple Organs of Three Different Mice Strains. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 107:598-602. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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24
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Andersen ML, Ribeiro DA, Alvarenga TA, Silva A, Araujo P, Zager A, Tenorio NM, Tufik S. Are endogenous sex hormones related to DNA damage in paradoxically sleep-deprived female rats? Horm Behav 2010; 57:216-21. [PMID: 19958772 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate overall DNA damage induced by experimental paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) in estrous-cycling and ovariectomized female rats to examine possible hormonal involvement during DNA damage. Intact rats in different phases of the estrous cycle (proestrus, estrus, and diestrus) or ovariectomized female Wistar rats were subjected to PSD by the single platform technique for 96 h or were maintained for the equivalent period as controls in home-cages. After this period, peripheral blood and tissues (brain, liver, and heart) were collected to evaluate genetic damage using the single cell gel (comet) assay. The results showed that PSD caused extensive genotoxic effects in brain cells, as evident by increased DNA migration rates in rats exposed to PSD for 96 h when compared to negative control. This was observed for all phases of the estrous cycle indistinctly. In ovariectomized rats, PSD also led to DNA damage in brain cells. No significant statistically differences were detected in peripheral blood, the liver or heart for all groups analyzed. In conclusion, our data are consistent with the notion that genetic damage in the form of DNA breakage in brain cells induced by sleep deprivation overrides the effects related to endogenous female sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Vila Clementino, SP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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25
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Nishi EE, Campos RR, Bergamaschi CT, de Almeida VR, Ribeiro DA. Vitamin C prevents DNA damage induced by renovascular hypertension in multiple organs of Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 29:593-9. [PMID: 20053703 DOI: 10.1177/0960327109358267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate, through the single-cell gel (comet) assay, whether vitamin C is able to protect against renovascular hypertension-induced genotoxicity in multiple organs. A total of 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: negative control (n = 6); animals treated with vitamin C (n = 6); hypertensive rats (n = 10) and hypertensive rats and treated with vitamin C (n = 10). Hypertension was induced as a result of partial obstruction of the left renal artery by means of a silver clip during 6 weeks. Vitamin C was administered at 150 mg/kg during 7 consecutive days before the end of the experimental period. The results showed that vitamin C was able to protect blood cells against hypertension-induced genotoxicity. Brain, liver and heart cells were also protected by vitamin C following hypertension-induced genotoxic damage. Regarding blood pressure, vitamin C reduced the hypertensive state. In conclusion, our results suggest that vitamin C can prevent hypertension-induced DNA damage in blood, liver, brain and heart cells as well as to normalize the blood pressure of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Emy Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil
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26
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Húngaro Duarte MA, Midena RZ, Zeferino MA, Vivan RR, Weckwerth PH, dos Santos F, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M. Evaluation of pH and Calcium Ion Release of Calcium Hydroxide Pastes Containing Different Substances. J Endod 2009; 35:1274-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Welk A, Meller C, Schubert R, Schwahn C, Kramer A, Below H. Effect of lactoperoxidase on the antimicrobial effectiveness of the thiocyanate hydrogen peroxide combination in a quantitative suspension test. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:134. [PMID: 19589149 PMCID: PMC2715409 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positive antimicrobial effects of increasing concentrations of thiocyanate (SCN-) and H2O2 on the human peroxidase defence system are well known. However, little is known about the quantitative efficacy of the human peroxidase thiocyanate H2O2 system regarding Streptococcus mutans and sanguinis, as well as Candida albicans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the enzyme lactoperoxidase on the bactericidal and fungicidal effectiveness of a thiocyanate-H2O2 combination above the physiological saliva level. To evaluate the optimal effectiveness curve, the exposure times were restricted to 1, 3, 5, and 15 min. RESULTS The bactericidal and fungicidal effects of lactoperoxidase on Streptococcus mutans and sanguinis and Candida albicans were evaluated by using two test mixtures of a 2.0% (w/v; 0.34 M) thiocyanate and 0.4% (w/v; 0.12 M) hydrogen peroxide solution, one without and one with lactoperoxidase. Following the quantitative suspension tests (EN 1040 and EN 1275), the growth of surviving bacteria and fungi in a nutrient broth was measured. The reduction factor in the suspension test without lactoperoxidase enzyme was < 1 for all three tested organisms. Thus, the mixtures of 2.0% (w/v; 0.34 M) thiocyanate and 0.4% (w/v; 0.12 M) hydrogen peroxide had no in vitro antimicrobial effect on Streptococcus mutans and sanguinis or Candida albicans. However, the suspension test with lactoperoxidase showed a high bactericidal and fungicidal effectiveness in vitro. CONCLUSION The tested thiocyanate and H2O2 mixtures showed no relevant antimicrobial effect. However, by adding lactoperoxidase enzyme, the mixtures became not only an effective bactericidal (Streptococcus mutans and sanguinis) but also a fungicidal (Candida albicans) agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Welk
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Dental School, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ch Meller
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine, and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - R Schubert
- Private dental practice, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ch Schwahn
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Dental School, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Below
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Andersen ML, Ribeiro DA, Bergamaschi CT, Alvarenga TA, Silva A, Zager A, Campos RR, Tufik S. Distinct effects of acute and chronic sleep loss on DNA damage in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:562-7. [PMID: 19258023 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate genetic damage induced in male rats by experimental sleep loss for short-term (24 and 96 h) and long-term (21 days) intervals, as well as their respective recovery periods in peripheral blood, brain, liver and heart tissue by the single cell gel (comet) assay. Rats were paradoxically deprived of sleep (PSD) by the platform technique for 24 or 96 h, or chronically sleep-restricted (SR) for 21 days. We also sought to verify the time course of their recovery after 24 h of rebound sleep. The results showed DNA damage in blood cells of rats submitted to PSD for 96 h. Brain tissue showed extensive genotoxic damage in PSD rats (both 24 and 96 h), though the effect was more pronounced in the 96 h group. Rats allowed to recover from the PSD-96 h and SR-21 days treatments showed DNA damage as compared to negative controls. Liver and heart did not display any genotoxicity activity. Corticosterone concentrations were increased after PSD (24 and 96 h) relative to control rats, whereas these levels were unaffected in the SR group. Collectively, these findings reveal that sleep loss was able to induce genetic damage in blood and brain cells, especially following acute exposure. Since DNA damage is an important step in events leading to genomic instability, this study represents a relevant contribution to the understanding of the potential health risks associated with sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
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29
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Ribeiro DA, Campos RR, Bergamaschi CT. Chronic renal failure induces genetic instability in multiple organs of Wistar rats. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:289-95. [PMID: 19292884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taking into consideration the strong evidence for a relationship between DNA damage and carcinogenesis, the aim of this study was to investigate whether blood, liver, heart, kidney and brain are particularly sensitive organs for DNA damaging during chronic renal disease by the single-cell gel (comet) assay to predict genetic instability induced by this pathological condition. METHODS A total of 18 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: negative control (n = 8) and experimental (n = 10), in which was submitted to the 5/6 renal mass ablation by ligation of two or three branches of the left renal artery and total right nephrectomy during 8 weeks. RESULTS The results showed that chronic renal disease was able to induce genetic damage in blood, heart, liver and kidney cells as depicted by the mean tail moment. No genetic damage was induced in brain cells, i.e. no significant statistically differences (P > 0.05) were noticed when compared to negative control. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results suggest that chronic renal failure could contribute to the damage of DNA at all organs evaluated, except to the brain cells. As DNA damage is an important step in events leading to carcinogenesis, this study represents a relevant contribution to the correct evaluation of the potential health risks associated with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil.
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Piozzi R, Ribeiro DA, Padovan LEM, Filho HN, Matsumoto MA. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in multiple organs induced by titanium miniplates in Wistar rats. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:342-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Barbin LE, Saquy PC, Guedes DFC, Sousa-Neto MD, Estrela C, Pécora JD. Determination of para-Chloroaniline and Reactive Oxygen Species in Chlorhexidine and Chlorhexidine Associated with Calcium Hydroxide. J Endod 2008; 34:1508-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Do endodontic compounds induce genetic damage? A comprehensive review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 105:251-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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