1
|
Bayebila Menanzambi T, Dufour P, Pirard C, Nsangu J, Mufusama JP, Mbinze Kindenge J, Marini Djang'eing'a R, Charlier C. Bio-surveillance of environmental pollutants in the population of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): a small pilot study. Arch Public Health 2021; 79:197. [PMID: 34782023 PMCID: PMC8591802 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental pollutants are known to be ubiquitous and may present toxic effects (endocrine-disruption properties, carcinogenicity …) and represent a real threat to human health. The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the content of environmental pollutants (inorganic, persistent, and non-persistent pollutants) in biological samples (urine, serum, and whole blood), collected from volunteers in Kinshasa, capital of Democratic Republic of Congo, in order to identify pollutants of interest and to design a protocol for a larger scale study. METHODS From randomly selected 15 volunteers living in Kinshasa, aged from 25 to 66 years, (mean age = 43.4 years), including 10 men and 5 women, urine, whole blood, and serum samples were used in this study to estimate the contents in these environmental pollutants, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. RESULTS When compared to data nationally and internationally available, the preliminary outcomes of this study indicated a very high level of exposure to environmental pollutants in the population of Kinshasa, especially for heavy metals, parabens and triclosan. To a lesser extent, contamination measured for glyphosate, phthalates, organochlorine pesticides, pyrethroids and dialkylphosphate pesticides was also significant. In contrast, the investigated population of Kinshasa was found to be weakly exposed to other persistent organic pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, phenolic organohalogens, and perfluoroalkyl substances. CONCLUSION Although the biologic fluids were collected from a limited number of volunteers (n = 15), the results of the present report clearly indicate that the population of Kinshasa is not spared by the investigated environmental pollutants. Moreover, this study gives us important information to design a larger scale study protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrice Dufour
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean Nsangu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Pierre Mufusama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jérémie Mbinze Kindenge
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roland Marini Djang'eing'a
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maheshwari N, Khan FH, Mahmood R. Pentachlorophenol-induced cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes: enhanced generation of ROS and RNS, lowered antioxidant power, inhibition of glucose metabolism, and morphological changes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12985-13001. [PMID: 30895543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a class 2B human carcinogen that is used as an insecticide, herbicide, and wood preservative. PCP is rapidly absorbed and enters the blood where it can interact with erythrocytes. We have examined the effect of PCP on human erythrocytes. Treatment of erythrocytes with PCP increased the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It also increased lipid and protein oxidation accompanied by decrease in glutathione levels and total sulfhydryl content. The activities of all major antioxidant enzymes were altered. The antioxidant power was significantly impaired resulting in lower free radical quenching and metal reducing ability of the PCP-treated cells. PCP exposure also inhibited the activities of enzymes of glycolysis and pentose phosphate shunt, the two pathways of glucose metabolism in erythrocytes. Heme degradation was enhanced leading to the release of free iron. Incubation of erythrocytes with PCP caused significant cell lysis suggesting plasma membrane damage which was also evident from inhibition of bound enzymes. Scanning electron microscopy of erythrocytes confirmed these biochemical results and showed that PCP treatment converted the normal biconcave discoids to echinocytes and other irregularly shaped cells. Thus, PCP induces oxidative and nitrosative stress in erythrocytes, alters the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems, inhibits glucose metabolism, and causes significant modifications in cellular morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Fahim Halim Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Michałowicz J, Włuka A, Cyrkler M, Maćczak A, Sicińska P, Mokra K. Phenol and chlorinated phenols exhibit different apoptotic potential in human red blood cells (in vitro study). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 61:95-101. [PMID: 29857326 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenol and chlorinated phenols are widely spread in the environment and human surrounding, which leads to a common environmental and occupational exposure of humans to these substances. The aim of this study was to assess eryptotic changes in human red blood cells treated with phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The erythrocytes were incubated with phenols studied in the concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μg/mL for 24 h or 48 h. The results of the study revealed that all compounds studied caused phosphatidylserine translocation and increased cytosolic calcium ions level in human erythrocytes. It was also noticed that phenol and chlorophenols caused an increase in caspase-3 and calpain activation, which confirmed that they were capable of inducing suicidal death of erythrocytes. The results also revealed that PCP most strongly altered the parameters studied, while phenol exhibited the weakest eryptotic potential in the incubated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Michałowicz
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Włuka
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland
| | - Monika Cyrkler
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland
| | - Aneta Maćczak
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland
| | - Paulina Sicińska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mokra
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-001 Łódź, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Igbinosa EO, Odjadjare EE, Chigor VN, Igbinosa IH, Emoghene AO, Ekhaise FO, Igiehon NO, Idemudia OG. Toxicological profile of chlorophenols and their derivatives in the environment: the public health perspective. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:460215. [PMID: 23690744 PMCID: PMC3649668 DOI: 10.1155/2013/460215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophenol compounds and their derivatives are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. These compounds are used as intermediates in manufacturing agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biocides, and dyes. Chlorophenols gets into the environment from a variety of sources such as industrial waste, pesticides, and insecticides, or by degradation of complex chlorinated hydrocarbons. Thermal and chemical degradation of chlorophenols leads to the formation of harmful substances which constitute public health problems. These compounds may cause histopathological alterations, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity amongst other abnormalities in humans and animals. Furthermore, the recalcitrant nature of chlorophenolic compounds to degradation constitutes an environmental nuisance, and a good understanding of the fate and transport of these compounds and their derivatives is needed for a clearer view of the associated risks and mechanisms of pathogenicity to humans and animals. This review looks at chlorophenols and their derivatives, explores current research on their effects on public health, and proffers measures for mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etinosa O Igbinosa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reprint of “Update of the reference and HBM values derived by the German Human Biomonitoring Commission”. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:150-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
Schulz C, Wilhelm M, Heudorf U, Kolossa-Gehring M. Update of the reference and HBM values derived by the German Human Biomonitoring Commission. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 215:26-35. [PMID: 21820957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, we reviewed the working principles and working procedures of the German Human Biomonitoring Commission together with the reference values and human biomonitoring (HBM) values derived up to that time. Since then, the Commission has decided to derive additionally HBM I values on the basis of tolerable daily intakes and has used and evaluated this new approach on the metabolites of (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in urine. Furthermore, the Commission has derived a HBM I value for thallium in urine, has recinded the HBM values for lead in blood, and has updated the HBM values for cadmium in urine. Based on the representative data of the German Environmental Survey on Children from 2003 to 2006 (GerES IV), the Commission has updated the reference values for a large number of environmental pollutants in urine and blood of children in Germany. Since 2007, the Commission has derived new and updated reference values for PFOS and PFOA in human plasma, for thallium in urine, for aromatic amines in urine, for a comprehensive number of phthalate metabolites in urine, and for organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk. Furthermore, the Commission has evaluated background exposure levels for two naphthalene metabolites and acrylamide (using acrylamide-haemoglobin adduct) for the general population. This paper reports the new values, including those already published, in order to provide an updated overview.
Collapse
|
7
|
Michałowicz J. Pentachlorophenol and its derivatives induce oxidative damage and morphological changes in human lymphocytes (in vitro). Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:379-87. [PMID: 20127076 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of environmental toxins such as pentachlorophenol (PCP), tetrachlorocatechol (TeCC) and tetrachloroguaiacol (TeCG) on human peripheral blood lymphocytes was investigated. All the compounds studied increased the size and granularity of the lymphocytes in the concentrations range from 5 to 600 ppm. The PCP caused the strongest increase in the size of the cells, whereas lymphocytes granularity was more strongly increased by TeCC and PCP than by TeCG. The PCP and its derivatives in the concentrations range from 1 to 125 ppm significantly depleted ATP level. It was also observed that PCP most strongly decreased ATP content at its highest concentration of 125 ppm. Moreover, PCP caused the highest loss of lymphocytes viability in the concentrations range from 125 to 600 ppm. The TeCC in the concentrations of 1 and 5 ppm significantly increased the level of strand breaks in DNA, whereas lower damage was noted for PCP, and particularly for TeCG. The increase in carbonyl groups content was more strongly induced by TeCG and TeCC than by PCP in the concentrations range from 0.04 to 1 ppm; however, in a concentration of 5 ppm, all the compounds studied increased this parameter to a similar degree. DNA and protein damage was the most probably induced by free radical formation, as it was observed that all the compounds examined, and TeCC, in particular, were able of oxidize a fluorescent probe 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein in the concentrations range from 0.01 to 1 ppm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Michałowicz
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16 St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Michałowicz J, Majsterek I. Chlorophenols, chlorocatechols and chloroguaiacols induce DNA base oxidation in human lymphocytes (in vitro). Toxicology 2009; 268:171-5. [PMID: 20025924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are strong environmental toxicants, which are found in food, drinking water as well as in the indoor and outdoor air environment. In this work we investigated the effect of low concentrations of 0.2, 1 and 5 microg/ml of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 4,6-dichloroguaiacol (4,6-DCG), tetrachloroguaiacol (TeCG), 4,5-dichlorocatechol (4,5-DCC) and tetrachlorocatechol (TeCC) on DNA bases oxidation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The analysis was performed using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (the comet assay). To detect oxidized pyrimidynes and purines we used the repair enzymes such as endonuclease III and formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase. DNA oxidation was expressed as a percentage of comet tail, which was formed after the xenobiotics treatment. The obtained results showed that all the compounds examined were able to oxidize DNA bases in human lymphocytes. It was also observed that pyrimidine bases were more strongly oxidized in comparison to purine ones. Finally, it was found that chlorinated catechols and TeCC in particular, revealed a higher oxidative potential in comparison to chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols, and a rise in the number of chlorine atoms in the compound from each group examined led to an increase in DNA bases damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Michałowicz
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16 St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U, Heudorf U, Wilhelm M. Revised and new reference values for environmental pollutants in urine or blood of children in Germany derived from the German Environmental Survey on Children 2003-2006 (GerES IV). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:637-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Wilhelm M, Hardt J, Schulz C, Angerer J. New reference value and the background exposure for the PAH metabolites 1-hydroxypyrene and 1- and 2-naphthol in urine of the general population in Germany: basis for validation of human biomonitoring data in environmental medicine. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007; 211:447-53. [PMID: 18155961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reference values for environmental pollutants in the German population are established continuously by the Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Federal Environment Agency. The reference value for 1-hydroxypyrene in urine was derived from the representative adult population data collection of the 1998 German Environmental Survey (GerES III) and the representative data collection for children of the German Environmental Survey on Children, 2003/06 (GerES IV). For the non-smoking general population (aged 3-69 years) the commission derived a reference value of 0.5 microg/l (corresponding to 0.3 microg/g creatinine) for 1-hydroxypyrene in urine. For 1- and 2-naphthol levels in urine the amount of data is small and not representative of the German population. Therefore, the commission recommends the following upper margins of background exposures for adult non-smokers: 1-naphthol less than 30 microg/l, 2-naphthol less than 20 microg/l.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wilhelm
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U, Kolossa-Gehring M. The German Human Biomonitoring Commission. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007; 210:373-82. [PMID: 17337242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Germany, the Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Federal Environment Agency was established in 1992 to develop scientifically based criteria for the application of human biomonitoring (HBM). The goal is to clarify fundamental and practical issues related to HBM. Following the assessment of pollutants in body fluids, the commission derives two different kinds of guideline values: reference values and HBM values (HBM I and HBM II values). This article gives a review of the current reference values, HBM values, and the work of the German Human Biomonitoring Commission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Schulz
- Federal Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|