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Coolen S, Rogowska-van der Molen MA, Kwakernaak I, van Pelt JA, Postma JL, van Alen T, Jansen RS, Welte CU. Microbiota of pest insect Nezara viridula mediate detoxification and plant defense repression. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae097. [PMID: 38836495 PMCID: PMC11195473 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The Southern green shield bug, Nezara viridula, is an invasive piercing and sucking pest insect that feeds on crop plants and poses a threat to global food production. Given that insects are known to live in a close relationship with microorganisms, our study provides insights into the community composition and function of the N. viridula-associated microbiota and its effect on host-plant interactions. We discovered that N. viridula hosts both vertically and horizontally transmitted microbiota throughout different developmental stages and their salivary glands harbor a thriving microbial community that is transmitted to the plant while feeding. The N. viridula microbiota was shown to aid its host with the detoxification of a plant metabolite, namely 3-nitropropionic acid, and repression of host plant defenses. Our results demonstrate that the N. viridula-associated microbiota plays an important role in interactions between insects and plants and could therefore be considered a valuable target for the development of sustainable pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Coolen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A Rogowska-van der Molen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke Kwakernaak
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A van Pelt
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle L Postma
- Department of General Instrumentation, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van Alen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert S Jansen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia U Welte
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Çobanoğlu H, Coşkun M, Coşkun M, Çayır A. Different working conditions shift the genetic damage levels of pesticide-exposed agriculture workers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31750-31759. [PMID: 32504430 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we had two main purposes. Firstly, we aimed to compare genetic damages in the agricultural workers of two different types of environmental conditions including the greenhouse and open fields. Secondly, we aimed to compare genetic damages in the total agricultural workers as the exposed group (greenhouse and open field workers) (n = 114) and the non-exposed control group (n = 98) living in the same area in Canakkale, Turkey. For these purposes, we investigated the incidence of micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. We observed that the frequencies of MN, NPB, and NBUD obtained for the greenhouse workers were statistically significantly higher than those obtained for the open field workers. When the results of the control group were compared with those of the total workers, there were statistically significant differences in terms of MN and NBUD frequencies. We found that age and MN were correlated at a significant level in both the agricultural workers and the control group. The MN frequency of the female workers was 1.5 times greater than that of the male workers, and it was a significant level in the agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayal Çobanoğlu
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Münevver Coşkun
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Coşkun
- Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Akın Çayır
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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Comet assay genotoxicity evaluation of occupationally exposed tea-garden workers in northern West Bengal, India. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 844:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tefera YM, Thredgold L, Pisaniello D, Gaskin S. The greenhouse work environment: a modifier of occupational pesticide exposure? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:817-831. [PMID: 31264928 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1634972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouses are enclosed structures which have various characteristics that enhance crop productivity, but the implications for workers' pesticide exposure and uptake are not well understood. A narrative literature review was conducted to explore the mechanism/s of interactions between greenhouse characteristics and occupational pesticide exposure. Using a "work", "worker" and "workplace" conceptual framework, the greenhouse environment (hot and humid microclimate, limited space and dense crop arrangements) combines with work characteristics (high work and pesticide use intensity, multi-tasking, predominantly manual spraying techniques and quick reentry to treated farms) to potentially increase occupational pesticide exposure, compared with open field farming. Greenhouse environments, are variable but have been shown to influence pesticide availability, route, pathways and frequency of exposure, deposition and distribution on a worker's body as well as use and performance of exposure control methods. Training programs can emphasize the differences in exposure potential between greenhouse and open field farming. Development of tailored guidelines for exposure control strategies to better suit the level of uniqueness of greenhouse agriculture seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatal Mesfin Tefera
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Leigh Thredgold
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dino Pisaniello
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sharyn Gaskin
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Çayir A, Coskun M, Coskun M, Cobanoglu H. DNA damage and circulating cell free DNA in greenhouse workers exposed to pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:161-169. [PMID: 29130594 DOI: 10.1002/em.22148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides widely used in agriculture and other applications have been linked to cancer and other diseases through several potential mechanisms. The goals of this study were to assess DNA damage in lymphocytes by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN), and to measure circulating cell free DNA (ccf-DNA) in the blood of pesticide-exposed greenhouse workers and matched controls living in the same area. CBMN was applied to peripheral blood lymphocyte samples taken at different times (spring and autumn) for each individual. We measured plasma ccf-DNA levels using a Qubit® fluorometer. The results indicated that the MNL, BNMN, and NBUDs frequencies of pesticide-exposed individuals were significantly higher than non-exposed individuals. Apart from MNL, BNMN and CBPI, a season-related effect was found for the NPB and NBUD frequencies. With MNL and BNMN as the dependent variables, multiple regression analysis showed that age and gender affected MN formation. The ccf-DNA level in the pesticide-exposed group was significantly higher than the control group. There was no seasonal variation regarding the free DNA amount. Ccf-DNA in males was found to be higher than females. The MNL, BNMN, NPB, and CBPI did not correlate with the ccf-DNA amount. It can be concluded that pesticide exposure can modulate DNA integrity via different mechanisms. Also, elevated levels of ccf-DNA could be recommended as a biomarker of pesticide exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:161-169, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Çayir
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Coskun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Munevver Coskun
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Hayal Cobanoglu
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
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van den Bosch TJM, Welte CU. Detoxifying symbionts in agriculturally important pest insects. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 10:531-540. [PMID: 27943632 PMCID: PMC5404199 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pest insects lead to excessive agricultural and therefore economical losses on crops worldwide. These insects have to withstand toxic molecules that are inherent to plant defences, as well as those that are produced and introduced by humans in the form of insecticides. In recent years, research on insect–microbe symbioses has recognized that microbial symbionts may play a role protecting against these toxins, leading to a form of defensive symbiosis between the pest insect and different types of microorganisms that we term detoxifying symbioses. In this minireview, we will highlight well‐characterized and emerging insect model systems of detoxifying symbioses and assess how the microorganisms influence the host's success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijs J M van den Bosch
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia U Welte
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Perumalla Venkata R, Rahman MF, Mahboob M, Indu Kumari S, Chinde S, M. B, Dumala N, Grover P. Assessment of genotoxicity in female agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. Biomarkers 2016; 22:446-454. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. F. Rahman
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M. Mahboob
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S. Indu Kumari
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Chinde
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bhanuramya M.
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naresh Dumala
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Paramjit Grover
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Dutta S, Bahadur M. Cytogenetic analysis of micronuclei and cell death parameters in epithelial cells of pesticide exposed tea garden workers. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:627-634. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1230917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Çayır A, Coşkun M, Coşkun M. Genotoxicity of commercial fungicide Cabrio Plus on human cell. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:1697-704. [PMID: 26441122 PMCID: PMC5023543 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabrio Plus, a commercial fungicide, is used in agriculture as the control agent for a broad spectrum of diseases including black dot, early blight, late blight and powdery mildew. This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity of commercial formulation of Cabrio Plus which has been inadequately evaluated. The genotoxic potential of Cabrio Plus in isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes was measured by means of an alkaline version of the comet assay (pH > 13) and in whole blood by use of the in vitro micronucleus test. Cabrio Plus induced a statistically significant increase in DNA damage assessed with the in vitro micronucleus assay and the comet assay. Cabrio Plus also induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner with the in vitro micronucleus assay. It can be concluded that a commercially available pesticide formulation, Cabrio Plus, has the ability to cause DNA damage and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akın Çayır
- Vocational Health College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Coşkun
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Münevver Coşkun
- Vocational Health College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
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The use of the lymphocyte cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay for monitoring pesticide-exposed populations. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:183-203. [PMID: 27894686 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used around the world, and hundreds of millions of people are exposed annually in occupational and environmental settings. Numerous studies have demonstrated relationships between pesticide exposure and increased risk of cancers, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, respiratory diseases and diabetes. Assessment of genotoxicity of pesticides and biomonitoring their effect in exposed populations is critical for a better regulation and protection, but it can be complicated because pesticides are often used as complex mixtures. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes (L-CBMN) is a validated method of assessment of DNA damage induced by clastogenic and aneuploidogenic mechanisms. The goal of this review is to provide an updated summary of publications on biomonitoring studies using this assay in people exposed to pesticides in different settings, and to identify gaps in knowledge, and future directions. A literature search was conducted through MedLine/PubMed and TOXLINE electronic databases up to December 2015. A total of 55 full-text articles, related to 49 studies, excluding reviews, were selected for in depth analysis, divided by the settings where exposures occurred, such as chemical plant workers, pesticide sprayers, floriculturists, agricultural workers and non-occupationally exposed groups. Majority of studies (36 out of 49) reported positive findings with L-CBMN assay. However, most of the studies of professional applicators that used single pesticide or few compounds in the framework of specific programs did not show significant increases in MN frequency. A decreased level of pesticide-induced genotoxicity was associated with the proper use of personal protection. In contrast, subjects working in greenhouses or during intensive spraying season and having acute exposure, showed consistent increases in MN frequency. Overall, this analysis confirmed that L-CBMN is an excellent tool for pesticide biomonitoring, and can validate the effects of educational and intervention programs on reducing exposure and genetic damage.
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Abdul Hamid Z, Mohd Zulkifly MF, Hamid A, Lubis SH, Mohammad N, Ishak I, Mohd Saat NZ, Othman HF, Ghazali AR, Mohd Rafaai MJ, Mohd Noor MR, Rajab NF. The association of nuclear abnormalities in exfoliated buccal epithelial cells with the health status of different agricultural activities farmers in Peninsular Malaysia. Genes Environ 2016; 38:7. [PMID: 27350827 PMCID: PMC4918015 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-016-0032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure possesses risk of genotoxicity to humans, particularly farmers. Despite accumulating evidences linking genotoxicity to pesticide exposure, epidemiological studies to address pesticide toxicity in occupationally exposed farmers in Malaysia remain underreported. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the presence of nuclear abnormalities through the assessment of micronucleus (MN) and binucleus (BNu) frequencies in exfoliated buccal epithelial cells from farmers who were exposed to pesticides. A cross-sectional study of farmers among different agricultural activities farmers in Bachok and Pasir Puteh, Kelantan, North East of Peninsular Malaysia was done to evaluate the presence of nuclear abnormalities and its correlation with their health status and farming activities. RESULTS Analysis of buccal cells revealed that the frequency of MN was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in farmers as compared to controls. In contrast, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for BNu frequency in between groups. Correlation analysis showed that apart from a significant (p < 0.05) and positive correlation between the duration of fertilizers exposure and frequencies of MN (r = 0.42, P = 0.001) and BNu (r = 0.37, P = 0.02), no other correlation of various confounding factors on the formation of MN and BNu were observed. CONCLUSION In conclusion, pesticide and fertilizers exposure may contribute to the promotion of nuclear anomalies among Malaysian farmers who are engaged in mixed plantation activities. Further assessment of larger populations is important to address and overcome the potential risk of pesticide-induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zariyantey Abdul Hamid
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faizal Mohd Zulkifly
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
- />Center for Neuroscience Services and Research (P3Neuro), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Baru, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Asmah Hamid
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Syarif Husin Lubis
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Nihayah Mohammad
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Ismarulyusda Ishak
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Nur Zakiah Mohd Saat
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Hidayatul Fathi Othman
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Rohi Ghazali
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Mohd Jamil Mohd Rafaai
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Roff Mohd Noor
- />Horticulture Research Centre, MARDI, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang, 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
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Carrola J, Santos N, Rocha MJ, Fontainhas-Fernandes A, Pardal MA, Monteiro RAF, Rocha E. Frequency of micronuclei and of other nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes of the grey mullet from the Mondego, Douro and Ave estuaries--Portugal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6057-6068. [PMID: 24469770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fish are bioindicators of water pollution, and an increased rate of their erythrocyte nuclear morphological abnormalities (ENMAs)-and particularly of erythrocyte micronuclei (EMN)-is used as a genotoxicity biomarker. Despite the potential value of ENMAs and MN, there is scarce information about fish captured in Iberian estuaries. This is the case of the Portuguese estuaries of the Mondego, Douro and Ave, suffering from different levels of environmental stress and where chemical surveys have been disclosing significant amounts of certain pollutants. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate genotoxicants impacts and infer about the exposure at those ecosystems, using the grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) as bioindicator and considering the type and frequency of nuclear abnormalities of erythrocytes as proxies of genotoxicity. Sampling of mullets was done throughout the year in the important Mondego, Douro and Ave River estuaries (centre and north-western Portugal). The fish (total n = 242) were caught in campaigns made in spring-summer and autumn-winter, using nets or fishing rods. The sampled mullets were comparable between locations in terms of the basic biometric parameters. Blood smears were stained with Diff-Quik to assess the frequencies of six types of ENMAs and MN (given per 1,000 erythrocytes). Some basic water physicochemical parameters were recorded to search for fluctuations matching the ENMAs. Overall, the most frequent nucleus abnormality was the polymorphic type, sequentially followed by the blebbed/lobed/notched, segmented, kidney shaped, vacuolated, MN and binucleated. The total average frequency of the ENMAs ranged from 73 ‰ in the Mondego to 108 ‰ in the Ave. The polymorphic type was typically ≥50 % of the total ENMAs, averaging about 51 ‰, when considering all three estuaries. The most serious lesion-the MN-in fish from Mondego and Douro had a similar frequency (≈0.38 ‰), which was significantly lower than that in the Ave (0.75 ‰). No significant seasonal differences existed as to the MN rates and seasonal differences existed almost only in the Douro, with the higher values in AW. In general, the pattern of ENMAs frequencies was unrelated with the water physicochemical parameters. Considering the data for both the total ENMAs and for each specific abnormality, and bearing in mind that values of MN in fish erythrocytes >0.3 ‰ usually reflect pollution by genotoxicants, it is suggested that mullets were likely being chronically exposed to such compounds, even in the allegedly less polluted ecosystem (Mondego). Moreover, data supported the following pollution exposure gradient: Mondego < Douro < Ave. The scenario and inferences nicely agree with the published data from chemical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carrola
- UTAD-University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, ECVA-School of Life and Environmental Sciences, CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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Çayır A, Coskun M, Coskun M. Micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds induced in human lymphocytes by the fungicide signum and its active ingredients (boscalid and pyraclostrobin). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:723-732. [PMID: 22730168 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of the Signum fungicide and its active ingredients (boscalid and pyraclostrobin) on human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. Micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), nuclear bud (NBUDs) formations, and the cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) were evaluated in treated lymphocytes in Go (cells were treated and then kept in culture without stimulation for 24 h) and proliferation phases (cells were treated after 44 h culture in medium containing phytohemagglutinin). MN formation in lymphocytes treated in G0 statistically increased at doses of 2, 6, and 25 μg/mL signum; 0.5 and 2 μg/mL boscalid; and 0.5, 1.5, and 2 μg/mL pyraclostrobin; while NPB formation increased at a dose of 0.25 μg/mL pyraclostrobin. All concentrations of each fungicide did not statistically increase NBUD formation, while the cytotoxicity increased the dependent on concentration in lymphocytes treated in G0 . Doses of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 3 μg/mL signum; 0.5, 1, and 1.5 μg/mL boscalid; and 0.75 μg/mL pyraclostrobin statistically increased the MN formation in proliferating lymphocytes. NPB formation increased in proliferating lymphocytes at doses of 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 μg/mL signum and at a dose of 0.75 μg/mL pyraclostrobin. In addition, a dose of 0.75 μg/mL pyraclostrobin increased NBUD frequencies. Cytotoxicity increased with increasing concentrations of each fungicide. It is concluded that signum, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin may be genotoxic and cytotoxic in vitro human peripheral blood lymphocytes in consideration of each of the two protocols. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 723-732, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Çayır
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Çanakkale, Turkey
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Is organic farming safer to farmers' health? A comparison between organic and traditional farming. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:166-76. [PMID: 24576785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides is a major public health concern, because of the widespread distribution of these compounds and their possible long term effects. Recently, organic farming has been introduced as a consumer and environmental friendly agricultural system, although little is known about the effects on workers' health. The aim of this work was to evaluate genetic damage and immunological alterations in workers of both traditional and organic farming. Eighty-five farmers exposed to several pesticides, thirty-six organic farmers and sixty-one controls took part in the study. Biomarkers of exposure (pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and thioethers in urine and butyrylcholinesterase activity in plasma), early effect (micronuclei in lymphocytes and reticulocytes, T-cell receptor mutation assay, chromosomal aberrations, comet assay and lymphocytes subpopulations) and susceptibility (genetic polymorphisms related to metabolism - EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 - and DNA repair-XRCC1 and XRCC2) were evaluated. When compared to controls and organic farmers, pesticide farmers presented a significant increase of micronuclei in lymphocytes (frequency ratio, FR=2.80) and reticulocytes (FR=1.89), chromosomal aberrations (FR=2.19), DNA damage assessed by comet assay (mean ratio, MR=1.71), and a significant decrease in the proportion of B lymphocytes (MR=0.88). Results were not consistent for organic farmers when compared to controls, with a 48% increase of micronuclei in lumphocytes frequency (p=0.016) contrasted by the significant decreases of TCR-Mf (p=0.001) and %T (p=0.001). Our data confirm the increased presence of DNA damage in farmers exposed to pesticides, and show as exposure conditions may influence observed effects. These results must be interpreted with caution due to the small size of the sample and the unbalanced distribution of individuals in the three study groups.
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15
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Lin D, Guo Y, Yi J, Kuang D, Li X, Deng H, Huang K, Guan L, He Y, Zhang X, Hu D, Zhang Z, Zheng H, Zhang X, Mchale CM, Zhang L, Wu T. Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde and Genetic Damage in the Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Plywood Workers. J Occup Health 2014; 55:284-91. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.12-0288-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Lin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Yaojing Guo
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Jihu Yi
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational MedicineChina
| | - Dan Kuang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Xiaohai Li
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Huaxin Deng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Kun Huang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Lei Guan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Yunfeng He
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Die Hu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Zhihu Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational MedicineChina
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
| | - Cliona M. Mchale
- Genes and Environment LaboratorySchool of Public Health, University of CaliforniaUSA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Genes and Environment LaboratorySchool of Public Health, University of CaliforniaUSA
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina
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16
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Khayat CB, Costa EOA, Gonçalves MW, da Cruz e Cunha DM, da Cruz AS, de Araújo Melo CO, Bastos RP, da Cruz AD, de Melo e Silva D. Assessment of DNA damage in Brazilian workers occupationally exposed to pesticides: a study from Central Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:7334-40. [PMID: 23640389 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated 41 rural workers occupationally exposed to pesticides and 32 subjects as a control group, using the micronucleus (MN) and the comet assay. For the comet assay, we evaluated the peripheral blood, and for the MN, we sampled cells from the oral epithelium. Damage to DNA was measured by tail length, % DNA in tail (% tail), olive tail moment (OTM), and tail moment (TM). The exposed group presented an 8× increase in MN frequency, when compared to the control group (p <0.05). When we contrasted the MN frequencies between the individuals that use and do not use personal protective equipment, we found a mean of 7.5 MN (57 % variance) and 12.1 MN (130 % variance), respectively. The binucleated cells were 0.04 and 0.005, in the exposed and control groups, respectively, indicating 8× increase in the number of binucleated cells, when comparing the groups (p <0.05). In the comet assay, we demonstrated statistically significant differences in three parameters (% DNA, OTM, and TM) indicating that the rural workers presented high levels of genomic damages. Our results indicate that occupational exposure to pesticides could cause genome damage in somatic cells, representing a potential health risk to Brazilian rural workers that deal constantly with agrochemicals without adequate personal protection equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolinne Borges Khayat
- Departamento de Biologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Rua 235, n. 40, Departamento de Biologia, Bloco L, Área IV, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, 74605-050, Brazil
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17
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Lesmes-Fabian C, Binder CR. Pesticide flow analysis to assess human exposure in greenhouse flower production in Colombia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:1168-85. [PMID: 23528812 PMCID: PMC3709311 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10041168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure assessment tools represent a means for understanding human exposure to pesticides in agricultural activities and managing possible health risks. This paper presents a pesticide flow analysis modeling approach developed to assess human exposure to pesticide use in greenhouse flower crops in Colombia, focusing on dermal and inhalation exposure. This approach is based on the material flow analysis methodology. The transfer coefficients were obtained using the whole body dosimetry method for dermal exposure and the button personal inhalable aerosol sampler for inhalation exposure, using the tracer uranine as a pesticide surrogate. The case study was a greenhouse rose farm in the Bogota Plateau in Colombia. The approach was applied to estimate the exposure to pesticides such as mancozeb, carbendazim, propamocarb hydrochloride, fosetyl, carboxin, thiram, dimethomorph and mandipropamide. We found dermal absorption estimations close to the AOEL reference values for the pesticides carbendazim, mancozeb, thiram and mandipropamide during the study period. In addition, high values of dermal exposure were found on the forearms, hands, chest and legs of study participants, indicating weaknesses in the overlapping areas of the personal protective equipment parts. These results show how the material flow analysis methodology can be applied in the field of human exposure for early recognition of the dispersion of pesticides and support the development of measures to improve operational safety during pesticide management. Furthermore, the model makes it possible to identify the status quo of the health risk faced by workers in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Lesmes-Fabian
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Luisenstrasse 37 D-80333, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Wafa T, Nadia K, Amel N, Ikbal C, Insaf T, Asma K, Hedi MA, Mohamed H. Oxidative stress, hematological and biochemical alterations in farmers exposed to pesticides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:1058-69. [PMID: 24007483 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.824285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a cohort of farmers from the Mateur region in the North of Tunisia, were interviewed and examined for the biochemical effects of pesticides. We studied their haematological profile, lipid parameters, serum markers of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. We also evaluated the activities of Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and thiolactonase-paroxonase (PON). Moreover, lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined. The duration of pesticide use and the farmers' age were considered in the analysis. Our results revealed significant differences in some haematological parameters, in liver and kidney functions, in the lipidic status of the pesticide-exposed group. We also reported an increase in the index of incidence of cardiovascular risk in farmer populations. A significant decrease in AChE, BChE and PON levels was found among farmers. Lipid peroxidation, however, increased. The activities of SOD and CAT were remarkably elevated in farmer populations. There was a significant relation between changes in biological markers, the duration of pesticide use and the farmers' age. This study indicates that a long-term exposure to pesticides may play an important role in the development of vascular diseases via metabolic disorders of lipoproteins, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, inhibition of BChE and decrease in thiolactonase-PON levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayeb Wafa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, UR03/ES-08 Human Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia.
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19
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Da Silva FR, Da Silva J, Nunes E, Benedetti D, Kahl V, Rohr P, Abreu MB, Thiesen FV, Kvitko K. Application of the buccal micronucleus cytome assay and analysis of PON1Gln192Arg and CYP2A6*9(-48T>G) polymorphisms in tobacco farmers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:525-34. [PMID: 22847926 DOI: 10.1002/em.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco is a major Brazilian cash crop. Tobacco farmers apply large amounts of pesticides to control insect growth. Workers come into contact with green tobacco leaves during the tobacco harvest and absorb nicotine through the skin. In the present study, micronucleus frequency, cell death, and the frequency of basal cells were measured in tobacco farmers using the buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt), in parallel with measurement of blood butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and nicotine levels. Polymorphisms in PONIGln192Arg and CYP2A6*9(-48T>G) were evaluated to verify the relationship between genetic susceptibility and the measured biomarkers. Peripheral blood and buccal cell samples were collected from 106 agricultural workers, at two different crop times (during pesticide application and leaf harvest), as well as 53 unexposed controls. BMCyt showed statistically significant increases in micronuclei, nuclear buds, and binucleated cells among exposed subjects in differentiated cells, and in micronuclei in basal cells. In addition, the exposed group showed higher values for condensed chromatin, karyorrhectic, pyknotic, and karyolitic cells, indicative of cell death, and an increase in the frequency of basal cells compared to the unexposed control group. A slight difference in mutagenicity using the BMCyt assay was found between the two different sampling times (pesticide application and leaf harvest), with higher micronucleus frequencies during pesticide application. Elevated cotinine levels were observed during the leaf harvest compared to the unexposed controls, while BChE level was similar among the farmers and controls. PONIGln192Arg and CYP2A6*9(-48T>G) polymorphisms were associated with DNA damage induced by pesticides and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rabaioli Da Silva
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
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20
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Ribeiro MG, Colasso CG, Monteiro PP, Pedreira Filho WR, Yonamine M. Occupational safety and health practices among flower greenhouses workers from Alto Tietê region (Brazil). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 416:121-126. [PMID: 22134030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this preliminary study the occupational safety and health practices among flower greenhouses workers were evaluated. The study was carried out in the alto Tietê region, located at the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Inadequate welfare facilities; poor pesticide storage, use and disposal conditions; use of highly toxic pesticides; lack of adequate data regarding pesticide use; and incorrect use and maintenance of PPE were observed in most of the visited greenhouses. These results suggest that, in greenhouses, workers may be at higher risk of pesticide exposure, due to many factors that can intensify the exposure such as the lack of control on reentry intervals after pesticide application. Specific regulations are needed to ensure better OSH practices on pesticide use and to improve working conditions in greenhouses, in order to deal with the peculiarities of greenhouse working environment. Some of the special requirements for greenhouses workers' protection are the establishment of ventilation criteria for restricted entry interval; clear reentry restrictions; and EPI for workers other than applicators that need to enter the greenhouse before expiring REI interval. Another important way to improve OSH practices among workers includes the distribution of simple guidelines on the dos and don'ts regarding OSH practices in greenhouses and extensively training interventions to change the perception of hazards and the behavior towards risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela G Ribeiro
- Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho, Rua Capote Valente, 710, Pinheiros, CEP: 05409-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Évaluation du risque génotoxique dans un laboratoire d’anatomopathologie par le test des micronoyaux. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Paiva JCG, Cabral IO, Soares BM, Sombra CML, Ferreira JRO, Moraes MO, Cavalcanti BC, Pessoa C. Biomonitoring of rural workers exposed to a complex mixture of pesticides in the municipalities of Tianguá and Ubajara (Ceará state, Brazil): genotoxic and cytogenetic studies. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:492-501. [PMID: 21370288 DOI: 10.1002/em.20647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of pesticides in agriculture has been steadily increasing, and associations between exposure to agricultural chemicals and DNA damage and cancer have been reported. Brazil is one of the world leaders in pesticide use; however, studies that evaluate the impact of pesticide exposure on cancer incidence and mortality are very scarce in the Brazilian population. The alkaline comet assay and the chromosome aberration (CA) test were used to evaluate primary DNA damage in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers exposed to a complex mixture of pesticides in two small rural communities in the municipalities of Tianguá and Ubajara, located in the western part of Ceará State (Northeast Brazil), which are among the largest agricultural areas of the state. The comet assay showed that the damage index and damage frequency observed in the exposed groups were significantly higher in relation to the controls (P < 0.05). On the other hand, no differences were detected regarding structural and numerical CAs in the communities evaluated. Additionally, the observed levels of DNA strand breaks and frequencies of CAs, stratified for exposure time, were not statistically different for individuals of either rural community. Our results suggest that the damages caused by pesticides in our study area were not great enough to induce permanent mutations or to interfere with mitotic apparatus formation; minimal pesticide damages could have undergone cellular repair, explaining the absence of structural and numerical CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C G Paiva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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23
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Bolognesi C, Creus A, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Marcos R. Micronuclei and pesticide exposure. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:19-26. [PMID: 21164178 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronucleus (MN) is a biomarker widely used in biomonitoring studies carried out to determine the genetic risk associated to pesticide exposure. Many in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as epidemiological approaches, have demonstrated the ability of certain chemical pesticides to produce genetic effects including cancer and other chronic pathologies in humans; thus, biomonitoring studies have been carried out to characterise the genetic risk associated to pesticide exposure. It must be noted that 'pesticide exposure' is a broad term covering complex mixtures of chemicals and many variables that can reduce or potentiate their risk. In addition, there are large differences in pesticides used in the different parts of the world. Although pesticides constitute a wide group of environmental pollutants, the main focus on their risk has been addressed to people using pesticides in their working places, at the chemical industry or in the crop fields. Here, we present a brief review of biomonitoring studies carried out in people occupationally exposed to pesticides and that use MN in lymphocytes or buccal cells as a target to determine the induction of genotoxic damage. Thus, people working in the chemical industry producing pesticides, people spraying pesticides and people dedicated to floriculture or agricultural works in general are the subject of specific sections. MN is a valuable genotoxic end point when clear exposure conditions exist like in pesticide production workers; nevertheless, better study designs are needed to overcome the uncertainty in exposure, genetic susceptibility and statistical power in the studies of sprayers and floriculture or agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bolognesi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
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24
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Coskun M, Coskun M, Cayir A, Ozdemir O. Frequencies of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in farmers exposed to pesticides in Çanakkale, Turkey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:93-96. [PMID: 20739066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the incidence of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in peripheral blood lymphocytes due to direct exposure to pesticides among 46 farmers in Çanakkale, Turkey. 48 non-exposed individuals living in the same socioeconomic conditions were chosen as control. In addition, a cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) was calculated. MNi and NBUDs frequencies were significantly higher among the farmers (p < 0.05). Although the NPB frequency of the farmers was higher than the controls, there was no statistical difference. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that apart from gender, no significant effects of various confounding factors were observed. Regarding CBPI, data obtained for the controls were higher than that of the farmers; however, there was no statistically significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Coskun
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Terzioglu Campus, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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25
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Costa C, Silva S, Neves J, Coelho P, Costa S, Laffon B, Snawder J, Teixeira JP. Micronucleus frequencies in lymphocytes and reticulocytes in a pesticide-exposed population in Portugal. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:960-970. [PMID: 21707421 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.582024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of chemical products known to be acutely toxic is currently used in the agricultural sector, including numerous pesticides with different compositions. Nevertheless, the effects in human health as result of chronic exposure to low levels are not yet completely understood. The methodology for determination of micronuclei (MN) in lymphocytes (CBMN) is well established, and accumulating data demonstrated a correlation to enhanced risk of cancer development. However, analysis of MN in reticulocytes (MN-RET) in humans is a recent tool on human biomonitoring. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of pesticide exposure on MN-RET and CBMN frequencies. In total, 177 individuals were studied (93 controls and 84 exposed). All individuals included in the exposed group were exposed regularly to various chemicals. Both MN-RET and CBMN were significantly higher in the exposed subjects compared to controls. The CBMN frequencies were quantitatively higher in females than males, especially within the exposed group. Smoking habits exerted no marked influence on the frequency of the biomarkers studied. A significant and positive correlation was found between both indicators. Within the exposed group, data showed that there was a significant correlation between MN-RET and recent exposure (exposure in the previous 10 d) that is not found when considering CBMN. It is conceivable that due to the short life span of reticulocytes, MN-RET were found to be more reliable to characterize recent genetic damage as opposed to CBMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Costa
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal.
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26
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Chrisman JDR, Koifman S, de Novaes Sarcinelli P, Moreira JC, Koifman RJ, Meyer A. Pesticide sales and adult male cancer mortality in Brazil. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:310-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Piperakis SM, Kontogianni K, Karanastasi G, Iakovidou-Kritsi Z, Cebulska-Wasilewska A, Piperakis MM. Investigation of the genotoxic effect of pesticides on greenhouse workers' lymphocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:121-126. [PMID: 19107909 DOI: 10.1002/em.20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the genotoxic effects of commonly applied pesticides were evaluated using the alkaline comet assay (pH > 13). The amount of DNA damage (% DNA in tail) in peripheral lymphocytes of 49 male agricultural workers from Southern Poland were measured and compared to 50 men from the same area who had no previous occupational exposure to pesticides. No statistically significant differences in basal DNA damage were found between the study groups. In addition, exposure of peripheral blood lymphocytes to hydrogen peroxide (100 and 150 microM) or gamma-irradiation (2.5 or 4.2 Gy) led to a similar degree of additional DNA damage and subsequent repair (for 2 hr) for all studied populations. In conclusion, our results indicate that the greenhouse workers who participated in this study had no detectable increased DNA damage or alteration in their cellular response to DNA damage in comparison to our control population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos M Piperakis
- Biology Unit, Department of Pre-School Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
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28
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Remor AP, Totti CC, Moreira DA, Dutra GP, Heuser VD, Boeira JM. Occupational exposure of farm workers to pesticides: biochemical parameters and evaluation of genotoxicity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:273-278. [PMID: 18678410 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effects of exposure to complex mixtures of pesticides in farm workers from two communities from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, we evaluated the activities of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) enzymes, hematological, lipid parameters, and genotoxicity using two tests to detect DNA damage, the Comet assay in peripheral blood leukocytes and the micronucleus (MN) test in oral mucosa cells. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE), age and smoke habits were considered in the analysis. There was a significant decrease in the BChE and ALA-D activities in farm workers (n=37) relative to the control group (n=20) (P< or =0.05 and P< or =0.001, respectively). The Comet assay in peripheral blood leukocytes showed that the Damage index and Damage frequency observed in the exposed group were significantly higher in relation to the controls (P< or =0.001, and P< or =0.05, respectively). No differences were detected regarding the hematological parameters, lipids profile, and MN frequencies. In addition, no significant differences were observed between younger (< or =38 years) and older subjects (>38 years), or between smokers and non-smokers within the groups, either by Comet assay or MN test. However, the use of PPE seems to be important in the prevention of contamination, as suggested by BChE levels and Comet assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pértile Remor
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Erechim, RS, Brazil
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29
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Costa S, Coelho P, Costa C, Silva S, Mayan O, Santos LS, Gaspar J, Teixeira JP. Genotoxic damage in pathology anatomy laboratory workers exposed to formaldehyde. Toxicology 2008; 252:40-8. [PMID: 18721846 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a chemical traditionally used in pathology and anatomy laboratories as a tissue preservative. Several epidemiological studies of occupational exposure to FA have indicated an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancers in industrial workers, embalmers and pathology anatomists. There is also a clear evidence of nasal squamous cell carcinomas from inhalation studies in the rat. The postulated mode of action for nasal tumours in rats was considered biologically plausible and considered likely to be relevant to humans. Based on the available data IARC, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, has recently classified FA as a human carcinogen. Although the in vitro genotoxic as well as the in vivo carcinogenic potentials of FA are well documented in mammalian cells and in rodents, evidence for genotoxic effects and carcinogenic properties in humans is insufficient and conflicting thus remains to be more documented. To evaluate the genetic effects of long-term occupational exposure to FA a group of 30 Pathological Anatomy laboratory workers was tested for a variety of biological endpoints, cytogenetic tests (micronuclei, MN; sister chromatid exchange, SCE) and comet assay. The level of exposure to FA was evaluated near the breathing zone of workers, time weighted average of exposure was calculated for each subject. The association between the biomarkers and polymorphic genes of xenobiotic metabolising and DNA repair enzymes was also assessed. The mean level of exposure was 0.44+/-0.08ppm (0.04-1.58ppm). MN frequency was significantly higher (p=0.003) in the exposed subjects (5.47+/-0.76) when compared with controls (3.27+/-0.69). SCE mean value was significantly higher (p<0.05) among the exposed group (6.13+/-0.29) compared with control group (4.49+/-0.16). Comet assay data showed a significant increase (p<0.05) of TL in FA-exposed workers (60.00+/-2.31) with respect to the control group (41.85+/-1.97). A positive correlation was found between FA exposure levels and MN frequency (r=0.384, p=0.001) and TL (r=0.333, p=0.005). Regarding the genetic polymorphisms studied, no significant effect was found on the genotoxic endpoints. The results of the present biomonitoring study emphasize the need to develop safety programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Costa
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Praça Coronel Pacheco 15, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal.
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