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Panda DK, Das DP, Behera SK, Dhal NK. Review on the impact of cell phone radiation effects on green plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:565. [PMID: 38773047 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to assess the impact of cell phone radiation effects on green plants. Rapid progress in networking and communication systems has introduced frequency- and amplitude-modulated technologies to the world with higher allowed bands and greater speed by using high-powered radio generators, which facilitate high definition connectivity, rapid transfer of larger data files, and quick multiple accesses. These cause frequent exposure of cellular radiation to the biological world from a number of sources. Key factors like a range of frequencies, time durations, power densities, and electric fields were found to have differential impacts on the growth and development of green plants. As far as the effects on green plants are concerned in this review, alterations in their morphological characteristics like overall growth, canopy density, and pigmentation to physiological variations like chlorophyll fluorescence and change in membrane potential etc. have been found to be affected by cellular radiation. On the other hand, elevated oxidative status of the cell, macromolecular damage, and lipid peroxidation have been found frequently. On the chromosomal level, micronuclei formation, spindle detachments, and increased mitotic indexes etc. have been noticed. Transcription factors were found to be overexpressed in many cases due to the cellular radiation impact, which shows effects at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, RRL Campus, Sachivalaya MargAcharya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debi Prasad Das
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Project Engineering and Instrumentation Department, CSIR-Institutes of Minerals and Materials Technology, Sachivalaya Marg , RRL Campus, Acharya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Behera
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Project Engineering and Instrumentation Department, CSIR-Institutes of Minerals and Materials Technology, Sachivalaya Marg , RRL Campus, Acharya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Nabin Kumar Dhal
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, RRL Campus, Sachivalaya MargAcharya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Shapira S, Nitecki M, Tzur D, Schwartz N, Silverman BG, Zack O, Friedensohn-Zuck L. Occupational Exposure to Nonionizing Radiation and Risk for Malignancy in Young Adults. Mil Med 2023; 188:e2424-e2430. [PMID: 36734118 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonionizing radiation (NIR) is considered "possibly carcinogenic to humans," and therefore, exposure of young military personnel raises concerns regarding increased risk for cancer. The aim of our study was to compare the cancer incidence in exposed and nonexposed populations in order to gain better understanding of their risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS A longitudinal retrospective cohort study, between 2009 and 2018, was conducted. Israel Defense Forces (IDF) aerial defense units service members, with NIR exposure (range of 2-300 GHz, below the International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines), were compared with a similar sociodemographic group of service members without NIR exposure. Both groups were followed for cancer incidence (all-cause and specific malignancies). Kaplan-Meier analysis of cancer-free survival and univariate and multivariable logistic regressions for possible confounders and risk factors were performed. This analysis was repeated on a matched 1:1 control group. RESULTS Exposure and comparison groups included 3,825 and 11,049 individuals, respectively. Forty-one cases diagnosed with cancer were identified during the follow-up time (mean 4.8 [±2.7] years), 13 (0.34%) of which were reported in the exposure group, and 28 (0.25%) were reported in the comparison group. The odds ratio (OR) for cancer incidence in the exposure vs. control groups was 1.34 (95%CI, 0.70-2.60), P-value = 0.3807. The results remained unchanged after adjustment for sex, age at enrollment, service length, socioeconomic status, and military occupation (adjOR = 1.38 [95%CI, 0.67-2.82], P = 0.3818). CONCLUSIONS Our study did not find an increased short-term risk for cancer in young adults exposed to NIR radiation as compared with unexposed young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Shapira
- Israeli Defense Forces Medical Corps, Kiryat Ono 5262000, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine and "Tzameret," Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Hadassah Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Maya Nitecki
- Israeli Defense Forces Medical Corps, Kiryat Ono 5262000, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine and "Tzameret," Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Hadassah Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Dorit Tzur
- Israeli Defense Forces Medical Corps, Kiryat Ono 5262000, Israel
| | - Naama Schwartz
- Israeli Defense Forces Medical Corps, Kiryat Ono 5262000, Israel
| | - Barbara G Silverman
- Israel National Cancer Registry, Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Gertner Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Kiryat Ono 5265601, Israel
- Epidemiology Faculty, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Oren Zack
- Israeli Defense Forces Medical Corps, Kiryat Ono 5262000, Israel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Limor Friedensohn-Zuck
- Israeli Defense Forces Medical Corps, Kiryat Ono 5262000, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine and "Tzameret," Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Hadassah Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
- ENTIRE Endocrine Neoplasia Translational Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel
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Yao C, Dong J, Ren K, Sun L, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang H, Xu X, Yao B, Zhou H, Zhao L, Peng R. Accumulative Effects of Multifrequency Microwave Exposure with 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz on the Structures and Functions of the Immune System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4988. [PMID: 36981897 PMCID: PMC10049199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microwave ablation can produce immune activation due to thermal effects. However, the nonthermal effects of microwaves on the immune system are still largely unexplored. In this study, we sequentially exposed rats to 1.5 GHz microwave for 6 min and 2.8 GHz microwave for 6 min at an average power density of 5, 10, and 30 mW/cm2. The structure of the thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node were observed, and we showed that multifrequency microwave exposure caused tissue injuries, such as congestion and nuclear fragmentation in lymphocytes. Ultrastructural injuries, including mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial cristae rupture, and mitochondrial cavitation, were observed, especially in the 30 mW/cm2 microwave-exposed group. Generally, multifrequency microwaves decreased white blood cells, as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, in peripheral blood, from 7 d to 28 d after exposure. Microwaves with an average density of 30 mW/cm2 produced much more significant inhibitory effects on immune cells. Moreover, multifrequency microwaves at 10 and 30 mW/cm2, but not 5 mW/cm2, reduced the serum levels of several cytokines, such as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-1β, interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), at 7 d and 14 d after exposure. We also found similar alterations in immunoglobulins (Igs), IgG, and IgM in serum. However, no obvious changes in complement proteins were detected. In conclusion, multifrequency microwave exposure of 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz caused both structural injuries of immune tissues and functional impairment in immune cells. Therefore, it will be necessary to develop an effective strategy to protect people from multifrequency microwave-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Zhao
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (R.P.)
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Minasbekyan LA, Nerkararyan AV. Contribution of Nuclear Membrane Phospholipids to the Formation of Electrokinetic Potential. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350922060148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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The Biological Effects of Compound Microwave Exposure with 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz on Immune System: Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233849. [PMID: 36497106 PMCID: PMC9735949 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that microwaves produce both thermal and nonthermal effects. Microwave ablation can produce thermal effects to activate the body's immune system and has been widely used in cancer therapy. However, the nonthermal effects of microwaves on the immune system are still largely unexplored. In the present study, we exposed rats to multifrequency microwaves of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz with an average power density of 10 mW/cm2, which are widely used in our daily life, to investigate the biological effects on the immune system and its potential mechanisms. Both single-frequency microwaves and multifrequency microwaves caused obvious pathological alterations in the thymus and spleen at seven days after exposure, while multifrequency microwaves produced more pronounced injuries. Unexpectedly, multifrequency microwave exposure increased the number of both leukocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and upregulated the proportion of B lymphocytes among the total lymphocytes, indicating activation of the immune response. Our data also showed that the cytokines associated with the proliferation and activation of B lymphocytes, including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β and IL-4, were elevated at six hours after exposure, which might contribute to the increase in B lymphocytes at seven days after exposure. Moreover, multifrequency microwave exposure upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of B cell activation-associated genes in peripheral blood. In addition to immune-associated genes, multifrequency microwaves mainly affected the expression of genes related to DNA duplication, cellular metabolism and signal transduction in the peripheral blood and spleen. In conclusion, multifrequency microwaves with 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz caused reversible injuries of the thymus and spleen but activated immune cells in the peripheral blood by upregulating mRNA and protein expression, as well as cytokine release. These results not only uncovered the biological effects of multifrequency microwave on the immune system, but also provide critical clues to explore the potential mechanisms.
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Yadav H, Sharma RS, Singh R. Immunotoxicity of radiofrequency radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119793. [PMID: 35863710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence recommends that radiofrequency radiations might be a new type of environmental pollutant. The consequences of RFR on the human immune system have gained considerable interest in recent years, not only to examine probable negative effects on health but also to understand if RFR can modulate the immune response positively. Although several studies have been published on the immune effects of RFR but no satisfactory agreement has been reached. Hence this review aims to evaluate the RFR modulating impacts on particular immune cells contributing to various innate or adaptive immune responses. In view of existing pieces of evidence, we have suggested an intracellular signaling cascade responsible for RFR action. The bio-effects of RFR on immune cell morphology, viability, proliferation, genome integrity, and immune functions such as ROS, cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, apoptosis, etc. are discussed. The majority of existing evidence point toward the possible shifts in the activity, number, and/or function of immunocompetent cells, but the outcome of several studies is still contradictory and needs further studies to reach a conclusion. Also, the direct association of experimental studies to human risks might not be helpful as exposure parameters vary in real life. On the basis of recent available literature, we suggest that special experiments should be designed to test each particular signal utilized in communication technologies to rule out the hypothesis that longer exposure to RFR emitting devices would affect the immunity by inducing genotoxic effects in human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Yadav
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110052, India
| | | | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110052, India.
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Zhao L, Yao C, Wang H, Dong J, Zhang J, Xu X, Wang H, Yao B, Ren K, Sun L, Peng R. Immune Responses to Multi-Frequencies of 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz Microwave Exposure in Rats: Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136949. [PMID: 35805954 PMCID: PMC9266614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapidly increasing application of microwave technologies, the anxiety and speculation about microwave induced potential health hazards has been attracting more and more attention. In our daily life, people are exposed to complex environments with multi-frequency microwaves, especially L band and C band microwaves, which are commonly used in communications. In this study, we exposed rats to 1.5 GHz (L10), 4.3 GHz (C10) or multi-frequency (LC10) microwaves at an average power density of 10 mW/cm2. Both single and multi-frequency microwaves induced slight pathological changes in the thymus and spleen. Additionally, the white blood cells (WBCs) and lymphocytes in peripheral blood were decreased at 6 h and 7 d after exposure, suggesting immune suppressive responses were induced. Among lymphocytes, the B lymphocytes were increased while the T lymphocytes were decreased at 7 d after exposure in the C10 and LC10 groups, but not in the L10 group. Moreover, multi-frequency microwaves regulated the B and T lymphocytes more strongly than the C band microwave. The results of transcriptomics and proteomics showed that both single and multi-frequency microwaves regulated numerous genes associated with immune regulation and cellular metabolism in peripheral blood and in the spleen. However, multi-frequency microwaves altered the expression of many more genes and proteins. Moreover, multi-frequency microwaves down-regulated T lymphocytes’ development, differentiation and activation-associated genes, while they up-regulated B lymphocytes’ activation-related genes. In conclusion, multi-frequency microwaves of 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz produced immune suppressive responses via regulating immune regulation and cellular metabolism-associated genes. Our findings provide meaningful information for exploring potential mechanisms underlying multi-frequency induced immune suppression.
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Munari D, Serina A, Leonardelli A, Lanza D, Caramori A, Guerrini A, Angela M, Filippetti M, Smania N, Picelli A. Effects of deep heating modalities on the morphological and elastic properties of the non-insertional region of achilles tendon: a pilot study. Int J Hyperthermia 2022; 39:222-228. [DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2022.2026497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Munari
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Serina
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Davide Lanza
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Caramori
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Modenese Angela
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirko Filippetti
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Smania
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Picelli
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Section of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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La X, Wang W, Zhang M, Liang L. Definition and Multiple Factors of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1300:231-257. [PMID: 33523437 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-4187-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is usually defined as three or more spontaneous abortions prior to 20-28 weeks gestation. RSA affects approximately 2-5% of all women of childbearing age, and it brings tremendous psychological and psychiatric trauma to the women and also results in economic burden. The causes could be female age, anatomical and chromosomal abnormalities, genetic, endocrinological, placental anomalies, infection, smoking and alcohol consumption, psychological factor, exposure to environmental factors such as heavy metal, environment pollution, and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin La
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Liang
- Reproductive Medical Center, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, P.R. China
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Zhao D, Guo L, Zhang R, Zhu Q, Wang H, Liu R, Yan H, Dang S. Risk of congenital heart disease due to exposure to common electrical appliances during early pregnancy: a case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4739-4748. [PMID: 32949363 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To examine the association between exposure to common electrical appliances in early pregnancy and congenital heart disease (CHD). A case-control study of 2339 participants was conducted in six hospitals in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Northwest China from 2014 to 2016. All infants with CHD were diagnosed according to ICD-10 classification. Selected controls consisted of newborns from the same hospital, without any birth defects, and 1:3 matched by birthdate. We conducted personal interviews with the mothers to gather information on any exposure to electrical appliances during pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of exposure to common electrical appliances on CHD. We observed that the mothers exposed to computers (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.71), induction cookers (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 2.19, 3.55), and microwave ovens (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.31) during early pregnancy were more likely to give birth to infants with CHD. Mothers who wore radiation protection suits (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.87) during early pregnancy decreased the risk of CHD in their neonate. There was an interaction for induction cooker exposure with wore radiation protection suits on CHD (RERI: - 1.44, 95% CI: - 2.48, - 0.39; S: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.84; AP: - 0.79, 95% CI: - 1.53, - 0.05). Our study confirmed that exposure to some electrical appliances was associated with a higher risk of CHD, and wearing a radiation protection suit was associated with a lower risk of CHD. Women should therefore reduce the usage of electrical appliances before and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Leqian Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qixia Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shaonong Dang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Kumaran B, Watson T. Thermophysiological responses to capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint: A randomised controlled experimental study. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 40:210-221. [PMID: 33174467 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1846556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of 448 kHz capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency (CRMRF) on the superficial and deep physiological responses of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee(s). Forty-five patients diagnosed with OA in their knee(s) were enrolled into a three-group randomised controlled study, from the waiting list of a local hospital. They received localized treatment with either CRMRF, CRMRF placebo or a control (no treatment) to the knee for 15 minutes. Pre, post, and 20 min follow-up measurements of skin temperature (SKT) and skin blood flow (SBF) were obtained from the knee using the FlexComp Infiniti (SA7550) physiological measurement system. Pre and post-treatment deep blood flow were recorded using Doppler ultrasound. Core temperature, blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate (PR) were concurrently monitored. Group data were compared using the ANOVA model. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05, 0.8 power, and 95% CI. Significant increases and sustenance of SKT and SBF, and significant increases in volume and intensity of deep blood flow were demonstrated with CRMRF over the placebo and control interventions in all comparisons (p< .001). No meaningful changes in blood flow velocity, core temperature, BP, or PR were noted for any condition. The findings were markedly more pronounced than those previously reported in asymptomatic adults. However, the patients had received a higher average dose of CRMRF (mean (SD): 46.87 (4.08) W) compared to the asymptomatic sample (mean (SD): 42.37 (4.64) W); therefore, further research is needed to better understand the differences in physiological responses between patients and asymptomatic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Kumaran
- Department of Allied Health Professions Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield, UK
| | - Tim Watson
- Department of Allied Health Professions Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield, UK
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Alessio N, Santoro E, Squillaro T, Aprile D, Briccola M, Giubbini P, Marchesani R, Muoio MR, Lamberti M. Low-Level Radiofrequency Exposure Does Not Induce Changes in MSC Biology: An in vitro Study for the Prevention of NIR-Related Damage. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:49-59. [PMID: 31908499 PMCID: PMC6927227 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s204166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The ubiquitous diffusion of radiofrequency (RF) radiation across human living environments has attracted the attention of scientists. Though the adverse health effects of RF exposure remain debatable, it has been reported that the interaction of such radiation with biological macromolecular structures can be deleterious for stem cells, inducing impairment of their main functions involving self-renewal and differentiation. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to RF of 169 megahertz (MHz) that is part of very high radiofrequency (VHF) range 30–300 MHz, could cause damage to stem cells by inducing senescence and loss of regenerative and DNA repair capacity. Methods The study was conducted on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) containing a subpopulation of stem cells. The MSCs were exposed to RFs of 169 MHz administered via an open meter 2G “Smart Meter” for different durations of time. Result We did not observe modifications in MSC biology as a result of the RF exposure conducted in our experiments. Conclusion We concluded that MSCs are insensitive to RF radiation exposure at 169 MHz for various time intervals, including longer durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Alessio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Santoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine Section, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Squillaro
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences, and Aging, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Aprile
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria Rosaria Muoio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine Section, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Lamberti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine Section, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Fadiloglu E, Tapisiz OL, Unsal M, Fadiloglu S, Celik B, Mollamahmutoglu L. Non-Ionizing Radiation Created by Mobile Phone Progresses Endometrial Hyperplasia: An Experimental Rat Study. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:36-43. [PMID: 31349952 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-ionizing radiation is related with many pathologies. AIM Determine association between non-ionizing radiation and endometrial hyperplasia. METHODS Fifty oopherectomized Wistar albino rats were administered Estradiol hemihydrate (4 mg/kg) to induce hyperplasia, and were exposed to 1800 MHz radiation created by a mobile phone and a signal generator working as base station. This study was carried out with 5 groups in two phases. The study groups were. Control group without any exposure; group receiving estrogen in first phase of the study; group receiving estrogen in both phases; group receiving estrogen in the first phase and exposed to non-ionizing radiation during second phase and group taking estrogen in both phases and exposed to non-ionizing radiation during the second phase. Following both phases, uterine horns were excised and evaluated based on glandular density (GD), epithelial cell height (ECH), and luminal epithelial cell height (LECH). RESULTS Estrogen increased all parameters during both phases (LECH, GD, and ECH values were 12,2 vs. 16,5 (p = 0.001), 34 vs. 47 (p <0.001), and 201 vs. 376.6 (p = 0.001), respectively during the first phase; LECH, GD and ECH values were 13,2 vs. 20,3 (p <0.001), 35.5 vs. 65,5 (p <0.001), 219.9 vs. 419.6 (p <0.001), respectively, during the second phase).Non-ionizing radiation increased all values without estrogen exposure (LECH, GD and ECH values were 13,2 vs. 17,2 (p = 0,074), 35,5 vs. 59 (p = 0.074), and 219 vs. 318.3 (p <0.001), respectively) or with estrogen exposure (LECH, GD, and ECH, values were 20,3 vs. 22,8 (p = 0,168), 65,5 vs. 77 (p = 0,058), and 419,6 vs. 541,6 (p = 0.004), respectively). CONCLUSION Non-ionizing radiation progressed endometrial hyperplasia in an experimental rat model with/without estrogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Fadiloglu
- Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Researching Hospital, Women's Health Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Omer Lutfi Tapisiz
- Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Researching Hospital, Women's Health Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Unsal
- Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Researching Hospital, Women's Health Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seyma Fadiloglu
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcin Celik
- Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Researching Hospital, Women's Health Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Leyla Mollamahmutoglu
- Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Researching Hospital, Women's Health Department, Ankara, Turkey
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Gapeyev AB, Aripovsky AV, Kulagina TP. Fatty Acid Content and Tumor Growth Changes in Mice After Exposure to Extremely High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation and Consumption of N-3 Fatty Acids. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:1325-1334. [PMID: 30990087 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1601746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The topical problem is to find new, more effective and safe treatments for cancer. The purpose of the present work was to study the combined effects of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) and consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on tumor growth and the content of FAs in the thymus and tumor tissue in mice. Fatty acid composition was determined using gas chromatography. Exposure of tumor-bearing mice with solid Ehrlich carcinoma to EHF EMR with effective parameters (42.2 GHz, 0.1 mW/cm2, 20 min daily for 5 consecutive days beginning on the first day after the tumor inoculation) led to delaying the tumor growth and restored the content of almost all FAs in thymic tissue to the level of intact animals. Animal intake of the preparation enriched with n-3 PUFAs increased the content of n-3 PUFAs in thymic tissue significantly, but did not affect the tumor growth, even in combination with EHF EMR exposure. Combined action of EHF EMR exposure and n-3 preparation promoted recovery of thymus weight in tumor-bearing animals. The data obtained assume a complex interaction between the immune system and the tumor, and the important role of FAs in the regulation of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Gapeyev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Alexander V Aripovsky
- State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , Obolensk , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Tatyana P Kulagina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region , Russia
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16
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Yang MJ, Lang HY, Miao X, Liu HQ, Zhang YJ, Wang YF, Chen YB, Liu JY, Zeng LH, Guo GZ. Effects of paternal electromagnetic pulse exposure on the reproductive endocrine function of male offspring: a pilot study. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1120-1127. [PMID: 30510681 PMCID: PMC6220719 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies indicate that parental exposure to an electromagnetic field (EMF) can cause long-term toxicity to the health of the offspring. While concerns have been focused on maternal influence, much less is known regarding the effects of paternal factors. Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a special and widely used type of EMF. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of paternal EMP exposure on the reproductive endocrine function of the male rat offspring. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly exposed to EMP at 200 kV m-1 for 0, 100 or 400 pulses before mating. The adult male offspring were sacrificed and the structural changes of testes, levels of serum steroid hormones, sperm characteristics, reproductive behaviors, content of the reproductive endocrine-related neurotransmitter GABA and expression of the GABAA receptor were analyzed. The results showed that paternal exposure induced a decrease of testosterone (T), sperm quantity and acrosin activity in the male offspring (p < 0.05). It did not show significant changes in the structure of testes, sperm deformity frequency and reproductive behaviors compared with the sham-exposed group. The content of GABA and the protein and mRNA expression of the hypothalamic GABAA receptor protein increased in the EMP exposure group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our study shows that under these experimental conditions EMP had a certain degree of influence on the reproductive endocrine function of the male rat offspring, and the hypothalamic GABAA receptor may be involved in the reproductive toxicity of the male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Juan Yang
- Department of Radiation Medicine , Faculty of Preventive Medicine , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China . ; ; ; ; Tel: +86-29-84774873
- Center for Infectious Disease Control , Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , PLA , Beijing , China
| | - Hai-Yang Lang
- Department of Radiation Medicine , Faculty of Preventive Medicine , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China . ; ; ; ; Tel: +86-29-84774873
| | - Xia Miao
- Department of Radiation Medicine , Faculty of Preventive Medicine , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China . ; ; ; ; Tel: +86-29-84774873
| | - Hai-Qiang Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine , Faculty of Preventive Medicine , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China . ; ; ; ; Tel: +86-29-84774873
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine , Faculty of Preventive Medicine , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China . ; ; ; ; Tel: +86-29-84774873
| | - Ya-Feng Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine , Faculty of Preventive Medicine , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China . ; ; ; ; Tel: +86-29-84774873
| | - Yong-Bin Chen
- Department of Radiation Medicine , Faculty of Preventive Medicine , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China . ; ; ; ; Tel: +86-29-84774873
| | - Jun-Ye Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine , Faculty of Preventive Medicine , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China . ; ; ; ; Tel: +86-29-84774873
| | - Li-Hua Zeng
- Department of Radiation Medicine , Faculty of Preventive Medicine , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China . ; ; ; ; Tel: +86-29-84774873
| | - Guo-Zhen Guo
- Department of Radiation Medicine , Faculty of Preventive Medicine , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China . ; ; ; ; Tel: +86-29-84774873
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Rosado MM, Simkó M, Mattsson MO, Pioli C. Immune-Modulating Perspectives for Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Innate Immunity. Front Public Health 2018; 6:85. [PMID: 29632855 PMCID: PMC5879099 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the immune system have received a considerable interest, not only to investigate possible negative health impact but also to explore the possibility to favorably modulate immune responses. To generate beneficial responses, the immune system should eradicate pathogens while “respecting” the organism and tolerating irrelevant antigens. According to the current view, damage-associated molecules released by infected or injured cells, or secreted by innate immune cells generate danger signals activating an immune response. These signals are also relevant to the subsequent activation of homeostatic mechanisms that control the immune response in pro- or anti-inflammatory reactions, a feature that allows modulation by therapeutic treatments. In the present review, we describe and discuss the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF)-EMF and pulsed EMF on cell signals and factors relevant to the activation of danger signals and innate immunity cells. By discussing the EMF modulating effects on cell functions, we envisage the use of EMF as a therapeutic agent to regulate immune responses associated with wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mats-Olof Mattsson
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Energy, Environmental Resources and Technologies, Tulln, Austria
| | - Claudio Pioli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA, Rome, Italy
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Kumaran B, Watson T. Skin thermophysiological effects of 448 kHz capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency in healthy adults: A randomised crossover study and comparison with pulsed shortwave therapy. Electromagn Biol Med 2018; 37:1-12. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2017.1422260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Kumaran
- Physiotherapy, Department of Allied Health Professions and Midwifery, School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Tim Watson
- Physiotherapy, Department of Allied Health Professions and Midwifery, School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Qureshi ST, Memon SA, Abassi AR, Sial MA, Bughio FA. Radiofrequency radiations induced genotoxic and carcinogenic effects on chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) root tip cells. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:883-891. [PMID: 28490961 PMCID: PMC5415122 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Present study was under taken to predict the possible DNA damages (genotoxicity) and carcinogenicity caused by radiofrequency radiations (RF) to living tissue. Dry seeds of chickpea were treated with GSM cell phone (900 MHz) and laptop (3.31 GHz) as RF source for 24 and 48 h. Untreated seeds were used as (0 h) negative control and Gamma rays (250 Gray) as positive control. Plant chromosomal aberration assay was used as genotoxicity marker. All the treatment of RF inhibits seed germination percentage. 48 h laptop treatment has the most negative effect as compared to untreated control. A decrease was observed in mitotic index (M.I) and increase in abnormality index (A.I) with the increase in exposure duration and frequency in (Hz). Cell membrane damages were also observed only in 48 h exposure of cell phone and laptop (RF). Maximum nuclear membrane damages and ghost cells were again recorded in 48 h exposure of cell phone and laptop. The radiofrequency radiations (900 MHz and 3.31 GHz) are only genotoxic as they induce micronuclei, bi-nuclei, multi-nuclei and scattered nuclei but could be carcinogenic as 48 h incubation of RF induced fragmentation and ghost cells. Therefore cell phones and laptop should not be used unnecessarily to avoid possible genotoxic and carcinogenic effects.
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20
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Bushberg JT, Tupin JP. RF Safety Analysis of a Novel Ultra-wideband Fetal Monitoring System. HEALTH PHYSICS 2017; 112:478-485. [PMID: 28350703 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The LifeWave Ultra-Wideband RF sensor (LWUWBS) is a monitoring solution for a variety of physiologic assessment applications, including maternal fetal monitoring in both the antepartum and intrapartum periods. The system uses extremely low power radio frequency (RF) ultra-wide band (UWB) signals to provide continuous fetal heart rate and contractions monitoring during labor and delivery. Even with the incorporation of three very conservative assumptions, (1) concentration of the RF energy in 1 cm, (2) minimal (2.5 cm) maternal tissue attenuation of fetal exposure, and (3) absence of normal thermoregulatory compensation, the maternal whole body spatial-averaged specific absorption rate (WBSAR) would be 34,000 times below the FCC public exposure limit of 0.08 W kg and, at 8 wk or more gestation, the peak spatial-averaged specific absorption rate (PSSAR) in the fetus would be more than 160 times below the localized exposure limit of 1.6 mW g. Even when using very conservative assumptions, an analysis of the LWUWBS's impact on tissue heating is a factor of 7 lower than what is allowed for fetal ultrasound and at least a factor of 650 compared to fetal MRI. The actual transmitted power levels of the LWUWBS are well below all Federal safety standards, and the potential for tissue heating is substantially lower than associated with current ultrasonic fetal monitors and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold T Bushberg
- *Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd., FSSB 2500, Sacramento, CA 95817; †i4C Innovations Inc., 3800 Concorde Pkwy, Suite 400, Chantilly, VA 20151
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21
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Ulasov IV, Foster H, Butters M, Yoon JG, Ozawa T, Nicolaides T, Figueroa X, Hothi P, Prados M, Butters J, Cobbs C. Precision knockdown of EGFR gene expression using radio frequency electromagnetic energy. J Neurooncol 2017; 133:257-264. [PMID: 28434113 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the radio frequency energy (RFE) range can affect cells at the molecular level. Here we report a technology that can record the specific RFE signal of a given molecule, in this case the siRNA of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We demonstrate that cells exposed to this EGFR siRNA RFE signal have a 30-70% reduction of EGFR mRNA expression and ~60% reduction in EGFR protein expression vs. control treated cells. Specificity for EGFR siRNA effect was confirmed via RNA microarray and antibody dot blot array. The EGFR siRNA RFE decreased cell viability, as measured by Calcein-AM measures, LDH release and Caspase 3 cleavage, and increased orthotopic xenograft survival. The outcomes of this study demonstrate that an RFE signal can induce a specific siRNA-like effect on cells. This technology opens vast possibilities of targeting a broader range of molecules with applications in medicine, agriculture and other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Ulasov
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
| | - Haidn Foster
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Mike Butters
- Nativis Inc., 219 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jae-Geun Yoon
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Theodore Nicolaides
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Xavier Figueroa
- Nativis Inc., 219 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Parvinder Hothi
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Michael Prados
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John Butters
- Nativis Inc., 219 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Charles Cobbs
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
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22
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Ji HJ, Wang DM, Wu YP, Niu YY, Jia LL, Liu BW, Feng QJ, Feng ML. Wuzi Yanzong pill, a Chinese polyherbal formula, alleviates testicular damage in mice induced by ionizing radiation. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:509. [PMID: 27927244 PMCID: PMC5142375 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese medicine Wuzi Yanzong pill (WZYZP) was firstly documented in ancient Chinese medical works "She Sheng Zhong Miao Fang" by Shi-Che Zhang in 1550 AD. The traditional herbal formula is widely used in treating nephrasthenia lumbago, prospermia, erectile dysfunction and male sterility. The present study was to explore the effects of WZYZP on ionizing irradiation-induced testicular damage in mice. METHODS The pelvic region of male mice was exposed to X-rays for inducing testicular damage. The effects of WZYZP on testicular damage were evaluated in terms of testes weight, sperm quantity and motility, testes oxidative status and serum hormone levels. The alterations in testicular structure were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Additionally, changes in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression of testes were explored by western blot. RESULTS Pelvic exposure to x-ray induced reduction in testes weight and sperm quality, along with oxidative stress and abnormal testicular architecture in testes. Oral administration of WZYZP for 3 weeks markedly increased testes weight, sperm quantity and motility, and attenuated testicular architecture damage. Meanwhile, WZYZP treatment significantly reversed the reduction of serum testosterone, and decreased testes malondialdehyde (MDA) and Oxidative stress index (OSI) relative to the radiated mice. Additionally, WZYZP effectively prevented the downregulation of PCNA expression in testes induced by x-ray irradiation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest WZYZP exhibits ameliorating effects against ionizing irradiation-induced testicular damage in mice, which may be related to its antioxidation.
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Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA. The use of cell phone and insight into its potential human health impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:221. [PMID: 26965900 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of mobile phone technology has raised public concern about its possible association with adverse health effects. Given the huge number of mobile phone users at present days, even simple adverse health effects could have major implications. This article reviews the present knowledge concerning the health effects stemming from the use of cellular phones by emphasizing adverse biological effects, epidemiological issues, and indirect health effects. A line of epidemiological evidence suggests that there is no concrete association between mobile phone radiation and cancer. The evidence regarding the occurrence of cancer due to exposure to the radio frequency energy of mobile phones is nonetheless conflicting. Consequently, long-term research in this field is necessary to account for the vital issue of this scientific research to the public in a meaningful way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ehsanul Kabir
- Department of Farm, Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
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Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Reproductive-Age Female Operators of Plastic Welding Machines in Fuzhou, China. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 58:148-53. [PMID: 26849258 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) among female operators of plastic welding machines. METHODS We examined 180 female operators in shoe factories as the exposed group, and 349 female workers from nearby supermarkets as the unexposed group. RESULTS The mean radiation levels in the vicinity of the welding machines ranged from 51.3 to 368.9 V/m. The prevalence of neurovegetative symptoms increased with higher EMFs exposures (P < 0.05). The prevalence of menstrual disorder was 12.0% in the unexposed group, but was 26.8% and 33.8% in low and high-exposure groups, respectively (P < 0.01). Exposure-response relationships were found between cumulate exposure and neurovegetative symptoms and menstrual disorder (P < 0.05). Serum progesterone (P4) was significantly lower in the exposed groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS EMFs exposure was associated with adverse health effects, including neurovegetative symptoms, menstrual disorder, and low level of P4.
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Kumaran B, Watson T. Radiofrequency-based treatment in therapy-related clinical practice – a narrative review. Part I: acute conditions. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1179/1743288x15y.0000000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Ohtani S, Ushiyama A, Maeda M, Ogasawara Y, Wang J, Kunugita N, Ishii K. The effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields on T cell function during development. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:467-74. [PMID: 25835473 PMCID: PMC4426920 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of radio-frequency devices, it is increasingly important to understand the biological effects of the associated electromagnetic fields. Thus, we investigated the effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on T cell responses during development due to the lack of science-based evidence for RF-EMF effects on developmental immune systems. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to 2.14-GHz wideband code division multiple-access (W-CDMA) RF signals at a whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.2 W/kg. Exposures were performed for a total of 9 weeks spanning in utero development, lactation and the juvenile period. Rats were continuously exposed to RF-EMF for 20 h/day, 7 days/week. Comparisons of control and exposed rats using flow cytometry revealed no changes in the numbers of CD4/CD8 T cells, activated T cells or regulatory T cells among peripheral blood cells, splenocytes and thymocytes. Expression levels of 16 genes that regulate the immunological Th1/Th2 paradigm were analyzed using real-time PCR in the spleen and thymus tissues of control and RF-EMF-exposed rats. Although only the Il5 gene was significantly regulated in spleen tissues, Il4, Il5 and Il23a genes were significantly upregulated in thymus tissues following exposure to RF-EMF. However, ELISAs showed no changes in serum IL-4 protein concentrations. These data indicate no adverse effects of long-term RF-EMF exposure on immune-like T cell populations, T cell activation, or Th1/Th2 balance in developing rats, although significant transcriptional effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ohtani
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Akira Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Machiko Maeda
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Jianqing Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
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Bakacak M, Bostancı MS, Attar R, Yıldırım ÖK, Yıldırım G, Bakacak Z, Sayar H, Han A. The effects of electromagnetic fields on the number of ovarian primordial follicles: An experimental study. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2015; 31:287-92. [PMID: 26043407 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an electromagnetic field (EMF), generated close to the ovaries, on primordial follicles. A total of 16 rats were used in this study. The study group consisted of rats exposed to an EMF in the abdominal region for 15 min/d for 15 days. Both the study and control group were composed of eight rats. After the treatment period of 15 days, the ovaries of the rats were extracted, and sections of ovarian tissue were taken for histological evaluation. The independent samples t test was used to compare the two groups. In the study group, the means of the right and left ovarian follicle numbers were 34.00 ± 10.20 and 36.00 ± 10.53, respectively. The average total ovarian follicle number was 70.00 ± 19.03. In the control group, the means of the right and left ovarian follicle numbers were 78.50 ± 25.98 and 71.75 ± 29.66, respectively, and the average total ovarian follicle number was 150.25 ± 49.53. The comparisons of the means of the right and left ovarian follicle numbers and the means of the total ovarian follicle numbers between the study and control groups indicated that the study group had significantly fewer follicles (p < 0.001, p = 0.011, and p = 0.002, respectively). This study found a significant decrease in the number of ovarian follicles in rats exposed to an EMF. Further clinical studies are needed to reveal the effects of EMFs on ovarian reserve and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Bakacak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, School of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Sühha Bostancı
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sakarya University Research and Education Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Rukset Attar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Özge Kizilkale Yıldırım
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gazi Yıldırım
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeyneb Bakacak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Caka Vatan Hospital, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Hamide Sayar
- Department of Pathology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University School of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Agahan Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Research and Education Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Mahmoudabadi FS, Ziaei S, Firoozabadi M, Kazemnejad A. Use of mobile phone during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015; 13:34. [PMID: 25937931 PMCID: PMC4416385 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to electromagnetic fields of cell phones increasingly occurs, but the potential influence on spontaneous abortion has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS In a case-control study, 292 women who had an unexplained spontaneous abortion at < 14 weeks gestation and 308 pregnant women > 14 weeks gestation were enrolled. Two data collection forms were completed; one was used to collect data about socioeconomic and obstetric characteristics, medical and reproductive history, and lifestyles. Another was used to collect data about the use of cell phones during pregnancy. For the consideration of cell phone effects, we measured the average calling time per day, the location of the cell phones when not in use, use of hands-free equipment, use of phones for other applications, the specific absorption rate (SAR) reported by the manufacturer and the average of the effective SAR (average duration of calling time per day × SAR). Analyses were carried out with statistical package state software(SPSS)v.16. RESULTS All the data pertaining to mobile phones were different between the two groups except the use of hands free devices (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our result suggests that use of mobile phones can be related to the early spontaneous abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeideh Ziaei
- />Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- />Reproductive Health Department, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box: 14115–111, Tehran, Iran
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Anwar J, Shafique U, Waheed-uz-Zaman, Rehman R, Salman M, Dar A, Anzano JM, Ashraf U, Ashraf S. Microwave chemistry: Effect of ions on dielectric heating in microwave ovens. ARAB J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Shah SGS, Farrow A. Systematic Literature Review of Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Associated with Physiotherapists' Occupational Exposures to Non‐ionising Radiation. J Occup Health 2014; 56:323-31. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.13-0196-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Farrow
- School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University LondonUK
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Schunck T, Bieth F, Pinguet S, Delmote P. Penetration and propagation into biological matter and biological effects of high-power ultra-wideband pulses: a review. Electromagn Biol Med 2014; 35:84-101. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.977388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The effects of non-invasive radiofrequency treatment and hyperthermia on malignant and nonmalignant cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:9142-53. [PMID: 25192147 PMCID: PMC4199010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Exposure of biological subjects to electromagnetic fields with a high frequency is associated with temperature elevation. In our recent studies, we reported that non-invasive radiofrequency (RF) treatment at 13.56 MHz with the field ranging from 1 KeV to 20 KeV/m2 inhibits tumor progression in animals with abdominal tumor xenografts and enhances the anticancer effect of chemotherapy. The RF treatment was followed by temperature elevation in tumors to approximately 46 °C during 10 min of exposure. In contrast, the temperature of normal tissues remained within a normal range at approximately 37 °C. Whether all biological effects of RF treatment are limited to its hyperthermic property remains unclear. Here, we compared how RF and hyperthermia (HT) treatments change the proliferation rate, oxygen consumption and autophagy in malignant and nonmalignant cells. Methods: In the current study, cancer and nonmalignant cells of pancreatic origin were exposed to the RF field or to conventional HT at 46 °C, which was chosen based on our previous in vivo studies of the tumor-specific RF-induced hyperthermia. Results: Only RF treatment caused declines in cancer cell viability and proliferation. RF treatment also affected mitochondrial function in cancer cells more than HT treatment did and, unlike HT treatment, was followed by the elevation of autophagosomes in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Importantly, the effects of RF treatment were negligible in nonmalignant cells. Conclusion: The obtained data indicate that the effects of RF treatment are specific to cancer cells and are not limited to its hyperthermic property.
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The risk of subjective symptoms in mobile phone users in Poland--an epidemiological study. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2014; 27:293-303. [PMID: 24692074 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the type and incidence of subjective symptoms related to the use of mobile phones in Polish users. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted in 2005 using a questionnaire survey. Although it has been quite a long time, up to now, no such data have been published for Poland. The questionnaire consisted of 53 questions concerning sex, age, education, general health, characteristics of a mobile phone (hand-held, loud-speaking unit) as well as the habits associated with its use (frequency and duration of calls, text messages, etc.) and complaints associated with using a mobile phone. RESULTS As many as 1800 questionnaires were sent. The response was obtained from 587 subjects aged 32.6 ± 11.3 (48.9% women, 51.1% men); the age did not differ significantly between men and women. The subjects owned a cell phone for an average of 3 years. Majority of the respondents used the phone intensively, i.e. daily (74%) or almost daily (20%). Headaches were reported significantly more often by the people who talked frequently and long in comparison with other users (63.2% of the subjects, p = 0.0029), just like the symptoms of fatigue (45%, p = 0.013). Also, the feeling of warmth around the ear and directly to the auricle was reported significantly more frequently by the intensive mobile phone users, compared with other mobile phone users (47.3%, p = 0.00004 vs. 44.6%, p = 0.00063, respectively). Most symptoms appeared during or immediately after a call and disappeared within 2 h after the call. Continuous headache, persisting for longer than 6 h since the end of a call, was reported by 26% of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the mobile phone users may experience subjective symptoms, the intensity of which depends on the intensity of use of mobile phones.
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Abu Khadra KM, Khalil AM, Abu Samak M, Aljaberi A. Evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in the saliva of young males using mobile phones. Electromagn Biol Med 2014; 34:72-6. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.881370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
This review summarizes the current state of research on possible health effects of Wi-Fi (a commercial name for IEEE 802.11-compliant wireless networking). In response to public concerns about health effects of Wi-Fi and wireless networks and calls by government agencies for research on possible health and safety issues with the technology, a considerable amount of technology-specific research has been completed. A series of high quality engineering studies have provided a good, but not complete, understanding of the levels of radiofrequency (RF) exposure to individuals from Wi-Fi. The limited number of technology-specific bioeffects studies done to date are very mixed in terms of quality and outcome. Unequivocally, the RF exposures from Wi-Fi and wireless networks are far below U.S. and international exposure limits for RF energy. While several studies report biological effects due to Wi-Fi-type exposures, technical limitations prevent drawing conclusions from them about possible health risks of the technology. The review concludes with suggestions for future research on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Foster
- *Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; †Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 90:29-35. [PMID: 23952535 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.835883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the possible role of microwave (MW) exposure on spatial memory of Swiss albino mice and its relationship to protein concentration in whole brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were exposed to 10 GHz (Giga Hertz) microwaves with the power density of 0.25 mW/cm(2) (milliwatt per centimeter square) with average whole body specific absorption rate (SAR) 0.1790 W/kg daily for 2 hours per day (h/day) for 30 days. After exposure mice were tested for spatial memory performance using Morris water maze test (MWT). For this purpose mice (6-8 weeks old) were divided into two groups: (i) Sham exposed, and (ii) microwaves exposed. After initial training for two days, MWT was performed for another 6 days. Protein was estimated 48 h after exposure and immediately after completion of MWT. RESULTS Both sham-exposed and microwaves-exposed animals showed a significant decrease in escape time with training. Microwaves-exposed animals had statistically significant higher mean latency to reach the target quadrant compared to sham exposed. A concurrent decrease in protein levels was estimated in whole brain of the exposed mice compared to sham-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded from the current study that exposure to microwave radiation caused decrements in the ability of mice to learn the special memory task, this may be due to simultaneous decrease in protein levels in the brain of mice.
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Abstract
Functional integrity of endothelial cells is an indicator and a prerequisite for vascular health and counteracts the development of atherosclerosis. This concept of 'endothelial therapy' was developed in the late 1990s as an approach to preserve or restore endothelial cell health given that 'the knowledge of the mechanisms involved in 'endothelial dysfunction' allows us to interfere specifically with pathogenic pathways at very early time points and to slow down the progression of disease'. In the present review, the principles underlying endothelial cell health will be discussed as well as the role of endothelial therapy as a preventive measure to reduce the prevalence of coronary artery disease or to delay disease progression in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. This article also highlights the importance of active participation, the need to reduce the number of future patients in view of the rising prevalence of childhood obesity, and the potential of endothelial therapy to improve survival, reduce disability and health costs, and to improve overall quality of life in patients at risk for or already diagnosed with coronary artery disease. The preventive and therapeutic approaches and considerations described herein can be applied by physicians, patients, parents, educators, health agencies, and political decision makers to help reducing the global cardiovascular disease burden in the decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, LTK Y44 G22, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Szmigielski S. Reaction of the immune system to low-level RF/MW exposures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 454-455:393-400. [PMID: 23562692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation have been used in the modern world for many years. The rapidly increasing use of cellular phones in recent years has seen increased interest in relation to the possible health effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation. In 2011 a group of international experts organized by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon) concluded that RF/MW radiations should be listed as a possible carcinogen (group 2B) for humans. The incomplete knowledge of RF/MW-related cancer risks has initiated searches for biological indicators sensitive enough to measure the "weak biological influence" of RF/MWs. One of the main candidates is the immune system, which is able to react in a measurable way to discrete environmental stimuli. In this review, the impacts of weak RF/MW fields, including cell phone radiation, on various immune functions, both in vitro and in vivo, are discussed. The bulk of available evidence clearly indicates that various shifts in the number and/or activity of immunocompetent cells are possible, however the results are inconsistent. For example, a number of lymphocyte functions have been found to be enhanced and weakened within single experiments based on exposure to similar intensities of MW radiation. Certain premises exist which indicate that, in general, short-term exposure to weak MW radiation may temporarily stimulate certain humoral or cellular immune functions, while prolonged irradiation inhibits the same functions.
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Luo Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Xu S, Ding G, Shi C. Effects of electromagnetic radiation on morphology and TGF-β3 expression in mouse testicular tissue. Toxicology 2013; 310:8-14. [PMID: 23707491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to electromagnetic pulses in certain doses may lead to increase in the permeability of the blood testes barrier (BTB) in mice, which in turn affects spermatogenesis, penetration and spermiation. TGF-β3 is a key molecule involved in BTB permeability via regulation of tight junction proteins, and it participates in regulating spermatogenesis, synthesis of steroids and production of the extracellular matrix in testicular tissue. Therefore, it is hypothesized that TGF-β3 plays important roles in electromagnetic pulse (EMP)-induced changes in BTB permeability. In the present study, we carried out whole-body irradiation on mice using EMP of different intensities. No obvious pathological changes or significant increase in apoptosis was detected in testicular tissues after exposure to 100 and 200 pulses of intensity 200kV/m; however, with 400 pulses we observed the degeneration and shrinkage of testicular tissues along with a significant increase in apoptotic rate. Moreover, in the 100- and 200-EMP groups, a non-significant increase in TGF-β3 mRNA and protein expression was observed, whereas in the 400-EMP group a significant increase was observed (P<0.05). These results indicate that increase in the apoptotic rate of testicular tissues and increase in TGF-β3 expression may be one of the mechanisms for EMP-induced increase in BTB permeability in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Luo
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710038, China
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Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 32:273-80. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.701192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Klintworth A, Ajtay Z, Paljunite A, Szabados S, Hejjel L. Heart rate asymmetry follows the inspiration/expiration ratio in healthy volunteers. Physiol Meas 2012; 33:1717-31. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/33/10/1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Jin YB, Pyun BJ, Jin H, Choi HD, Pack JK, Kim N, Lee YS. Effects of simultaneous combined exposure to CDMA and WCDMA electromagnetic field on immune functions in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:814-21. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.711501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sowa P, Rutkowska-Talipska J, Sulkowska U, Rutkowski K, Rutkowski R. Ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in modern medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poamed.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mady MM, Allam MA. The influence of low power microwave on the properties of DPPC vesicles. Phys Med 2012; 28:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Đinđić N, Jovanović J, Veličković V, Damnjanović I, Đinđić B, Radović J. RADIOFREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2011. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2011.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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46
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Early life exposure to 2.45GHz WiFi-like signals: Effects on development and maturation of the immune system. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 107:393-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Colak C, Parlakpinar H, Ermis N, Tagluk ME, Colak C, Sarihan E, Dilek OF, Turan B, Bakir S, Acet A. Effects of electromagnetic radiation from 3G mobile phone on heart rate, blood pressure and ECG parameters in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:629-38. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711420468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects of electromagnetic energy radiated from mobile phones (MPs) on heart is one of the research interests. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from third-generation (3G) MP on the heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and ECG parameters and also to investigate whether exogenous melatonin can exert any protective effect on these parameters. In this study 36 rats were randomized and evenly categorized into 4 groups: group 1 (3G-EMR exposed); group 2 (3G-EMR exposed + melatonin); group 3 (control) and group 4 (control + melatonin). The rats in groups 1 and 2 were exposed to 3G-specific MP’s EMR for 20 days (40 min/day; 20 min active (speech position) and 20 min passive (listening position)). Group 2 was also administered with melatonin for 20 days (5 mg/kg daily during the experimental period). ECG signals were recorded from cannulated carotid artery both before and after the experiment, and BP and HR were calculated on 1st, 3rd and 5th min of recordings. ECG signals were processed and statistically evaluated. In our experience, the obtained results did not show significant differences in the BP, HR and ECG parameters among the groups both before and after the experiment. Melatonin, also, did not exhibit any additional effects, neither beneficial nor hazardous, on the heart hemodynamics of rats. Therefore, the strategy (noncontact) of using a 3G MP could be the reason for ineffectiveness; and use of 3G MP, in this perspective, seems to be safer compared to the ones used in close contact with the head. However, further study is needed for standardization of such an assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Colak
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | - Necip Ermis
- Department of Cardiology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Tagluk
- Department of Electrical and Electronics, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cemil Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ediz Sarihan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sevtap Bakir
- Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Acet
- Department of Pharmacology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Dogan M, Turtay MG, Oguzturk H, Samdanci E, Turkoz Y, Tasdemir S, Alkan A, Bakir S. Effects of electromagnetic radiation produced by 3G mobile phones on rat brains: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, biochemical, and histopathological evaluation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:557-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111412092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) produced by a third-generation (3G) mobile phone (MP) on rat brain tissues were investigated in terms of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), biochemistry, and histopathological evaluations. Methods: The rats were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 is composed of 3G-EMR-exposed rats ( n = 9) and Group 2 is the control group ( n = 9). The first group was subjected to EMR for 20 days. The control group was not exposed to EMR. Choline (Cho), creatinin (Cr), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels were evaluated by MRS. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities were measured by spectrophotometric method. Histopathological analyses were carried out to evaluate apoptosis in the brain tissues of both groups. Results: In MRS, NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and NAA/Cho ratios were not significantly different between Groups 1 and 2. Neither the oxidative stress parameters, CAT and GSH-Px, nor the number of apoptotic cells were significantly different between Groups 1 and 2. Conclusions: Usage of short-term 3G MP does not seem to have a harmful effect on rat brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dogan
- Department of Radiology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - MG Turtay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - H Oguzturk
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - E Samdanci
- Department of Pathology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Y Turkoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - S Tasdemir
- Department of Pharmacology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - A Alkan
- Department of Radiology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - S Bakir
- Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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Garaj-Vrhovac V, Gajski G, Pažanin S, Šarolić A, Domijan AM, Flajs D, Peraica M. Assessment of cytogenetic damage and oxidative stress in personnel occupationally exposed to the pulsed microwave radiation of marine radar equipment. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 214:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Titushkin IA, Rao VS, Pickard WF, Moros EG, Shafirstein G, Cho MR. Altered Calcium Dynamics Mediates P19-Derived Neuron-Like Cell Responses to Millimeter-Wave Radiation. Radiat Res 2009; 172:725-36. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1760.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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