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Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Drinking Water in Cali, Colombia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168451. [PMID: 34444201 PMCID: PMC8392123 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous microorganisms naturally resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants that can colonize drinking water supply systems. Information regarding the spread of NTM in specifically South America and Colombia is limited. We aimed to identify and characterize NTM present in tap water samples from Cali, Colombia. Drinking water samples and faucet biofilm swabs were collected in 18 places, including the city’s three main water treatment plants (WTPs). Filter-trapped material and eluates (0.45 μm) from swab washes were plated in 7H11 agar plates. Suspected colonies were evaluated microscopically, and NTM species were identified based on the rpoB gene. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was also performed. Fifty percent (9/18) of sampling points were positive for NTM (including two WTPs), from which 16 different isolates were identified: Mycobacterium mucogenicum (8/16), M. phocaicum (3/16), M. chelonae (2/16), M. mageritense (2/16), and M. fortuitum (1/16), all rapidly growing mycobacteria. A susceptibility profile was obtained from 68.75% (11/16) of the isolates. M. chelonae was the most resistant species. All NTM isolated are potentially responsible for human diseases; our findings might provide a baseline for exploring NTM transmission dynamics and clinical characterization, as well as potential associations between NTM species found in drinking water and isolates from patients.
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Dubois V, Pawlik A, Bories A, Le Moigne V, Sismeiro O, Legendre R, Varet H, Rodríguez-Ordóñez MDP, Gaillard JL, Coppée JY, Brosch R, Herrmann JL, Girard-Misguich F. Mycobacterium abscessus virulence traits unraveled by transcriptomic profiling in amoeba and macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008069. [PMID: 31703112 PMCID: PMC6839843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-living amoebae are thought to represent an environmental niche in which amoeba-resistant bacteria may evolve towards pathogenicity. To get more insights into factors playing a role for adaptation to intracellular life, we characterized the transcriptomic activities of the emerging pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus in amoeba and murine macrophages (Mϕ) and compared them with the intra-amoebal transcriptome of the closely related, but less pathogenic Mycobacterium chelonae. Data on up-regulated genes in amoeba point to proteins that allow M. abscessus to resist environmental stress and induce defense mechanisms, as well as showing a switch from carbohydrate carbon sources to fatty acid metabolism. For eleven of the most upregulated genes in amoeba and/or Mϕ, we generated individual gene knock-out M. abscessus mutant strains, from which ten were found to be attenuated in amoeba and/or Mϕ in subsequence virulence analyses. Moreover, transfer of two of these genes into the genome of M. chelonae increased the intra-Mϕ survival of the recombinant strain. One knock-out mutant that had the gene encoding Eis N-acetyl transferase protein (MAB_4532c) deleted, was particularly strongly attenuated in Mϕ. Taken together, M. abscessus intra-amoeba and intra-Mϕ transcriptomes revealed the capacity of M. abscessus to adapt to an intracellular lifestyle, with amoeba largely contributing to the enhancement of M. abscessus intra-Mϕ survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Dubois
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Alexandre Pawlik
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne intégrée, UMR3525 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anouchka Bories
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Vincent Le Moigne
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Odile Sismeiro
- Institut Pasteur—Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub—C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur—Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub—C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur—Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform—Biomics Pole—CITECH, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur—Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub—C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur—Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform—Biomics Pole—CITECH, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Gaillard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- AP-HP. GHU Paris Saclay, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Institut Pasteur—Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub—C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne intégrée, UMR3525 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- AP-HP. GHU Paris Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
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Behra PRK, Pettersson BMF, Das S, Dasgupta S, Kirsebom LA. Comparative genomics of Mycobacterium mucogenicum and Mycobacterium neoaurum clade members emphasizing tRNA and non-coding RNA. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:124. [PMID: 31215393 PMCID: PMC6582537 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacteria occupy various ecological niches and can be isolated from soil, tap water and ground water. Several cause diseases in humans and animals. To get deeper insight into our understanding of mycobacterial evolution focusing on tRNA and non-coding (nc)RNA, we conducted a comparative genome analysis of Mycobacterium mucogenicum (Mmuc) and Mycobacterium neoaurum (Mneo) clade members. Results Genome sizes for Mmuc- and Mneo-clade members vary between 5.4 and 6.5 Mbps with the complete MmucT (type strain) genome encompassing 6.1 Mbp. The number of tRNA genes range between 46 and 79 (including one pseudo tRNA gene) with 39 tRNA genes common among the members of these clades, while additional tRNA genes were probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Selected tRNAs and ncRNAs (RNase P RNA, tmRNA, 4.5S RNA, Ms1 RNA and 6C RNA) are expressed, and the levels for several of these are higher in stationary phase compared to exponentially growing cells. The rare tRNAIleTAT isoacceptor and two for mycobacteria novel ncRNAs: the Lactobacillales-derived GOLLD RNA and a homolog to the antisense Salmonella typhimurium phage Sar RNA, were shown to be present and expressed in certain Mmuc-clade members. Conclusions Phages, IS elements, horizontally transferred tRNA gene clusters, and phage-derived ncRNAs appears to have influenced the evolution of the Mmuc- and Mneo-clades. While the number of predicted coding sequences correlates with genome size, the number of tRNA coding genes does not. The majority of the tRNA genes in mycobacteria are transcribed mainly from single genes and the levels of certain ncRNAs, including RNase P RNA (essential for the processing of tRNAs), are higher at stationary phase compared to exponentially growing cells. We provide supporting evidence that Ms1 RNA represents a mycobacterial 6S RNA variant. The evolutionary routes for the ncRNAs RNase P RNA, tmRNA and Ms1 RNA are different from that of the core genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1447-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani Rama Krishna Behra
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B M Fredrik Pettersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarbashis Das
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif A Kirsebom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Schets FM, van den Berg HH, de Zwaan R, van Soolingen D, de Roda Husman AM. The microbiological quality of water in fish spas with Garra rufa fish, the Netherlands, October to November 2012. Euro Surveill 2015. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.19.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In fish spas, clients may submerge their hands, feet or whole body in basins with Garra rufa fish, for dead skin removal. Skin infections may result from using these spas, transmitted from fish to clients, through either fish or water, or from client to client. The microbiological water quality was determined in 24 fish spas in 16 companies in the Netherlands through analysis of a single water sample per fish spa. Water samples were tested for the presence of Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nontuberculous mycobacteria, and faecal indicator bacteria by using standard culture methods. The majority of the examined fish spas contained Aeromonas spp. (n?=?24), P. aeruginosa (n?=?18), Vibrio spp. (n?=?16) including V. cholerae non-O1/O139 and V. vulnificus, and several rapid growing Mycobacterium spp. (n?=?23) including M. fortuitum, M. conceptionense, M. abscessus and M. chelonae. Faecal contamination of the fish spa water was low. Based on the detected concentrations of Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., and P. aeruginosa, the detected Mycobacterium spp., and the health implications of these bacteria, the health risk from using fish spas is considered limited for healthy people with an intact skin and no underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Schets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - H H van den Berg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - R de Zwaan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - D van Soolingen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - A M de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Mycobacterium phocaicum bacteremia: an emerging infection in pediatric hematology-oncology patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:1299-301. [PMID: 25037036 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria may cause central venous catheter-associated bacteremia. Between March 2011 and October 2013, 6 cases of Mycobacterium phocaicum bacteremia were found in the pediatric hematology-oncology department. All patients recovered. No positive blood culture was documented after removal of the central venous catheter. All 4 patients with pulsed field gel electrophoresis had the same pattern, different from the water sample, suggesting a common water source.
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Drancourt M. Looking in amoebae as a source of mycobacteria. Microb Pathog 2014; 77:119-24. [PMID: 25017516 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria exhibit various relationships with amoebae, ranging from the killing of one partner by the other one, to amoebae hosting mycobacteria in trophozoites and cysts. This observation indicates that poorly described biological factors affect the relationships, including mycobacterial cell-wall glycolipids and the size of the mycobacteria. Experimental observations indicate that a majority of environmental, opportunistic mycobacteria but also obligate pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium ulcerans are inter-amoebal organisms. Amoebae may give opportunities for genetic exchanges between mycobacteria, sympatric intra-amoebal organisms and the amoebae themselves. Amoebae clearly protect opportunistic mycobacterial pathogens during their environmental life but their role for obligate mycobacterial infection remains to be established. Accordingly, water was the source for emerging, community-acquired and health care-associated infection with amoeba-resisting mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium fortuitum groups, among others. Amoebae are organisms where mycobacteria can be found and, accordingly, amoeba co-culture can be used for the isolation of mycobacteria from environmental and clinical specimens. Looking in amoebae may help recovering new species of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Drancourt
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM 63 UMR_S1095 UMR 7278, Méditerranée Infection, 13385, Marseille, France.
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Briancesco R, Meloni P, Semproni M, Bonadonna L. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria, amoebae and bacterial indicators in swimming pool and spa. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Simkins J, Rosenblatt JD. A case of catheter-related bloodstream infection caused by Mycobacterium phocaicum. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:103-5. [PMID: 23537787 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a patient with double hit Burkitt's like lymphoma who developed a catheter-related bloodstream infection due to Mycobacterium phocaicum that was identified by rpoB gene sequencing. His infection resolved with 7 weeks of antibiotics and port-a-cath removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Simkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Mia mi Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Whiley H, Keegan A, Giglio S, Bentham R. Mycobacterium avium complex--the role of potable water in disease transmission. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:223-32. [PMID: 22471411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of opportunistic pathogens of major public health concern. It is responsible for a wide spectrum of disease dependent on subspecies, route of infection and patients pre-existing conditions. Presently, there is limited research on the incidence of MAC infection that considers both pulmonary and other clinical manifestations. MAC has been isolated from various terrestrial and aquatic environments including natural waters, engineered water systems and soils. Identifying the specific environmental sources responsible for human infection is essential in minimizing disease prevalence. This paper reviews current literature and case studies regarding the wide spectrum of disease caused by MAC and the role of potable water in disease transmission. Potable water was recognized as a putative pathway for MAC infection. Contaminated potable water sources associated with human infection included warm water distribution systems, showers, faucets, household drinking water, swimming pools and hot tub spas. MAC can maintain long-term contamination of potable water sources through its high resistance to disinfectants, association with biofilms and intracellular parasitism of free-living protozoa. Further research is required to investigate the efficiency of water treatment processes against MAC and into construction and maintenance of warm water distribution systems and the role they play in MAC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Whiley
- School of the Environment, Health and the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Salah IB, Ghigo E, Drancourt M. Free-living amoebae, a training field for macrophage resistance of mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15:894-905. [PMID: 19845701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium species evolved from an environmental recent common ancestor by reductive evolution and lateral gene transfer. Strategies selected through evolution and developed by mycobacteria resulted in resistance to predation by environmental unicellular protists, including free-living amoebae. Indeed, mycobacteria are isolated from the same soil and water environments as are amoebae, and experimental models using Acanthamoeba spp. and Dictyostelium discoideum were exploited to analyse the mechanisms for intracellular survival. Most of these mechanisms have been further reproduced in macrophages for mycobacteria regarded as opportunistic and obligate pathogens. Amoebal cysts may protect intracellular mycobacteria against adverse conditions and may act as a vector for mycobacteria. The latter hypothesis warrants further environmental and clinical studies to better assess the role of free-living amoebae in the epidemiology of infections caused by mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Salah
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, CNRS 6236 IRD 198, IFR 48 Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Abstract
It has become apparent that Mycobacterium mucogenicum isolates recovered from clinical samples are more diverse than was previously realized and include an increasing number of emerging pathogens, as depicted by multilocus sequence analysis. Most clinically significant cases of those organisms involved catheter-related infections. They are susceptible to most antimicrobial agents, but like other rapidly growing mycobacteria, they are resistant to first-line antituberculous agents. A review of the cases of M. mucogenicum complex infection in the literature is addressed here, as well as two additional cases of the closely related species Mycobacterium aubagnense.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Adékambi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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