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Hernández-Vásquez A, Visconti-Lopez FJ, Vargas-Fernández R. Escherichia coli Contamination of Water for Human Consumption and Its Associated Factors in Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:187-194. [PMID: 36509044 PMCID: PMC9833058 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the factors associated with the presence of Escherichia coli contamination in water supplies for human consumption in Peru. A secondary analysis of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance by Life Stages survey (VIANEV) of 2017-2018 was performed. The presence of E. coli contamination in the water samples for human consumption of the households evaluated was defined as a dependent variable. A supply was considered contaminated when there was at least 1 colony-forming unit of E. coli in 100 mL of water for human consumption. Data from 886 participants were analyzed. It was found that 25.2% of household water supply sources for human consumption had E. coli at the time of sampling. Water reservoirs such as buckets or other containers (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-1.93), households belonging to a poor wealth quintile (aPR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.01-3.25), residing in a rural area (aPR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.01-1.83), and having a low human development index (aPR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.15-3.91) were more likely to contain E. coli in water supplies for human consumption. However, households with chlorine concentrations of 0.5 mg/L or more in water (aPR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.11-0.33) and with household members with a higher education (aPR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.45-0.99) were less likely to contain E. coli in drinking-water supplies. From 2017 to 2018, one in four Peruvians had contamination by E. coli in the water supply to their homes, which was associated with sociodemographic factors, management, and water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Hernández-Vásquez
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
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Singh S, Jayaram R. Attainment of water and sanitation goals: a review and agenda for research. SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2022; 8:146. [PMID: 36033358 PMCID: PMC9396604 DOI: 10.1007/s40899-022-00719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One-fourth of the global population is without basic drinking water and half of the global population lacks sanitation facilities. The attainment of water and sanitation targets is difficult due to administrative, operational, political, transborder, technical, and policy challenges. Conducted after 5 years from the adoption of sustainable development goals by the United Nations reviews the initiatives for improving access, quality, and affordability of water and sanitation. The bibliometric and thematic analyses are conducted to consolidate the outcomes of scientific papers on sustainable development goal 6 (SDG 6). Africa is struggling in relation with water and sanitation goals, having 17 countries with less than 40% basic drinking water facilities and 16 countries with less than 40% basic sanitation facilities. Globally, the attainment of water and sanitation goals will be depended on economic development, the development of revolutionary measures for wastewater treatment, and creating awareness related to water usage, water recycling, water harvesting, hygiene, and sanitation. Behavioral changes are also required for a new water culture and the attainment of water and sanitation goals by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet Singh
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
- University School of Business, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
| | - R. Jayaram
- University School of Business, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
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Brontowiyono W, Boving T, Asmara AA, Rahmawati S, Yulianto A, Wantoputri NI, Lathifah AN, Andriansyah Y. Non-technical dimensions of communal wastewater treatment plant sustainability in peri-urban Yogyakarta, Indonesia. F1000Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.111125.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study focuses on identifying non-technical aspects that influence the sustainability of communal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in a peri-urban area of Indonesia. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted by random sampling using a method of descriptive analysis that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches. Economic support for communal WWTPs was measured by the community’s Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Ability to Pay (ATP). Results: The results indicate that social dimension, such as a community’s level of participation are critically important in sustaining communal WWTPs. In addition, institutional dimension influences the degree of satisfaction a community has toward the WWTP management. This support is reinforced by social capital in the form of a philosophy of mutual cooperation, like gotong royong (cooperation by members of a community to achieve a common goal) and swadaya (self-reliance). Conclusions: The findings of this study can be used in Indonesia to make policy recommendations for managing and ensuring sustainability of communal WWTPs on a non-technical dimension. Additionally, gotong royong deserves to be promoted internationally as a fundamental value for fostering participation and contribution.
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Bain R, Johnston R, Khan S, Hancioglu A, Slaymaker T. Monitoring Drinking Water Quality in Nationally Representative Household Surveys in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Cross-Sectional Analysis of 27 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys 2014-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:97010. [PMID: 34546076 PMCID: PMC8454503 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set an ambitious new benchmark for safely managed drinking water services (SMDWs), but many countries lack national data on the availability and quality of drinking water. OBJECTIVES We quantified the availability and microbiological quality of drinking water, monitored SMDWs, and examined risk factors for Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination in 27 low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS A new water quality module for household surveys was implemented in 27 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Teams used portable equipment to measure E. coli at the point of collection (PoC, n=61,170) and at the point of use (PoU, n=64,900) and asked respondents about the availability and accessibility of drinking water. Households were classified as having SMDW services if they used an improved water source that was free of E. coli contamination at PoC, accessible on premises, and available when needed. Compliance with individual SMDW criteria was also assessed. Modified Poisson regression was used to explore household and community risk factors for E. coli contamination. RESULTS E. coli was commonly detected at the PoC (range 16-90%) and was more likely at the PoU (range 19-99%). On average, 84% of households used an improved drinking water source, and 31% met all of the SMDW criteria. E. coli contamination was the primary reason SMDW criteria were not met (15 of 27 countries). The prevalence of E. coli in PoC samples was lower among households using improved water sources [risk ratio (RR)=0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64, 0.85] but not for households with water accessible on premises (RR=0.99; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.05) or available when needed (RR=0.95; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.02). E. coli contamination of PoU samples was less common for households in the richest vs. poorest wealth quintile (RR=0.70; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.88) and in communities with high (>75%) improved sanitation coverage (RR=0.94; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.97). Livestock ownership (RR=1.08; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.13), rural vs. urban residence (RR=1.10; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.16), and wet vs. dry season sampling (RR=1.07; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.15) were positively associated with contamination at the PoU. DISCUSSION Cross-sectional water quality data can be collected in household surveys and can be used to assess inequalities in service levels, to track the SDG indicator of SMDWs, and to examine risk factors for contamination. There is an urgent need for better risk management to reduce widespread exposure to fecal contamination through drinking water services in LMICs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8459.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bain
- Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Johnston
- Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shane Khan
- Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, New York, USA
| | - Attila Hancioglu
- Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tom Slaymaker
- Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, New York, USA
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Safely Managed On-Site Sanitation: A National Assessment of Sanitation Services and Potential Fecal Exposure in Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158204. [PMID: 34360496 PMCID: PMC8346009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable Development Goal target 6.2 calls for universal access to adequate and equitable sanitation, setting a more ambitious standard for 'safely managed sanitation services'. On-site sanitation systems (e.g., septic tanks) are widely used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the lack of indicators for assessing fecal exposure risks presents a barrier to monitoring safely managed services. Furthermore, geographic diversity and frequency of disasters require a more nuanced approach to risk-informed decision-making. Taking Indonesia as an example, the purpose of this paper is to provide insights into current status and practices for on-site sanitation services in the contexts of LMICs. Using a dataset from a national socio-economic survey (n = 295,155) coupled with village census (n = 83,931), we assessed (1) household sanitation practices across Indonesia stratified by city-level population density and meteorological factors, (2) factors associated with septic tank emptying practice, and (3) inequalities in potential fecal exposure as measured by population density and WASH access by wealth quintile. We found a high reliance on on-site sanitation facilities (80.0%), almost half of which are assumed to be 'uncontained' septic tanks and one in ten facilities discharging untreated waste directly into the environment. The most densely populated areas had the highest rates of septic tank emptying, though emptying rates were just 17.0%, while in the lowest population density group, emptying was rarely reported. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated an association between flooding and drought occurrence and septic tank emptying practice. Higher groundwater usage for drinking among poorer households suggests unsafe sanitation may disproportionally affect the poor. Our study underscores the urgent need to strengthen the monitoring of on-site sanitation in LMICs by developing contextualized standards. Furthermore, the inequalities in potential fecal exposure require greater attention and tailored support mechanisms to ensure the poorest gain access to safely managed sanitation services.
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Cassivi A, Tilley E, Waygood EOD, Dorea C. Household practices in accessing drinking water and post collection contamination: A seasonal cohort study in Malawi. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116607. [PMID: 33197683 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lack of access to safe drinking water on premises remains widespread in low- and middle-income countries. Interventions to improve access to safe water at the point of collection are essential, but water safety at the point of consumption is also an important consideration. This research aimed to 1) improve understanding of household practices in collecting water with respect to seasonality, and 2) to further assess risk associated with post-collection contamination from the point of collection to the point of consumption. A seasonal cohort study, including 115 households, was conducted in Malawi. Along with household surveys and observations, samples of water were tested for microbial water quality at four different stages of water collection: water source, collection container, storage container, cup of drinking water. Using E. coli as an indicator of contamination (cfu/100 ml), the risk of post-collection contamination was assessed. The results indicate that most water sources were free from contamination; contamination was proportionally lower in the dry season when more sources were found to be classified as having a very low risk of contamination. However, the level of risk of contamination was more likely to increase following collection in water sources that were initially free from contamination. Results show that the degradation in water quality from the point of collection to the point of consumption was more important in the rainy season, which is likely to be driven by the effect of seasonality on the household environment. Filling the collection container at the point of collection and storage at the point of consumption were found to be critical stages for an increased risk of E. coli contamination. Understanding household practices in accessing and handling water during both rainy and dry season is necessary to target appropriate interventions to reduce post-collection contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cassivi
- University of Victoria, Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering and Computer Science (ECS) 304, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth Tilley
- University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, Private Bag 303, Blantyre 3, Malawi; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute Of Aquatic Science And Technology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - E Owen D Waygood
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, PO Box 6079, Montréal QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Caetano Dorea
- University of Victoria, Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering and Computer Science (ECS) 304, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Wilopo W, Putra DPE, Hendrayana H. Impacts of precipitation, land use change and urban wastewater on groundwater level fluctuation in the Yogyakarta-Sleman Groundwater Basin, Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:76. [PMID: 33471234 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Population growth and an increase in communities' economies have led to a worldwide rise in water demand. The development of urban areas will cause excessive groundwater extraction, which will trigger environmental impacts, including a decline in groundwater levels. Changes in rainfall, land use, and the volume of urban wastewater recharge patterns will affect groundwater level fluctuations over a period of time. This study investigates the effects of rainfall, changes in irrigated agricultural land, and urban wastewater volume trends on groundwater level fluctuations in the Yogyakarta-Sleman groundwater basin, Indonesia, from 2011 to 2017. Analysis of the trend of each parameter was performed using the Mann-Kendall test. The results showed that the recharge area had a trend of deeper groundwater levels positively correlated with the decrease of irrigated agricultural land. In contrast, precipitation trends and urban wastewater volume were negatively associated with the groundwater level fluctuation trend. In the transit area, shallow groundwater levels were positively correlated with precipitation and urban wastewater volume. In contrast, there was an opposite trend in the area of irrigated agricultural land. In the discharge area, groundwater levels became deeper, which positively correlates with precipitation and irrigated agricultural land, while the urban wastewater trend was the opposite. Increasing of groundwater level in the transit area was 0.21-0.25 m/year, where recharge and discharge areas had a decreasing 0.10-0.26 m/year. Import water from municipal water networks and urban wastewater recharge significantly contributed to rising groundwater levels in the transit area. It occurs because urban wastewater in the transit is evenly distributed, but in recharge and discharge areas, groundwater recharge from urban wastewater is localized. The urbanization process did not always negatively impact groundwater resources and contribute to groundwater recharge, depending on managing the urban sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu Wilopo
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
- Center for Disaster Mitigation and Technological Innovation (GAMA-InaTEK), Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Doni Prakasa Eka Putra
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Center for Disaster Mitigation and Technological Innovation (GAMA-InaTEK), Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Heru Hendrayana
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Cassivi A, Tilley E, Waygood EOD, Dorea C. Evaluating self-reported measures and alternatives to monitor access to drinking water: A case study in Malawi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141516. [PMID: 32846248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring access to drinking water is complex, especially in settings where on premises water supply is not available. Although self-reported data are generally used to estimate coverage of access to drinking water, the relationship between self-reported time travelled and true time travelled is not well known in the context of water fetching. Further, water fetching is likely to impact the quantity and quality of water a household uses, but data and measures supporting this relationship are not well documented. The objective of this study was to appraise the validity and reliability of self-reported measurements used to estimate access coverage. A case study was conducted in Malawi to enhance understanding of the self-reported measures and alternatives available to assess and monitor access to drinking water in view of generating global estimates. Self-reported data were compared with objective observations and direct measurements of water quantity, quality and accessibility. Findings from this study highlight the variations between different measures such as self-reported and recorded collection time and raise awareness with regard to the use of self-reported data in the context of fetching water. Alternatives to self-reported indicators such as GPS-based or direct observations could be considered in surveys in view of improving data accuracy and global estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cassivi
- University of Victoria, Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering and Computer Science (ECS), 304, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth Tilley
- University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, 303 Blantyre 3, Malawi; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science And Technology, Überland Str. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - E Owen D Waygood
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, PO Box 6079, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Caetano Dorea
- University of Victoria, Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering and Computer Science (ECS), 304, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Poirot E, Som SV, Wieringa FT, Treglown S, Berger J, Laillou A. Water quality for young children in Cambodia-High contamination at collection and consumption level. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16 Suppl 2:e12744. [PMID: 32835440 PMCID: PMC7591301 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unsafe drinking water is a leading cause of child morbidity, especially among young children in low‐income settings. Safe water consumption requires high‐quality water available at its source and at point of use. We examined the quality of drinking water at point of collection and point of use in 796 households in three provinces, in Cambodia. Microbiological testing for coliform and Escherichia coli contamination was conducted for samples collected. Bivariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine associations between various factors and the deterioration in water quality (increase in the risk according coliform or E. coli concentration) between point of collection and point of use. Contamination with both coliforms and E. coli was higher at point of use than at point of collection, with contamination at point of collection to account for 76.6% (coliforms) and 46.3% (E. coli). Results suggest that child drinking water represents a considerable pathway for the ingestion of pathogens, in Cambodia. Area of residence, seasonality, type of water source, and water chlorination were associated with coliform concentration between the point of collection and point of use, whereas only seasonality was associated with E. coli contamination (OR = 1.46; 95% CI [1.05, 2.02]). Children living in rural settings were two times more likely to drink water with a deteriorating coliform concentration between the two‐time points than children living in urban settings (OR = 2.00; 95% CI [1.22, 3.30]). The increase in coliform and E. coli concentrations between point of collection and point of use indicates that water contamination mostly occurs within the household. Strengthening national legislation on water quality standards and promoting safe water management at the household are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Poirot
- Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition Sections, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Frank T Wieringa
- Institute of Research for Development (IRD), UMR Nutripass IRD-UM2-UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Sam Treglown
- Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition Sections, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jacques Berger
- Institute of Research for Development (IRD), UMR Nutripass IRD-UM2-UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Laillou
- Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition Sections, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Rah JH, Sukotjo S, Badgaiyan N, Cronin AA, Torlesse H. Improved sanitation is associated with reduced child stunting amongst Indonesian children under 3 years of age. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16 Suppl 2:e12741. [PMID: 32835453 PMCID: PMC7591307 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that household sanitation is associated with child nutritional status in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This paper examined whether household access to improved sanitation facilities and sources of drinking water was associated with stunting and anaemia amongst children aged 6–35 months of age in Indonesia. The sample for the analysis comprised 1,450 children aged 6–35 months who participated in the end‐line survey of the maternal and young child nutrition security project in Asia, conducted in three selected districts in Indonesia. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association between household sanitation and water source, and stunting and anaemia. Approximately 26% and 56% of children 6–35 months of age were stunted and anaemic, respectively. Children living in a household with improved sanitation facilities had 29% reduced odds of being stunted compared with those in a household with unimproved sanitation facilities, after adjusting for potential confounders including child's age and gender, maternal education, and iron–folic acid supplementation, as well as household wealth status and source of drinking water (OR = 0.68, 95% CI:0.48–0.96). No association between household sanitation and childhood anaemia was observed. Source of drinking water was not associated with stunting or anaemia amongst children. There were no synergistic effects of household sanitation and water supply on stunting and anaemia. This suggests that efforts to improve household sanitation condition may need to be considered an essential, integral part of the programmatic responses by governments and development partners for the prevention of childhood nutritional status. Further randomised research is necessary to determine the causal link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee H Rah
- Child Survival and Development Cluster, Nutrition Unit, UNICEF Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Sukotjo
- Child Survival and Development Cluster, Nutrition Unit, UNICEF Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nina Badgaiyan
- Child Survival and Development Cluster, Nutrition Unit, UNICEF Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aidan A Cronin
- Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Section, UNICEF Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Harriet Torlesse
- Nutrition Section, UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia, Lekhnath Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals for water and sanitation in Indonesia - Results from a five-year (2013-2017) large-scale effectiveness evaluation. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113584. [PMID: 32829164 PMCID: PMC7607394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Access to safe sanitation and the elimination of open defecation are pre-conditions for improved child health and nutrition and wider achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While Indonesia has a solid policy framework, the country ranks third globally in terms of numbers of people practicing open defecation. Objectives Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of a five-year strategy to reduce open defecation through accelerating implementation of the national sanitation program across districts receiving variable levels of external support. Methods Among three provinces with poor sanitation program performance, districts were selected to receive one of three levels of external support. High intensity districts (n = 6) benefitted from enabling environment strengthening support including political and social mobilization, direct capacity development, and efforts to strengthen planning, budgeting, monitoring and supervision; learning districts (n = 16) benefitted from cross-district learning opportunities and political mobilization through provincial government advocacy efforts; and comparison districts (n = 58) were monitored under routine program conditions. Outcomes included open defecation free (ODF) status and new toilet facility construction and were assessed through village level monitoring systems across all districts. Negative binomial regression and multivariate analysis were used to assess associations between levels of intervention intensity and outcomes. Findings Among districts receiving high-intensity external support improvements in political commitment, planning, coordination, financing, monitoring and supervision were observed. Relative to comparison districts, high intensity districts were more likely to be ODF (aRR 4.65, CI 2.12–10.20) with greater increase in household toilet coverage (aRR 11.15 CI 1.04–119.82). Weaker non-significant associations with ODF were observed among learning districts relative to comparison districts. Interpretation Efforts to strengthen provincial and district government capacity to implement sanitation programming in Indonesia can yield substantial improvements in outcomes in a relatively short period of time. The effectiveness of five-year sanitation strategies in Indonesia was assessed. In high-intensity districts improvements in government systems were observed. High-intensity districts were more likely to be open defecation free. Sanitation outcomes can be improved when government systems are strengthened.
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Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: A Multi-Country Review of Current Reliance and Resource Concerns. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Groundwater is widely acknowledged to be an important source of drinking water in low-income regions, and it, therefore, plays a critical role in the realization of the human right to water. However, the proportion of households using groundwater compared with other sources is rarely quantified, with national and global datasets more focused on facilities—rather than resources—used. This is a significant gap in knowledge, particularly in light of efforts to expand water services in line with the inclusive and integrated agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals. Understanding the prevalence of groundwater reliance for drinking is critical for those involved in water services planning and management, so they can better monitor and advocate for management of water resources that supports sustainable services for households. This paper contributes data that can be used to strengthen the integration of resource considerations within water service delivery and inform the work of development partners supporting this area. We approach this issue from two perspectives. Firstly, we collate data on the proportion of households using groundwater as their primary drinking water source for 10 Southeast Asian and Pacific nations, finding an average of 66% (range of 17–93% for individual countries) of households in urban areas and 60% (range of 22–95%) of households in rural areas rely on groundwater for drinking. Together, these constitute 79% of the total population across the case study countries. Secondly, we review current and emerging groundwater resource concerns within each country, using a systems thinking approach to assess how groundwater resource issues influence household water services. Findings support the case for governments and development agencies to strengthen engagement with groundwater resource management as foundational for achieving sustainable water services for all.
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Feng TT, Kang Q, Pan BB, Yang YS. Synergies of sustainable development goals between China and countries along the Belt and Road initiative. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 2019; 39:167-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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