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Flatgard BM, Williams AD, Amin MB, Hobman JL, Stekel DJ, Rousham EK, Islam MA. Tracking antimicrobial resistance transmission in urban and rural communities in Bangladesh: a One Health study of genomic diversity of ESBL-producing and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0395623. [PMID: 38700359 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03956-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to global health and sustainable development goals, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to understand the transmission of AMR between poultry, humans, and the environment in Bangladesh using a One Health approach. We analyzed the whole genome sequences (WGS) of 117 extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) isolates, with 46 being carbapenem resistant. These isolates were obtained from human (n = 20) and poultry feces (n = 12), as well as proximal environments (wastewater) (n = 85) of three different study sites, including rural households (n = 48), rural poultry farms (n = 20), and urban wet markets (n = 49). The WGS of ESBL-Ec isolates were compared with 58 clinical isolates from global databases. No significant differences in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were observed in ESBL-Ec isolated from humans with and without exposure to poultry. Environmental isolates showed higher ARG diversity than human and poultry isolates. No clonal transmission between poultry and human isolates was found, but wastewater was a reservoir for ESBL-Ec for both. Except for one human isolate, all ESBL-Ec isolates were distinct from clinical isolates. Most isolates (77.8%) carried at least one plasmid replicon type, with IncFII being the most prevalent. IncFIA was predominant in human isolates, while IncFII, Col(MG828), and p0111 were common in poultry. We observed putative sharing of ARG-carrying plasmids among isolates, mainly from wastewater. However, in most cases, bacterial isolates sharing plasmids were also clonally related, suggesting clonal spread was more probable than just plasmid transfer. IMPORTANCE Our study underscores that wastewater discharged from households and wet markets carries antibiotic-resistant organisms from both human and animal sources. Thus, direct disposal of wastewater into the environment not only threatens human health but also endangers food safety by facilitating the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to surface water, crops, vegetables, and subsequently to food-producing animals. In regions with intensive poultry production heavily reliant on the prophylactic use of antibiotics, compounded by inadequate waste management systems, such as Bangladesh, the ramifications are particularly pronounced. Wastewater serves as a pivotal juncture for the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant organisms and functions as a pathway through which strains of human and animal origin can infiltrate the environment and potentially colonize new hosts. Further research is needed to thoroughly characterize wastewater isolates/populations and understand their potential impact on interconnected environments, communities, and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Flatgard
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander D Williams
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Ltd, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Jon L Hobman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Dov J Stekel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Emily K Rousham
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Williams AD, Rousham E, Neal AL, Amin MB, Hobman JL, Stekel D, Islam MA. Impact of contrasting poultry exposures on human, poultry, and wastewater antibiotic resistomes in Bangladesh. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0176323. [PMID: 37971224 PMCID: PMC10714819 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01763-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Through the use of DNA sequencing, our study shows that there is no significant difference in the antibiotic resistance genes found in stool samples taken from individuals with high exposure to poultry routinely fed antibiotics and those without such exposure. This finding is significant as it suggests limited transmission of antibiotic resistance genes between poultry and humans in these circumstances. However, our research also demonstrates that commercially reared poultry are more likely to possess resistance genes to antibiotics commonly administered on medium-sized farms. Additionally, our study highlights the under-explored potential of wastewater as a source of various antibiotic resistance genes, some of which are clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Williams
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Ltd, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Tai Po, Hong Kong
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Emily Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Neal
- Net-Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Badrul Amin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jon L. Hobman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Dov Stekel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Rodarte KA, Fair JM, Bett BK, Kerfua SD, Fasina FO, Bartlow AW. A scoping review of zoonotic parasites and pathogens associated with abattoirs in Eastern Africa and recommendations for abattoirs as disease surveillance sites. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1194964. [PMID: 37529427 PMCID: PMC10387540 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abattoirs are facilities where livestock are slaughtered and are an important aspect in the food production chain. There are several types of abattoirs, which differ in infrastructure and facilities, sanitation and PPE practices, and adherence to regulations. In each abattoir facility, worker exposure to animals and animal products increases their risk of infection from zoonotic pathogens. Backyard abattoirs and slaughter slabs have the highest risk of pathogen transmission because of substandard hygiene practices and minimal infrastructure. These abattoir conditions can often contribute to environmental contamination and may play a significant role in disease outbreaks within communities. To assess further the risk of disease, we conducted a scoping review of parasites and pathogens among livestock and human workers in abattoirs across 13 Eastern African countries, which are hotspots for zoonoses. Our search results (n = 104 articles) showed the presence of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and macroparasites (nematodes, cestodes, etc.) in cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, camels, and poultry. Most articles reported results from cattle, and the most frequent pathogen detected was Mycobacterium bovis, which causes bovine tuberculosis. Some articles included worker survey and questionnaires that suggested how the use of PPE along with proper worker training and safe animal handling practices could reduce disease risk. Based on these findings, we discuss ways to improve abattoir biosafety and increase biosurveillance for disease control and mitigation. Abattoirs are a 'catch all' for pathogens, and by surveying animals at abattoirs, health officials can determine which diseases are prevalent in different regions and which pathogens are most likely transmitted from wildlife to livestock. We suggest a regional approach to biosurveillance, which will improve testing and data gathering for enhanced disease risk mapping and forecasting. Next generation sequencing will be key in identifying a wide range of pathogens, rather than a targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A. Rodarte
- Genomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Jeanne M. Fair
- Genomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Bernard K. Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute and ILRI/BMZ One Health Research, Education, Outreach and Awareness Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Susan D. Kerfua
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Andrew W. Bartlow
- Genomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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Al-Gheethi A, Ma NL, Rupani PF, Sultana N, Yaakob MA, Mohamed RMSR, Soon CF. Biowastes of slaughterhouses and wet markets: an overview of waste management for disease prevention. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:71780-71793. [PMID: 34585345 PMCID: PMC8477996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16629-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Slaughterhouse and wet market wastes are pollutants that have been always neglected by society. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, more than three billion and nineteen million livestock were consumed worldwide in 2018, which reflects the vast amount and the broad spectrum of the biowastes generated. Slaughterhouse biowastes are a significant volume of biohazards that poses a high risk of contamination to the environment, an outbreak of diseases, and insecure food safety. This work comprehensively reviewed existing biowaste disposal practices and revealed the limitations of technological advancements to eradicate the threat of possible harmful infectious agents from these wastes. Policies, including strict supervision and uniform minimum hygienic regulations at all raw food processing factories, should therefore be tightened to ensure the protection of the food supply. The vast quantity of biowastes also offers a zero-waste potential for a circular economy, but the incorporation of biowaste recycling, including composting, anaerobic digestion, and thermal treatment, nevertheless remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Al-Gheethi
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Parveen Fatemeh Rupani
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Naznin Sultana
- Medical Academy, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, 77446, USA
| | - Maizatul Azrina Yaakob
- Institute for Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Fhong Soon
- Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre, Institute for Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
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Islam A, Islam S, Islam M, Hossain ME, Munro S, Samad MA, Rahman MK, Shirin T, Flora MS, Hassan MM, Rahman MZ, Epstein JH. Prevalence and risk factors for avian influenza virus (H5 and H9) contamination in peri-urban and rural live bird markets in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1148994. [PMID: 37151580 PMCID: PMC10158979 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1148994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been frequently detected in live bird markets (LBMs) around the world, primarily in urban areas, and have the ability to spillover to other species, including humans. Despite frequent detection of AIV in urban LBMs, the contamination of AIV on environmental surfaces in rural and peri-urban LBMs in Bangladesh is poorly documented. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the prevalence of AIV subtypes within a subset of peri-urban and rural LBMs in Bangladesh and to further identify associated risk factors. Between 2017 and 2018, we collected faecal and offal samples from 200 stalls in 63 LBMs across four sub-districts. We tested the samples for the AIV matrix gene (M-gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We performed a descriptive analysis of market cleanliness and sanitation practices in order to further elucidate the relationship between LBM biosecurity and AIV subtypes by species, sample types, and landscape. Subsequently, we conducted a univariate analysis and a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to determine the risk factors associated with AIV contamination at individual stalls within LBMs. Our findings indicate that practices related to hygiene and the circulation of AIV significantly differed between rural and peri-urban live bird markets. 42.5% (95% CI: 35.56-49.67) of stalls were positive for AIV. A/H5, A/H9, and A HA/Untyped were detected in 10.5% (95% CI: 6.62-15.60), 9% (95% CI: 5.42-13.85), and 24.0% (95% CI: 18.26-30.53) of stalls respectively, with no detection of A/H7. Significantly higher levels of AIV were found in the Sonali chicken strain compared to the exotic broiler, and in offal samples compared to fecal samples. In the GLMM analysis, we identified several significant risk factors associated with AIV contamination in LBMs at the stall level. These include: landscape (AOR: 3.02; 95% CI: 1.18-7.72), the number of chicken breeds present (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.01-5.67), source of birds (AOR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.0-5.53), separation of sick birds (AOR: 3.04; 95% CI: 1.34-6.92), disposal of waste/dead birds (AOR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.41-7.05), cleaning agent (AOR: 5.99; 95% CI: 2.26-15.82), access of dogs (AOR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.12-5.7), wild birds observed on site (AOR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.01-5.3). The study further revealed a substantial prevalence of AIV with H5 and H9 subtypes in peri-urban and rural LBMs. The inadequate biosecurity measures at poultry stalls in Bangladesh increase the risk of AIV transmission from poultry to humans. To prevent the spread of AIV to humans and wild birds, we suggest implementing regular surveillance at live bird markets and enhancing biosecurity practices in peri-urban and rural areas in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ariful Islam,
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monjurul Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Munro
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Kusi J, Ojewole CO, Ojewole AE, Nwi-Mozu I. Antimicrobial Resistance Development Pathways in Surface Waters and Public Health Implications. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060821. [PMID: 35740227 PMCID: PMC9219700 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human health is threatened by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their related infections, which cause thousands of human deaths every year worldwide. Surface waters are vulnerable to human activities and natural processes that facilitate the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. This study evaluated the pathways and drivers of antimicrobial resistance (AR) in surface waters. We analyzed antibiotic resistance healthcare-associated infection (HAI) data reported to the CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network to determine the number of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and their isolates detected in healthcare facilities. Ten pathogens and their isolates associated with HAIs tested resistant to the selected antibiotics, indicating the role of healthcare facilities in antimicrobial resistance in the environment. The analyzed data and literature research revealed that healthcare facilities, wastewater, agricultural settings, food, and wildlife populations serve as the major vehicles for AR in surface waters. Antibiotic residues, heavy metals, natural processes, and climate change were identified as the drivers of antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment. Food and animal handlers have a higher risk of exposure to resistant pathogens through ingestion and direct contact compared with the general population. The AR threat to public health may grow as pathogens in aquatic systems adjust to antibiotic residues, contaminants, and climate change effects. The unnecessary use of antibiotics increases the risk of AR, and the public should be encouraged to practice antibiotic stewardship to decrease the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kusi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 44 Circle Drive, Campus Box 1099, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA; (C.O.O.); (A.E.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Catherine Oluwalopeye Ojewole
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 44 Circle Drive, Campus Box 1099, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA; (C.O.O.); (A.E.O.)
| | - Akinloye Emmanuel Ojewole
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 44 Circle Drive, Campus Box 1099, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA; (C.O.O.); (A.E.O.)
| | - Isaac Nwi-Mozu
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA;
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A bottom-up view of antimicrobial resistance transmission in developing countries. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:757-765. [PMID: 35637328 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is tracked most closely in clinical settings and high-income countries. However, resistant organisms thrive globally and are transmitted to and from healthy humans, animals and the environment, particularly in many low- and middle-income settings. The overall public health and clinical significance of these transmission opportunities remain to be completely clarified. There is thus considerable global interest in promoting a One Health view of AMR to enable a more realistic understanding of its ecology. In reality, AMR surveillance outside hospitals remains insufficient and it has been very challenging to convincingly document transmission at the interfaces between clinical specimens and other niches. In this Review, we describe AMR and its transmission in low- and middle-income-country settings, emphasizing high-risk transmission points such as urban settings and food-animal handling. In urban and food production settings, top-down and infrastructure-dependent interventions against AMR that require strong regulatory oversight are less likely to curtail transmission when used alone and should be combined with bottom-up AMR-containment approaches. We observe that the power of genomics to expose transmission channels and hotspots is largely unharnessed, and that existing and upcoming technological innovations need to be exploited towards containing AMR in low- and middle-income settings.
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Biosecurity and Antimicrobial Use Practices in Live Bird Markets within Abeokuta Metropolis, Southwest, Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The development of an antimicrobial stewardship plan (AMSP) for live bird sellers (LBS) requires an understanding of the current biosecurity status, antimicrobial use (AMU) and the practices involved in live bird selling (e.g., drivers, sellers, etc.) which is a direct source of poultry meat for human consumption. Seven Live Bird Markets (LBMs) within Abeokuta, Ogun State were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data on LBMs characteristics, LBS demographics, biosecurity, and AMU practices, awareness on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), as well as preferred channels of information on antimicrobial stewardship were gathered. A total of 40 consenting LBS with 82.5% female and 17.5% male participants were included in the study. The participants’ mean age was 45.3 years (SD±11.9, range: 23-70 years). Laying hens, broilers, and cockerels were the main poultry types sold by LBS. Antimicrobials (AMs) were used for growth promotion (57.5%), therapeutic (40.0%), and prophylactic (2.5%) purposes. Tetracycline, metronidazole, and chloramphenicol were the most frequently used AMs. The majority of the participants (90.0%) have treated birds based on their empirical experience, with little or no inputs from veterinarians. Biosecurity and AMU practices were generally low (54.0% and 34.0%, respectively). The contact with veterinarians was associated with satisfactory biosecurity practices (p=0.049). No significant factors were found to be linked with AMU. This study has provided recent evidence-based data on practices in poultry management among LBS in Abeokuta, Ogun state. The findings would be useful for policy decisions and the development of AMSP on prudent AMU among LBS.
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Backyard poultry flocks in France: A diversity of owners and biosecurity practices. Prev Vet Med 2021; 197:105511. [PMID: 34710712 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the number of backyard poultry flocks has been increasing in France. A mandatory step to improve backyard poultry management is to assess health risks by characterizing the flocks and understanding the owners' motivations for keeping poultry and their husbandry practices. A survey of backyard poultry owners was conducted in France to gather information about their motivations for owning poultry, flock characteristics, and breeding and biosecurity practices. The survey was completed by 1,160 owners. The major motivations for owning poultry flocks were egg consumption (93.3 %), recycling (72.4 %) and having pet animals (53.2 %). Most owners had already heard about avian influenza (96.7 %), but were less aware about other diseases such as Newcastle Disease (41.6 %), salmonellosis (79.1 %), or campylobacteriosis (18.6 %). Owners mainly kept only egg-layers (78.4 %), and the median size flock was five egg-layers. Owners gave eggs to their relatives, occasionally or regularly, in 86.6 % of the cases. Contacts with other family poultry owners were frequent (68.9 %) and biosecurity practices were poorly implemented: 50 % of owners did not wash their hands systematically after visiting the flock and more than 60 % of owners did not wear specific shoes. Drawing from the survey data, five profiles of family poultry flocks were identified with multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The profiles, based on flock characteristics and owners' practices and motivations, illustrate the heterogeneity of the backyard poultry sector: 1) urban poultry, 2) traditional poultry, 3) student poultry, 4) pet poultry and 5) hobby poultry. Urban poultry consisted of recently constituted (< 2 years old), small (< 3 birds) flocks of layers, and traditional poultry of older, medium-sized flocks belonging to retired and older people. These two profiles were characterized by limited contacts (direct or indirect) with other flocks and owners. Student poultry consisted of younger owners (<30 years old) with flocks over 5 years old. Pet poultry consisted of recently established, medium-size flocks of layers located in both rural or urban environments. Hobby poultry consisted of dedicated owners who breed and sell poultry and participate in exhibitions and poultry shows. Pet and hobby poultry profiles were characterized by greater knowledge of diseases and biosecurity practices, more bird movements, and reported more frequent clinical signs. The observation of different profiles can help target veterinary and public health education messages to prevent disease transmission in backyard poultry flocks in France.
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Soon JM, Abdul Wahab IR. On-site hygiene and biosecurity assessment: A new tool to assess live bird stalls in wet markets. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Iskandar K, Molinier L, Hallit S, Sartelli M, Hardcastle TC, Haque M, Lugova H, Dhingra S, Sharma P, Islam S, Mohammed I, Naina Mohamed I, Hanna PA, Hajj SE, Jamaluddin NAH, Salameh P, Roques C. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: a scattered picture. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:63. [PMID: 33789754 PMCID: PMC8011122 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00931-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on comprehensive population-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is lacking. In low- and middle-income countries, the challenges are high due to weak laboratory capacity, poor health systems governance, lack of health information systems, and limited resources. Developing countries struggle with political and social dilemma, and bear a high health and economic burden of communicable diseases. Available data are fragmented and lack representativeness which limits their use to advice health policy makers and orientate the efficient allocation of funding and financial resources on programs to mitigate resistance. Low-quality data means soaring rates of antimicrobial resistance and the inability to track and map the spread of resistance, detect early outbreaks, and set national health policy to tackle resistance. Here, we review the barriers and limitations of conducting effective antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and we highlight multiple incremental approaches that may offer opportunities to strengthen population-based surveillance if tailored to the context of each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Iskandar
- Department of Mathématiques Informatique et Télécommunications, Université Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, INSERM, UMR 1027, 31000, Toulouse, France.
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, 6573-14, Lebanon.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon.
| | - Laurent Molinier
- Faculté de Médecine, Equipe constitutive du CERPOP, UMR1295, unité mixte INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, 6573-14, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Massimo Sartelli
- Department of Surgery, University of Macerata, 62100, Macerata, Italy
| | - Timothy Craig Hardcastle
- Department of Trauma Service, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, 4091, South Africa
- Department of Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congela, 4041, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Halyna Lugova
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sameer Dhingra
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Paras Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, BVM College of Pharmacy, Gwalior, India
| | - Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Irfan Mohammed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas School of Dentistry, Pelotas, RS, 96020-010, Brazil
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Unit, Pharmacology Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pierre Abi Hanna
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Said El Hajj
- Department of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nurul Adilla Hayat Jamaluddin
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Unit, Pharmacology Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, 6573-14, Lebanon
- Department of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christine Roques
- Department of Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital Purpan, 31330, Toulouse, France
- Department of Bioprocédés et Systèmes Microbiens, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 5503, 31330, Toulouse, France
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12
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Rousham EK, Asaduzzaman M, Mozmader TAU, Amin MB, Rahman M, Hossain MI, Islam MR, Mahmud ZH, Unicomb L, Islam MA. Human Colonization with Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing E. coli in Relation to Animal and Environmental Exposures in Bangladesh: An Observational One Health Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:37001. [PMID: 33656920 PMCID: PMC7929562 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human exposure to intensively farmed livestock is a potential risk for transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) but few studies have assessed the relative role of animal vs. environmental sources of ARB in low-resource community settings. OBJECTIVES We conducted an observational study to compare ARB colonization and antibiotic-resistant gene prevalence and abundance in humans with high or low exposure to poultry in rural households, commercial poultry farms, and urban markets in Bangladesh. METHODS Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and carbapenem-resistant E. coli were quantified in feces from adults with high or low poultry exposure (n=100, respectively), poultry (n=200), drinking water (n=120), and wastewater (n=120) from 40 rural households, 40 poultry farms, and 40 urban markets. RESULTS ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC) prevalence was 67.5% (95% CI: 61.0, 74.0) in samples from adults, 68.0% (95% CI: 61.5, 74.5) in samples from poultry, and 92.5% (95% CI: 87.7, 97.3) in wastewater samples. Carbapenem-resistant E. coli prevalence was high in market wastewaters [30% (95% CI: 15.0, 45.0)] but low in humans (1%) and poultry (1%). Human, poultry, and wastewater isolates shared common resistance genes: blaCTX-M-1, qnr, and blaTEM. Human colonization was not significantly associated with exposure to poultry or setting (rural, farm, or market). Ninety-five percent of commercial poultry farms routinely administered antibiotics. Susceptibility tests were significantly different in household vs. farm and market poultry isolates for four of seven antibiotic classes. In human isolates, there were no differences except aminoglycoside resistance (16.4% high vs. 4.4% low exposure, p=0.02). Urban market wastewaters and poultry samples had significantly higher concentrations of ESBL-EC (p<0.001) and blaCTX-M-1 (p<0.001) compared with samples from farms and rural households. DISCUSSION ESBL-EC colonization was high in humans but not significantly associated with exposure to poultry. Bidirectional transmission of antibiotic resistance is likely between humans, poultry, and the environment in these community settings, underlining the importance of One Health mitigation strategies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7670.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University, Norway
| | | | - Mohammed Badrul Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahdia Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Rayhanul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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13
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Hosain MZ, Kabir SML, Kamal MM. Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developing countries. Vet World 2021; 14:210-221. [PMID: 33642806 PMCID: PMC7896880 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.210-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial is an indispensable part of veterinary medicine used for the treatment and control of diseases as well as a growth promoter in livestock production. Frequent use of antimicrobials in veterinary practices may lead to the residue in animal originated products and creates some potential problems for human health. The presence of antimicrobial residues in animal originated foods may induce serious health problems such as allergic reaction, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and lead to carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in the human body. The misuse or abuse of antibiotics in human medicine is thought to be a principal cause of AMR but some antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their resistant genes originating from animals are also responsible for developing AMR. However, the residual effect of antimicrobials in feed and food products of animal origin is undeniable. In developing countries, the community is unaware of this residual effect due to lack of proper information about antibiotic usage, AMR surveillance, and residue monitoring system. It is imperative to reveal the current situation of antimicrobial use in livestock production and its impacts on public health. Moreover, the safety levels of animal feeds and food products of animal origin must be strictly monitored and public awareness should be developed against the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial in animal production. Therefore, the current review summarizes the literature on antimicrobial use in livestock production and its hazardous residual impacts on the human body in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Zahangir Hosain
- Quality Control Laboratory, Department of Livestock Services, Savar, Dhaka-1343, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mostofa Kamal
- Quality Control Laboratory, Department of Livestock Services, Savar, Dhaka-1343, Bangladesh
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14
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Al Amin M, Hoque MN, Siddiki AZ, Saha S, Kamal MM. Antimicrobial resistance situation in animal health of Bangladesh. Vet World 2020; 13:2713-2727. [PMID: 33487990 PMCID: PMC7811541 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2713-2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a crucial multifactorial and complex global problem and Bangladesh poses a regional and global threat with a high degree of antibiotic resistance. Although the routine application of antimicrobials in the livestock industry has largely contributed to the health and productivity, it correspondingly plays a significant role in the evolution of different pathogenic bacterial strains having multidrug resistance (MDR) properties. Bangladesh is implementing the National Action Plan (NAP) for containing AMR in human, animal, and environment sectors through “One Health” approach where the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) is the mandated body to implement NAP strategies in the animal health sector of the country. This review presents a “snapshot” of the predisposing factors, and current situations of AMR along with the weakness and strength of DLS to contain the problem in animal farming practices in Bangladesh. In the present review, resistance monitoring data and risk assessment identified several direct and/or indirect predisposing factors to be potentially associated with AMR development in the animal health sector of Bangladesh. The predisposing factors are inadequate veterinary healthcare, monitoring and regulatory services, intervention of excessive informal animal health service providers, and farmers’ knowledge gap on drugs, and AMR which have resulted in the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, ultimate in the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in all types of animal farming settings of Bangladesh. MDR bacteria with extreme resistance against antibiotics recommended to use in both animals and humans have been reported and been being a potential public health hazard in Bangladesh. Execution of extensive AMR surveillance in veterinary practices and awareness-building programs for stakeholders along with the strengthening of the capacity of DLS are recommended for effective containment of AMR emergence and dissemination in the animal health sector of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Amin
- Quality Control Laboratory, Department of Livestock Services, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh
| | - M Nazmul Hoque
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Amam Zonaed Siddiki
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mostofa Kamal
- Quality Control Laboratory, Department of Livestock Services, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh
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15
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Zhang S, Abbas M, Rehman MU, Huang Y, Zhou R, Gong S, Yang H, Chen S, Wang M, Cheng A. Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via integrons in Escherichia coli: A risk to human health. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115260. [PMID: 32717638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the induction of various emerging environmental contaminants such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), environment is considered as a key indicator for the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As such, the ARGs mediated environmental pollution raises a significant public health concern worldwide. Among various genetic mechanisms that are involved in the dissemination of ARGs, integrons play a vital role in the dissemination of ARGs. Integrons are mobile genetic elements that can capture and spread ARGs among environmental settings via transmissible plasmids and transposons. Most of the ARGs are found in Gram-negative bacteria and are primarily studied for their potential role in antibiotic resistance in clinical settings. As one of the most common microorganisms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is widely studied as an indicator carrying drug-resistant genes, so this article aims to provide an in-depth study on the spread of ARGs via integrons associated with E. coli outside clinical settings and highlight their potential role as environmental contaminants. It also focuses on multiple but related aspects that do facilitate environmental pollution, i.e. ARGs from animal sources, water treatment plants situated at or near animal farms, agriculture fields, wild birds and animals. We believe that this updated study with summarized text, will facilitate the readers to understand the primary mechanisms as well as a variety of factors involved in the transmission and spread of ARGs among animals, humans, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaqiu Zhang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Livestock and Dairy Development Department Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yahui Huang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Siyue Gong
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Shuling Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
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16
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Masud AA, Rousham EK, Islam MA, Alam MU, Rahman M, Mamun AA, Sarker S, Asaduzzaman M, Unicomb L. Drivers of Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production in Bangladesh: Dependencies and Dynamics of a Patron-Client Relationship. Front Vet Sci 2020. [PMID: 32185184 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00078/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing concern around the use of antibiotics in animal food production and the risk of transmission of antimicrobial resistance within the food chain. In many low and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh, the commercial poultry sector comprises small-scale producers who are dependent on credit from poultry dealers to buy day-old chicks and poultry feed. The same dealers also supply and promote antibiotics. The credit system is reliant upon informal relationships among multiple actors as part of social capital. This paper aims to describe dependencies and relationships between different actors within unregulated broiler poultry production systems to understand the social and contextual determinants of antibiotic use in low-resource settings. Methods: We used a cross-sectional qualitative design including in-depth interviews among purposefully selected commercial poultry farmers (n = 10), poultry dealers (n = 5), sales representatives of livestock pharmaceutical companies (n = 3) and the local government livestock officer as a key-informant (n = 1). We describe the food production cycle and practices relating to credit purchases and sales using social capital theory. Findings: Poultry dealers provide credit and information for small-scale poultry farmers to initiate and operate their business. In return for credit, farmers are obliged to buy poultry feed and medicine from their dealer and sell their market-ready poultry to that same dealer. All farms applied multiple antibiotics to poultry throughout the production cycle, including banned antibiotics such as colistin sulfate. The relationship between dealers and poultry farmers is reciprocal but mostly regulated by the dealers. Dealers were the main influencers of decision-making by farmers, particularly around antibiotic use as an integral part of the production cycle risk management. Our findings suggest that strategies to improve antibiotic stewardship and responsible use should exploit the patron-client relationship which provides the social and information network for small-scale farmers. Conclusion: Social capital theory can be applied to the patron-client relationship observed among poultry farmers and dealers in Bangladesh to identify influences on decision making and antibiotic use. Within unregulated food production systems, strategies to promote the prudent use of antibiotics should target commercial feed producers and livestock pharmaceutical manufacturers as a first step in developing a sustainable poultry value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Masud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emily Kate Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Mahbub-Ul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Supta Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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17
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Masud AA, Rousham EK, Islam MA, Alam MU, Rahman M, Mamun AA, Sarker S, Asaduzzaman M, Unicomb L. Drivers of Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production in Bangladesh: Dependencies and Dynamics of a Patron-Client Relationship. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:78. [PMID: 32185184 PMCID: PMC7058630 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing concern around the use of antibiotics in animal food production and the risk of transmission of antimicrobial resistance within the food chain. In many low and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh, the commercial poultry sector comprises small-scale producers who are dependent on credit from poultry dealers to buy day-old chicks and poultry feed. The same dealers also supply and promote antibiotics. The credit system is reliant upon informal relationships among multiple actors as part of social capital. This paper aims to describe dependencies and relationships between different actors within unregulated broiler poultry production systems to understand the social and contextual determinants of antibiotic use in low-resource settings. Methods: We used a cross-sectional qualitative design including in-depth interviews among purposefully selected commercial poultry farmers (n = 10), poultry dealers (n = 5), sales representatives of livestock pharmaceutical companies (n = 3) and the local government livestock officer as a key-informant (n = 1). We describe the food production cycle and practices relating to credit purchases and sales using social capital theory. Findings: Poultry dealers provide credit and information for small-scale poultry farmers to initiate and operate their business. In return for credit, farmers are obliged to buy poultry feed and medicine from their dealer and sell their market-ready poultry to that same dealer. All farms applied multiple antibiotics to poultry throughout the production cycle, including banned antibiotics such as colistin sulfate. The relationship between dealers and poultry farmers is reciprocal but mostly regulated by the dealers. Dealers were the main influencers of decision-making by farmers, particularly around antibiotic use as an integral part of the production cycle risk management. Our findings suggest that strategies to improve antibiotic stewardship and responsible use should exploit the patron-client relationship which provides the social and information network for small-scale farmers. Conclusion: Social capital theory can be applied to the patron-client relationship observed among poultry farmers and dealers in Bangladesh to identify influences on decision making and antibiotic use. Within unregulated food production systems, strategies to promote the prudent use of antibiotics should target commercial feed producers and livestock pharmaceutical manufacturers as a first step in developing a sustainable poultry value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Masud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emily Kate Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Mahbub-Ul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Supta Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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