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Ketema RM, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Ait Bamai Y, Miyashita C, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Kishi R, Ikeda A. Exposure Trends to the Non-phthalate Plasticizers DEHTP, DINCH, and DEHA in Children from 2012 to 2017: The Hokkaido Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11926-11936. [PMID: 37506071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates owing to their endocrine-disrupting effects are regulated in certain products, leading to their replacement with substitutions such as di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid di(isononyl) ester (DINCH), and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA). However, information on human exposure to these substitutes, especially in susceptible subpopulations such as children, is limited. Thus, we examined the levels and exposure trends of DEHTP, DINCH, and DEHA metabolites in 7 year-old Japanese school children. In total, 180 urine samples collected from 2012 to 2017 were used to quantify 10 DEHTP, DINCH, and DEHA metabolites via isotope dilution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. DEHTP and DINCH metabolites were detected in 95.6 and 92.2% of the children, respectively, and DEHA was not detected. This study, annually conducted between 2012 and 2017, revealed a significant (p < 0.05) 5-fold increase in DEHTP metabolites and a 2-fold increase in DINCH metabolites. However, the maximum estimated internal exposures were still below the health-based guidance and toxicological reference values. Exposure levels to DEHTP and DINCH have increased considerably in Japanese school children. DEHA is less relevant. Future studies are warranted to closely monitor the increasing trend in different aged and larger populations and identify the potential health effects and sources contributing to increasing exposure and intervene if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikeda
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Sjöström Y, Hagström K, Lindh C, Bryngelsson IL, Larsson M, Hagberg J. Exposure to phthalates and DiNCH among preschool children in Sweden: Urinary metabolite concentrations and predictors of exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 250:114161. [PMID: 36990000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Several plasticizing chemicals induce endocrine disrupting effects in humans, and the indoor environment is suggested to be a source of exposure. As children are particularly vulnerable to the effects from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), it is essential to monitor exposure to EDCs such as phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in indoor environments intended for use by children. The aim of this study was to assess everyday plasticizer exposure among preschool-aged children in Sweden by measuring urinary plasticizer metabolite concentrations. In addition, it was investigated whether the concentrations would be altered as a result of the children spending part of the day at preschool, in comparison with weekend exposure, when they may spend more time in home environments or engage in various weekend and leisure activities. For this purpose, fourteen metabolites from eight phthalates (di-ethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP; di-n-butyl phthalate, DnBP; di-isobutyl phthalate, DiBP; butyl-benzyl phthalate, BBzP; di-iso-nonyl phthalate, DiNP; di-propylheptyl phthalate, DPHP; di-iso-decyl phthalate, DiDP; and di-ethyl phthalate, DEP) and one non-phthalate plasticizer (di-isononyl cyclohexane 1,2-dicarboxylate, DiNCH) were measured in 206 urine samples collected at four occasions, i.e. twice during the winter and twice during the spring from 54 children (mean 5.1 years, SD 0.94) enrolled at eight preschools in Sweden. A detection frequency (DF) of 99.9% for the 14 metabolites indicates a widespread exposure to plasticizers among children in Sweden. Compared to previous Swedish and international studies performed during approximately the same time period, high urinary concentrations of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), a metabolite from the strictly regulated BBzP, were measured in this study (median 17 ng/mL). Overall, high urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were observed in this study compared to the US CDC-NHANES from the same time period and similar age-group. Compared to European studies, however, similar concentrations were observed for most metabolites and the urinary concentrations from few participating children exceeded the human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GV) for children. After days with preschool attendance, lower urinary concentrations of metabolites originating from DEP and phthalates that are strictly regulated within the EU REACH legislation (DEHP, DnBP, and DiBP) and higher concentrations of metabolites originating from DiNP, DPHP, and DiDP, i.e. less or non-regulated phthalates were found compared the urinary concentrations of these metabolites in weekends. This may indicate that factors in the indoor environment itself are important for the extent of the plasticizer exposure. All the analyzed metabolites were measured in lower concentrations in urine collected from children attending preschools built or renovated after the year 2000, while no seasonal differences were observed in this study.
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Domínguez-Romero E, Komprdová K, Kalina J, Bessems J, Karakitsios S, Sarigiannis DA, Scheringer M. Time-trends in human urinary concentrations of phthalates and substitutes DEHT and DINCH in Asian and North American countries (2009-2019). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:244-254. [PMID: 35513587 PMCID: PMC10005949 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many phthalates are environmental pollutants and toxic to humans. Following phthalate regulations, human exposure to phthalates has globally decreased with time in European countries, the US and Korea. Conversely, exposure to their substitutes DEHT and/or DINCH has increased. In other countries, including China, little is known on the time-trends in human exposure to these plasticizers. OBJECTIVE We aimed to estimate time-trends in the urinary concentrations of phthalates, DEHT, and DINCH metabolites, in general population from non-European countries, in the last decade. METHODS We compiled human biomonitoring (HBM) data from 123 studies worldwide in a database termed "PhthaLit". We analyzed time-trends in the urinary concentrations of the excreted metabolites of various phthalates as well as DEHT and DINCH per metabolite, age group, and country/region, in 2009-2019. Additionally, we compared urinary metabolites levels between continents. RESULTS We found solid time-trends in adults and/or children from the US, Canada, China and Taiwan. DEHP metabolites decreased in the US and Canada. Conversely in Asia, 5oxo- and 5OH-MEHP (DEHP metabolites) increased in Chinese children. For low-weight phthalates, the trends showed a mixed picture between metabolites and countries. Notably, MnBP (a DnBP metabolite) increased in China. The phthalate substitutes DEHT and DINCH markedly increased in the US. SIGNIFICANCE We addressed the major question of time-trends in human exposure to phthalates and their substitutes and compared the results in different countries worldwide. IMPACT Phthalates account for more than 50% of the plasticizer world market. Because of their toxicity, some phthalates have been regulated. In turn, the consumption of non-phthalate substitutes, such as DEHT and DINCH, is growing. Currently, phthalates and their substitutes show high detection percentages in human urine. Concerning time-trends, several studies, mainly in Europe, show a global decrease in phthalate exposure, and an increase in the exposure to phthalate substitutes in the last decade. In this study, we address the important question of time-trends in human exposure to phthalates and their substitutes and compare the results in different countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Romero
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic.
| | - Klára Komprdová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Jos Bessems
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), BE-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Spyros Karakitsios
- Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Chem Engn, Environm Engn Lab, Univ Campus,Bldg D,Rm 201, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
- HERACLES Res Ctr Exposome & Hlth, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res & Innovat, Balkan Ctr, Bldg B,10thkm Thessaloniki Thermi Rd, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis
- Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Chem Engn, Environm Engn Lab, Univ Campus,Bldg D,Rm 201, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
- HERACLES Res Ctr Exposome & Hlth, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res & Innovat, Balkan Ctr, Bldg B,10thkm Thessaloniki Thermi Rd, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
- Sch Adv Study IUSS, Sci Technol & Soc Dept, Environm Hlth Engn, Piazza Vittoria 15, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
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Mohanto NC, Ito Y, Kato S, Ebara T, Kaneko K, Tsuchiyama T, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Saitoh S, Kamijima M. Quantitative Measurement of Phthalate Exposure Biomarker Levels in Diaper-Extracted Urine of Japanese Toddlers and Cumulative Risk Assessment: An Adjunct Study of JECS Birth Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:395-404. [PMID: 36508278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure monitoring and risk assessment in non-toilet-trained children are rarely reported. This adjunct study of the Japan Environment and Children's Study assessed cumulative health risks in 1.5-year-old toddlers in the Aichi regional subcohort by biomonitoring 16 urinary metabolites of eight phthalate plasticizers. Overnight urine was extracted from toddlers' diapers (n = 1077), and metabolites were quantified using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The analyses' quality was assured by running quality control samples. The highest geometric mean concentration was found for mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, followed by mono-isobutyl phthalate (23 and 21 μg/L, respectively). Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-butyl phthalate exhibited higher risks [hazard quotient (HQ) > 1] than the cutoff level in a small proportion of toddlers; 8 and 14% of toddlers were at cumulative risk of multiple phthalates beyond the cutoff level [hazard index, (HI) > 1], based on the tolerable daily intake of the European Food Safety Authority and the United States Environmental Protection Agency Reference Dose. HI > 1 for antiandrogenicity in creatinine-unadjusted and -adjusted estimations were exhibited by 36 and 23% of the children, respectively. Thus, identifying exposure sources and mitigating exposure are necessary for risk management. Additionally, continuous exposure assessment and evaluation of health outcomes, especially antiandrogenic effects, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan C Mohanto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ebara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Kayo Kaneko
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsuchiyama
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Mayumi Sugiura-Ogasawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
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Lyu Z, Harada KH, Kim S, Fujitani T, Cao Y, Hitomi T, Fujii Y, Kho Y, Choi K. Exposure to phthalate esters in Japanese females in Kyoto, Japan from 1993 to 2016: Temporal trends and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107288. [PMID: 35588674 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used as plasticizers in many products used in daily life worldwide. Due to industrial and economic developments, exposure among general population to phthalates may vary geographically and temporally. However, studies are lacking for investigating temporal changes in phthalate exposure in the Japanese population. In the present study, the temporal trends in exposure to various phthalates were assessed among a group of Japanese adult female population over 1993-2016 and derived associated risks. For this purpose, urine samples of healthy Japanese females in Kyoto, Japan (N = 132) collected in 1993, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2011, and 2016, were employed and measured for the concentrations of 18 phthalate metabolites. Over this period, the detection rates of mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) and monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) decreased, and the geometric means of the urinary concentrations of mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) showed a significant decreasing trend. Cumulative risk due to exposure to dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) showed a dramatic decrease only between 1993 and 2000. The maximum hazard quotient (HQM) was attributed to DEHP in most subjects regardless of sampling year. This study showed the temporal trend of the exposure of Japanese females to several phthalate esters over two decades. As of the late 2010's, DEHP was still the predominant component of phthalate ester exposure in the population. The HI value, however, indicates that direct risk due to phthalate exposure was unlikely among the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Lyu
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomoko Fujitani
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hitomi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Ringbeck B, Bury D, Ikeda-Araki A, Ait Bamai Y, Ketema RM, Miyashita C, Brüning T, Kishi R, Koch HM. Nonylphenol exposure in 7-year-old Japanese children between 2012 and 2017- Estimation of daily intakes based on novel urinary metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107145. [PMID: 35168185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) has been under scrutiny for decades due to its endocrine-disrupting properties and its ubiquity in the environment. Despite its widespread occurrence, robust and reliable exposure data are rare. In this study, we used human biomonitoring (HBM) measuring the novel urinary alkyl-chain-oxidized biomarkers OH-NP and oxo-NP to determine NP exposure in 7-year-old Japanese children. The new biomarkers are advantageous over measuring unchanged NP because they are not prone to external contamination. We analyzed 180 first morning void urine samples collected between 2012 and 2017. OH-NP and oxo-NP were detected in 100% and 66% of samples at median concentrations of 2.69 and 0.36 µg/L, respectively. 10-fold concentration differences between OH-NP and oxo-NP are in line with recent findings on human NP metabolism. Based on OH-NP we back-calculated median and maximum NP daily intakes (DI) of 0.14 and 0.95 µg/(kg bw*d). These DIs are rather close to but still below the current provisional tolerable daily intake of 5 µg/(kg bw*d) by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Between 2012 and 2017 the DIs decreased by an average of 4.7% per year. We observed no seasonal changes or gender differences and questionnaire data on food consumption, housing characteristics or pesticide use showed no clear associations with NP exposure. Urinary OH-NP was weakly associated with the oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) biomarkers N-ε-hexanoyl-lysine (HEL) and trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) (Spearman ρ = 0.30 and 0.22, respectively), but not with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Further research is needed to identify and understand the major sources of NP exposure and to investigate a potential role in oxidative stress. This study is the first to investigate NP exposure in Japanese children based on robust and sensitive HBM data. It is a first step to fill the long-standing gap in quantitative human NP exposure monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Atsuko Ikeda-Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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Ketema RM, Ait Bamai Y, Miyashita C, Saito T, Kishi R, Ikeda-Araki A. Phthalates mixture on allergies and oxidative stress biomarkers among children: The Hokkaido study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107083. [PMID: 35051840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to individual phthalates and the mediation effect of oxidative stress in association with asthma and allergic symptoms have been studied previously. Little is known about the mixture effect of phthalates on health outcomes. Thus, we investigated the effect of a mixture of ten phthalate metabolites in association with wheeze, rhino-conjunctivitis, and eczema. The mediating effect of three oxidative stress biomarkers was also assessed. METHODS Levels of 10 phthalate metabolites and 3 oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in 386 urine samples from 7-year-old children. Parents reported demographic and allergic symptoms using ISAAC questionnaires. Logistic regression for individual metabolites and mixture analysis weighted quantile sum (WQS) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were fitted to examine the association between phthalate metabolite exposure and health outcomes. Baron and Kenny's regression approach was used for mediation analysis. RESULTS In logistic regression model showed mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.02-1.97) and mono carboxy-isononyl phthalate (cx-MINP) (OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.07-1.86) were associated with wheeze. The WQS index had a significant association (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.96) with wheeze and (OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.07-1.82) with eczema. Mono-isononyl phthalate (MINP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) were the most highly weighted metabolites. In the BKMR model, diisononyl phthalate (DINP) metabolites showed the highest group posterior inclusion probability (PIP). Among DINP metabolites, MINP in wheeze, cx-MINP in rhino-conjunctivitis and OH-MINP in eczema showed the highest conditional PIPs. The overall metabolites mixture effect was associated with eczema. We did not find any mediation of oxidative stress in the association between phthalates and symptoms. No significant association between phthalate metabolites and oxidative stress was observed in this study. CONCLUSION Mixture of phthalate metabolites were associated with wheeze and eczema. The main contributors to the association were DEHP and DINP metabolites. No mediation of oxidative stress was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikeda-Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Lee I, Pälmke C, Ringbeck B, Ihn Y, Gotthardt A, Lee G, Alakeel R, Alrashed M, Tosepu R, Jayadipraja EA, Tantrakarnapa K, Kliengchuay W, Kho Y, Koch HM, Choi K. Urinary Concentrations of Major Phthalate and Alternative Plasticizer Metabolites in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, and Associated Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16526-16537. [PMID: 34846872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in consumer products and are well-known for adverse endocrine outcomes. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most extensively used phthalates, has been rapidly substituted with alternative plasticizers in many consumer products. The aim of this study was to assess urinary phthalate and alternative plasticizer exposure and associated risks in children of three Asian countries with different geographical, climate, and cultural characteristics. Children were recruited from elementary schools of Saudi Arabia (n = 109), Thailand (n = 104), and Indonesia (n = 89) in 2017-2018, and their urine samples were collected. Metabolites of major phthalates and alternative plasticizers were measured in the urine samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Urinary metabolite levels differed substantially between the three countries. Metabolite levels of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were the highest in Saudi children: Median urinary concentrations of oxo-MiNP, OH-MiDP, 5cx-MEPTP, and OH-MINCH were 8.3, 8.4, 128.0, and 2.9 ng/mL, respectively. Urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations were the highest in the Indonesian children. The hazard index (HI) derived for the plasticizers with antiandrogenicity based reference doses (RfDAA) was >1 in 86%, 80%, and 49% of the Saudi, Indonesian, and Thai children, respectively. DEHP was identified as a common major risk driver for the children of all three countries, followed by DnBP and DiBP depending on the country. Among alternative plasticizers, urinary DEHTP metabolites were detected at levels comparable to those of DEHP metabolites or higher among the Saudi children, and about 4% of the Saudi children exceeded the health based human biomonitoring (HBM)-I value. Priority plasticizers that were identified among the children of three countries warrant refined exposure assessment for source identification and relevant exposure reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Yunchul Ihn
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexandra Gotthardt
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alrashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramadhan Tosepu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | | | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kishi R, Ikeda-Araki A, Miyashita C, Itoh S, Kobayashi S, Ait Bamai Y, Yamazaki K, Tamura N, Minatoya M, Ketema RM, Poudel K, Miura R, Masuda H, Itoh M, Yamaguchi T, Fukunaga H, Ito K, Goudarzi H. Hokkaido birth cohort study on environment and children's health: cohort profile 2021. Environ Health Prev Med 2021; 26:59. [PMID: 34022817 PMCID: PMC8141139 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-021-00980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health is an ongoing study consisting of two birth cohorts of different population sizes: the Sapporo cohort and the Hokkaido cohort. Our primary objectives are to (1) examine the effects that low-level environmental chemical exposures have on birth outcomes, including birth defects and growth retardation; (2) follow the development of allergies, infectious diseases, and neurobehavioral developmental disorders, as well as perform a longitudinal observation of child development; (3) identify high-risk groups based on genetic susceptibility to environmental chemicals; and (4) identify the additive effects of various chemicals, including tobacco. METHODS The purpose of this report is to provide an update on the progress of the Hokkaido Study, summarize recent results, and suggest future directions. In particular, this report provides the latest details from questionnaire surveys, face-to-face examinations, and a collection of biological specimens from children and measurements of their chemical exposures. RESULTS The latest findings indicate different risk factors of parental characteristics on birth outcomes and the mediating effect between socioeconomic status and children that are small for the gestational age. Maternal serum folate was not associated with birth defects. Prenatal chemical exposure and smoking were associated with birth size and growth, as well as cord blood biomarkers, such as adiponectin, leptin, thyroid, and reproductive hormones. We also found significant associations between the chemical levels and neuro development, asthma, and allergies. CONCLUSIONS Chemical exposure to children can occur both before and after birth. Longer follow-up for children is crucial in birth cohort studies to reinforce the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. In contrast, considering shifts in the exposure levels due to regulation is also essential, which may also change the association to health outcomes. This study found that individual susceptibility to adverse health effects depends on the genotype. Epigenome modification of DNA methylation was also discovered, indicating the necessity of examining molecular biology perspectives. International collaborations can add a new dimension to the current knowledge and provide novel discoveries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Ikeda-Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamazaki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naomi Tamura
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Machiko Minatoya
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kritika Poudel
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryu Miura
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Masuda
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mariko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamaguchi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisanori Fukunaga
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ito
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Medical Education and International Relations, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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