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Kolla VK, Sultana S, Davala SAJ, Valluri VL. A Study on the Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytokines TNFα, IFNγ and IL10 in South Indian Leprosy Patients. Indian J Dermatol 2021; 66:138-144. [PMID: 34188268 PMCID: PMC8208288 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_684_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is a chronic, debilitating disease predominantly of the peripheral nervous system characterized by the impairment of peripheral nerves and subsequent sensory loss caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine genes play a major role in nerve damage in leprosy. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the present study is to ascertain the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms TNFα - 308G/A (rs 1800629), IFNγ +874A/T (rs 2430561), and IL10 - 1082G/A rs 1800896 in causation with leprosy. Materials and Methods: The present study comprised 365 leprosy patients and 185 control subjects. The polymorphisms in TNFα-308, IFNγ+874, and IL10-1082 genes were typed using the amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction method (ARMS PCR). Results: The present study found significant association between IL10-1082 GA heterozygote (P < 0.02) and IFNγ+874 AA (P < 0.001) genotype and leprosy. TNFα-308GA could not establish any association with the disease. Conclusion: The identification of genetic variations in pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines that are susceptible to leprosy would assist in better understanding of the pathogenesis of leprosy and perhaps lead to new approaches for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Karunakar Kolla
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shehnaz Sultana
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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2
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Reis PG, de Alencar JB, Macedo LC, Ambrosio-Albuquerque EP, de Aquino JS, Zacarias JMV, Tsuneto PY, Moliterno RA, Sell AM, Visentainer JEL. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in populations from Parana, Southern Brazil. Hum Immunol 2017; 78:428-429. [PMID: 28347702 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, were genotyped 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 13 genes that encode the pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1R, IL-4Rα, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) and anti-inflammatory (IL-1RA, TGF-β, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) cytokines of 350 individuals by PCR-SSP (polymerase chain reaction - sequence specific primer). A total of 473 individuals were genotyped for IL17A and IL17F genes by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). The sample consisted of healthy and unrelated subjects from a mixed population from Parana state, in the South region of Brazil. The frequency analyses and genotype data are available in the Supplementary materials and are accessible at Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Guimarães Reis
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences and Physiopathology, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil
| | - Josiane Bazzo de Alencar
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences and Physiopathology, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil
| | - Luciana Conci Macedo
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences and Physiopathology, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Julimary Suematsu de Aquino
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences and Physiopathology, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil
| | - Joana Maira Valentini Zacarias
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences and Physiopathology, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Yumeko Tsuneto
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences and Physiopathology, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alberto Moliterno
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Sell
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences and Physiopathology, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil
| | - Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences and Physiopathology, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringa State University, Parana, Brazil.
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3
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Gaschignard J, Grant AV, Thuc NV, Orlova M, Cobat A, Huong NT, Ba NN, Thai VH, Abel L, Schurr E, Alcaïs A. Pauci- and Multibacillary Leprosy: Two Distinct, Genetically Neglected Diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004345. [PMID: 27219008 PMCID: PMC4878860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
After sustained exposure to Mycobacterium leprae, only a subset of exposed individuals develops clinical leprosy. Moreover, leprosy patients show a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that extend from the paucibacillary (PB) to the multibacillary (MB) form of the disease. This "polarization" of leprosy has long been a major focus of investigation for immunologists because of the different immune response in these two forms. But while leprosy per se has been shown to be under tight human genetic control, few epidemiological or genetic studies have focused on leprosy subtypes. Using PubMed, we collected available data in English on the epidemiology of leprosy polarization and the possible role of human genetics in its pathophysiology until September 2015. At the genetic level, we assembled a list of 28 genes from the literature that are associated with leprosy subtypes or implicated in the polarization process. Our bibliographical search revealed that improved study designs are needed to identify genes associated with leprosy polarization. Future investigations should not be restricted to a subanalysis of leprosy per se studies but should instead contrast MB to PB individuals. We show the latter approach to be the most powerful design for the identification of genetic polarization determinants. Finally, we bring to light the important resource represented by the nine-banded armadillo model, a unique animal model for leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gaschignard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Audrey Virginia Grant
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- Unité de Génétique fonctionnelle des maladies infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, EU
| | | | - Marianna Orlova
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | | | - Nguyen Ngoc Ba
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hong Thai
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- URC, CIC, Necker and Cochin Hospitals, Paris, France, EU
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4
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Cheng Y, Huang C, Tsai HJ. Relationship of bovine TNF-α gene polymorphisms with the risk of bovine tuberculosis in Holstein cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:727-32. [PMID: 26876219 PMCID: PMC4905823 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies suggest significant genetic variation in the resistance of cattle and humans
to infection with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), the
causative agent of zoonotic tuberculosis. TNF-α promotes inflammation and induces
apoptosis in response to mycobacterial infection. The aim of the present study was to
investigate the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TNF-α
gene on bovine tuberculosis (bTB) susceptibility. We genotyped the TNF-α
gene in 74 bTB-infected Holstein cows and 90 healthy control animals. The influence in the
exon 3 region of TNF-α polymorphisms on bTB susceptibility was
subsequently investigated by association analysis. Our finding demonstrated that the
g.27534932A>C polymorphism of the TNF-α is associated with bTB in
Holstein cattle. The susceptibility of cattle with the g.27534932A>C genotype compared
with the CC genotype was 4.11-fold (95% CI, 1.27–13.36; P=0.02) higher.
The g.27534932A>C polymorphism located in exon 3 of the TNF-α gene,
and the functional consequence was missense. The deduced amino acid sequence for the
protein product revealed an arginine to serine conversion at position 159, which may
affect initiation of protein synthesis and disrupt normal TNF-α function
that protects animals against mycobacterial infection. A significant association was
observed with the A allele as a risk factor for bTB susceptibility (OR, 3.84; 95% CI,
1.21–12.17; P=0.02). In conclusion, this is the first report showing that
the g.27534932A>C polymorphism may contribute to TNF-α-mediated bTB
susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Cheng
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Oliveira JM, Rêgo JL, de Lima Santana N, Braz M, Jamieson SE, Vieira TS, Magalhães TL, Machado PRL, Blackwell JM, Castellucci LC. The -308 bp TNF gene polymorphism influences tumor necrosis factor expression in leprosy patients in Bahia State, Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:147-154. [PMID: 26829382 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a debilitating chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, with high incidence and prevalence in Brazil. The -308 bp G/A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1800629) in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene promoter is a proposed risk factor for leprosy. In Brazil, Northern India, Egypt and Nepal, the common G allele was associated with leprosy. In Eastern India, Thailand and Malawi the minor A allele was the risk factor. Allele A was previously associated with high TNF. We genotyped rs1800629 in 326 leprosy cases from Bahia State, Brazil, including 72 paucibacillary (PB) and 47 multibacillary (MB) without reactions, and 69 reversal reaction (RR) and 78 erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) with reactions. Logistic regression was used to compare patient groups with 331 healthy controls. Relative TNF mRNA was determined in peripheral blood leukocytes by QRTPCR, and serum TNF levels measured by ELISA. We found that TNF mRNA expression was higher (P=0.03) in leprosy patients compared to endemic controls, but did not differ significantly between clinical subgroups. Carriage of the minor A allele was associated (P=0.003) with low TNF mRNA across leprosy patients. Nevertheless, we found no evidence for either allele at this SNP as a risk factor for leprosy per se (OR=1.12, 95% CI 0.79-1.60, P=0.52), PB (OR=0.99, 95% CI 0.54-1.81, P=0.97), MB (OR=0.86, 95% CI 0.40-1.83, P=0.70), RR (OR=1.37, 95% CI 0.79-2.38, P=0.27) or ENL (OR=0.76, 95% CI 0.40-1.45, P=0.42) when compared to endemic controls. Further studies are required to determine whether the influence of the minor A allele on TNF mRNA levels determines response to treatment, particularly in the context of ENL reaction treatment with anti-TNF therapies and RR reactions where treatment with prednisolone is known to reduce TNF levels. Our findings contribute to understanding TNF as an important determinant of leprosy immunopathology in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Moura Oliveira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Jamile Leão Rêgo
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Nadja de Lima Santana
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Braz
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Sarra E Jamieson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Thaillamar Silva Vieira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Lamêgo Magalhães
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Roberto Lima Machado
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Léa C Castellucci
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
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6
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Mazini PS, Alves HV, Reis PG, Lopes AP, Sell AM, Santos-Rosa M, Visentainer JEL, Rodrigues-Santos P. Gene Association with Leprosy: A Review of Published Data. Front Immunol 2016; 6:658. [PMID: 26793196 PMCID: PMC4709443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium known as Mycobacterium leprae. Exposure to the bacillus is necessary, but this alone does not mean an individual will develop clinical symptoms of the disease. In recent years, several genes have been associated with leprosy and the innate immune response pathways converge on the main hypothesis that genes are involved in the susceptibility for the disease in two distinct steps: for leprosy per se and in the development of the different clinical forms. These genes participate in the sensing, main metabolic pathway of immune response activation and, subsequently, on the evolution of the disease into its clinical forms. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of innate immune response in the context of leprosy, stressing their participation in the signaling and targeting processes in response to bacillus infection and on the evolution to the clinical forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Saamara Mazini
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hugo Vicentin Alves
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Pâmela Guimarães Reis
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lopes
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sell
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Manuel Santos-Rosa
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Zhang DF, Wang D, Li YY, Yao YG. Integrative analyses of leprosy susceptibility genes indicate a common autoimmune profile. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 82:18-27. [PMID: 26805555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy is an ancient chronic infection in the skin and peripheral nerves caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The development of leprosy depends on genetic background and the immune status of the host. However, there is no systematic view focusing on the biological pathways, interaction networks and overall expression pattern of leprosy-related immune and genetic factors. OBJECTIVES To identify the hub genes in the center of leprosy genetic network and to provide an insight into immune and genetic factors contributing to leprosy. METHODS We retrieved all reported leprosy-related genes and performed integrative analyses covering gene expression profiling, pathway analysis, protein-protein interaction network, and evolutionary analyses. RESULTS A list of 123 differentially expressed leprosy related genes, which were enriched in activation and regulation of immune response, was obtained in our analyses. Cross-disorder analysis showed that the list of leprosy susceptibility genes was largely shared by typical autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus and arthritis, suggesting that similar pathways might be affected in leprosy and autoimmune diseases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and positive selection analyses revealed a co-evolution network of leprosy risk genes. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses showed that leprosy associated genes constituted a co-evolution network and might undergo positive selection driven by M. leprae. We suggested that leprosy may be a kind of autoimmune disease and the development of leprosy is a matter of defect or over-activation of body immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yu-Ye Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
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Sauer MED, Salomão H, Ramos GB, D'Espindula HRS, Rodrigues RSA, Macedo WC, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT. Genetics of leprosy: Expected-and unexpected-developments and perspectives. Clin Dermatol 2015; 34:96-104. [PMID: 26773629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A solid body of evidence produced over decades of intense research supports the hypothesis that leprosy phenotypes are largely dependent on the genetic characteristics of the host. The early evidence of a major gene effect controlling susceptibility to leprosy came from studies of familial aggregation, twins, and complex segregation analysis. Later, linkage and association analysis, first applied to the investigation of candidate genes and chromosomal regions and more recently, to genome-wide scans, have revealed several HLA and non-HLA gene variants as risk factors for leprosy phenotypes such as disease per se, its clinical forms, and leprosy reactions. In addition, powerful, hypothesis-free strategies such as genome-wide association studies have led to an exciting, unexpected development: Leprosy susceptibility genes seem to be shared with Crohn's and Parkinson's disease. Today, a major challenge is to find the exact variants causing the biological effect underlying the genetic associations. New technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing-that allows, for the first time, the cost- and time-effective sequencing of a complete human genome-hold the promise to reveal such variants; thus, strategies can be developed to study the functional impact of these variants in the context of infection, hopefully leading to the development of new targets for leprosy treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E D Sauer
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Salomão
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana B Ramos
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena R S D'Espindula
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael S A Rodrigues
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilian C Macedo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata H M Sindeaux
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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9
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Joshi L, Ponnana M, Sivangala R, Chelluri LK, Nallari P, Penmetsa S, Valluri V, Gaddam S. Evaluation of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-6 Cytokine Production and Their Correlation with Genotype Variants amongst Tuberculosis Patients and Their Household Contacts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137727. [PMID: 26359865 PMCID: PMC4567353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household contacts of diagnostically established tuberculosis (TB) patients are highly susceptible to disease development. It is surmised that cytokines perhaps play a synergistic and a prognostic role in the activation of the otherwise latent infection in these house hold contacts. Evaluation of the cytokines and any of their inherent polymorphisms might provide a useful diagnostic tool in evaluating the immune regulation and the progression of the disease. The cytokines thus released in a paracrine manner in serum may also provide an indirect measure of the cytokine function. OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed to evaluate the levels of TNF-α, IL-10 & IL-6 cytokines and their correlation with genotype variants amongst tuberculosis patients and their household contacts. METHODS The cytokine levels were estimated in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and their polymorphisms were studied by amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMs PCR) in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients (APTB = 150), household contacts (HHC = 190), and healthy controls (HC = 150). RESULTS The median values of TNF-α cytokine were significantly high among APTB and HHC compared to HCs (P< 0.0001 and 0.0001). IL-6 levels also were elevated among APTB compared to HHC and HC, and a significant difference was observed between APTB and HHC at P<0.0001; APTB & HC at P< 0.04; HHC & HC at P< 0.01. The IL-10 levels were low in APTB compared to HHC and HCs and no significant difference was observed. TNF-α/IL-10 ratio was significant and indicated Th1 predominance in APTB and HHC. IL-6/IL-10 showed pronounced Th1 expression in APTB and Th2 in HHC and HC. The ROC analysis indicated that both IL-10 and IL-6 can be used to decide the risk of exposed individual to a disease. The results of multivariate analysis indicate that IL-10 (-1082) GA genotype was significantly associated with p<0.028 in APTB. No significant association was observed between genotypes, other serum cytokine levels and clinical characteristics between APTB, HHC and HCs. CONCLUSION Large sample size with follow-up at different time points may further illuminate the role of IL-10 and IL-6 cytokines as a prognostic marker in house hold contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Joshi
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vijayalakshmi Valluri
- LEPRA India, Blue Peter Public Health & Research Centre, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sumanlatha Gaddam
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
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10
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Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β gene polymorphisms and risk of brain abscess in North Indian population. Cytokine 2015; 75:159-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Sauer MED, Salomão H, Ramos GB, D'Espindula HRS, Rodrigues RSA, Macedo WC, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT. Genetics of leprosy: expected and unexpected developments and perspectives. Clin Dermatol 2015; 33:99-107. [PMID: 25432815 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A solid body of evidence produced over decades of intense research supports the hypothesis that leprosy phenotypes are largely dependent on the genetic characteristics of the host. The early evidence of a major gene effect controlling susceptibility to leprosy came from studies of familial aggregation, twins, and Complex Segregation Analysis. Later, linkage and association analysis, first applied to the investigation of candidate genes and chromosomal regions and more recently, to genome-wide scans, have revealed several leukocyte antigen complex and nonleukocyte antigen complex gene variants as risk factors for leprosy phenotypes such as disease per se, its clinical forms and leprosy reactions. In addition, powerful, hypothesis-free strategies such as Genome-Wide Association Studies have led to an exciting, unexpected development: Leprosy susceptibility genes seem to be shared with Crohn's and Parkinson's diseases. Today, a major challenge is to find the exact variants causing the biological effect underlying the genetic associations. New technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing that allows, for the first time, the cost and time-effective sequencing of a complete human genome, hold the promise to reveal such variants. Strategies can be developed to study the functional effect of these variants in the context of infection, hopefully leading to the development of new targets for leprosy treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E D Sauer
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Salomão
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana B Ramos
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena R S D'Espindula
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael S A Rodrigues
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilian C Macedo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata H M Sindeaux
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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12
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Association of TNF-α-308(GG), IL-10−819(TT), IL-10−1082(GG) and IL-1R1+1970(CC) genotypes with the susceptibility and progression of leprosy in North Indian population. Cytokine 2015; 73:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Silva GAV, Ramasawmy R, Boechat AL, Morais AC, Carvalho BKS, Sousa KBA, Souza VC, Cunha MGS, Barletta-Naveca RH, Santos MP, Naveca FG. Association of TNF -1031 C/C as a potential protection marker for leprosy development in Amazonas state patients, Brazil. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:137-41. [PMID: 25636570 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms present in the TNF promoter region has shown to influence the gene transcription. Leprosy displays different clinical manifestations according to the immune responses of the individual infected with Mycobacterium leprae. In this study, we evaluated the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -238 G/A (rs361525), -308 G/A (rs1800629), -857 C/T (rs1799724), -863 A/C (rs1800630) and -1031 T/C (rs1799964) in the promoter region of the TNF to see whether these SNPs influence host-susceptibility to leprosy and the different clinical manifestation. Nucleotide sequencing was performed with DNA samples from 108 leprosy patients and 253 control subjects. An association between -1031 C/C genotype and protection from leprosy was observed when leprosy patients were compared to controls (OR 0.11; 95% CI=0.01-0.82; p=0.012). The -857 C/T genotype may be associated with susceptibility to leprosy (OR=1.81; 95% CI=1.09-3.00; p=0.028). Similar genotype and allele frequencies for the SNPs -308 G/A and -238 G/A were observed between leprosy patients and control subjects. Altogether, TNF polymorphisms in the promoter region may be predictive of leprosy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A V Silva
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - R Ramasawmy
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - A L Boechat
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - A C Morais
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - B K S Carvalho
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - K B A Sousa
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - V C Souza
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - M G S Cunha
- Fundação de Dermatologia e Venereologia Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - R H Barletta-Naveca
- Laboratório de Micobacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - M P Santos
- Laboratório de Micobacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - F G Naveca
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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14
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Lastória JC, Abreu MAMMD. Leprosy: review of the epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic aspects - part 1. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 89:205-18. [PMID: 24770495 PMCID: PMC4008049 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and has been known since biblical times. It
is still endemic in many regions of the world and a public health problem in Brazil.
The prevalence rate in 2011 reached 1.54 cases per 10,000 inhabitants in Brazil. The
mechanism of transmission of leprosy consists of prolonged close contact between
susceptible and genetically predisposed individuals and untreated multibacillary
patients. Transmission occurs through inhalation of bacilli present in upper airway
secretion. The nasal mucosa is the main entry or exit route of M. leprae. The deeper
understanding of the structural and biological characteristics of M. leprae, the
sequencing of its genome, along with the advances in understanding the mechanisms of
host immune response against the bacilli, dependent on genetic susceptibility, have
contributed to the understanding of the pathogenesis, variations in the clinical
characteristics, and progression of the disease. This article aims to update
dermatologist on epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic leprosy aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Carlos Lastória
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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15
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IL-10 and NOS2 modulate antigen-specific reactivity and nerve infiltration by T cells in experimental leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3149. [PMID: 25210773 PMCID: PMC4161319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although immunopathology dictates clinical outcome in leprosy, the dynamics of early and chronic infection are poorly defined. In the tuberculoid region of the spectrum, Mycobacterium leprae growth is restricted yet a severe granulomatous lesion can occur. The evolution and maintenance of chronic inflammatory processes like those observed in the leprosy granuloma involve an ongoing network of communications via cytokines. IL-10 has immunosuppressive properties and IL-10 genetic variants have been associated with leprosy development and reactions. Methodology/Principal Findings The role of IL-10 in resistance and inflammation in leprosy was investigated using Mycobacterium leprae infection of mice deficient in IL-10 (IL-10−/−), as well as mice deficient in both inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2−/−) and IL-10 (10NOS2−/−). Although a lack of IL-10 did not affect M. leprae multiplication in the footpads (FP), inflammation increased from C57Bl/6 (B6)<IL-10−/−<NOS2−/−<10NOS2−/−. While IL-10−/− mice exhibited modest FP induration compared to B6, NOS2−/− and 10NOS2−/− mice developed markedly enlarged FP marking distinct phases: early (1 month), peak (3–4 months), and chronic (8 months). IFN-γ-producing CD4+CD44+ cells responding to M. leprae cell wall, membrane, and cytosol antigens and ML2028 (Ag85B) were significantly increased in the evolved granuloma in NOS2−/− FP compared to B6 and IL-10−/− during early and peak phases. In 10NOS2−/− FP, CD4+CD44+ and especially CD8+CD44+ responses were augmented even further to these antigens as well as to ML0380 (GroES), ML2038 (bacterioferritin), and ML1877 (EF-Tu). Moreover, fragmented nerves containing CD4+ cells were present in 10NOS2−/− FP. Conclusions/Significance The 10NOS2−/− strain offers insight on the regulation of granuloma formation and maintenance by immune modulators in the resistant forms of leprosy and presents a new model for investigating the pathogenesis of neurological involvement. Despite effective antimicrobial therapy, 30–50% of leprosy patients develop immunological complications called leprosy reactions before, during or even years after being cured. Leprosy reactions are a major risk for neuritis that leads to peripheral nerve damage, disfigurement and disability. Unfortunately, why and how leprosy reactions occur is not well understood. Based on the latest human genetic leprosy susceptibility research and mouse infection models, we generated a double knockout mouse strain (10NOS2−/−) which has deficiencies in two key immune factors, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). We investigated the dynamics of the immune response to Mycobacterium leprae infection and chronicled the types of immune cells recruited to the site of infection. 10NOS2−/− mice developed a substantial induration in response to infection, as well as an increased interferon-gamma response to components of the leprosy bacillus. Interestingly, these animals also exhibited CD4+ T cell infiltration into the nerves, a phenomenon which has not been previously reported in leprosy mouse models. This new model provides insight into potential mechanisms whereby immune modulators may regulate leprosy reactions and neuritis and could aid the development of tests for monitoring and treatment of leprosy patients.
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16
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Association between the IFNG +874A/T gene polymorphism and leprosy resistance: a meta-analysis. Cytokine 2014; 65:130-3. [PMID: 24389160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies identified the variant IFNG +874A/T (rs2430561) in the first intron of the gene in association with mycobacterial infection, especially tuberculosis and leprosy. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the protective role of the T allele in relation to leprosy using a meta-analysis evaluation. Thus, 1573 patients and 1914 controls were included and analyzed in fixed effects model. The T allele is associated with a protective effect for leprosy under the dominant model (pooled OR=0.83, 95% CI=0.72-0.96, p=0.011) suggesting that carriers of the IFNG +874T allele may be protected from developing leprosy. The T allele has been suggested to correlate with high interferon-γ levels. A phenotype with high IFN-γ producing and an increased inflammatory profile may account for these findings. This meta-analysis suggests that IFNG +874T allele is associated with leprosy resistance.
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Ferreira SMB, Ignotti E, Gamba MA. Clinical and laboratory characteristics in the retreatment of leprosy relapse. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2013; 15:573-81. [PMID: 23090304 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2012000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare clinical and laboratory data of leprosy patients diagnosed in specialized services in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, during the initial treatment and the retreatment of relapse. METHODS A cross-sectional study of patients with diagnosis of leprosy relapse was conducted in specialized health services of five cities, between 2005 and 2007. Initial treatment was described as t1 and relapse treatment as t2. DATA SOURCE Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan - Reportable Diseases Information System), medical records, laboratory tests, and files of individual reports and of physical disability assessments. The chi-square test (c2) was applied at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS The clinical dimorphic form prevailed in t2 when compared with t1 (39.6% versus 11.3%; p = 0.003); 20.8% of relapse cases showed a bacilloscopy index ≥ 4+ in relation to those in t1 (p = 0.034)]; an increase in the number of (17%) cases of relapse with physical disability at level 0 was found, compared to patients evaluated during the diagnosis (58.5% versus 41.5%); an increase (7.5%) in the recurrence of disabilities at level 2 was observed, when compared to t1 (9.4% versus a 9%); and there was a higher prevalence of cases not evaluated for disability between t1 (45.3%) and t2 (22.6%) (p = 0.040). CONCLUSION Cases of relapse characterized the aggravation of the disease, indicated by the increase in the bacilloscopy index and level of physical disability. Attention should be paid to the diagnostic confirmation of relapse using bacilloscopy tests, especially in multibacillary cases, and systematic neurological assessment of all leprosy patients.
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Ayo CM, Dalalio MMDO, Visentainer JEL, Reis PG, Sippert EÂ, Jarduli LR, Alves HV, Sell AM. Genetic susceptibility to Chagas disease: an overview about the infection and about the association between disease and the immune response genes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:284729. [PMID: 24069594 PMCID: PMC3771244 DOI: 10.1155/2013/284729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, which is caused by the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 8-10 million people in Latin America. The disease is endemic and is characterised by acute and chronic phases that develop in the indeterminate, cardiac, and/or gastrointestinal forms. The immune response during human T. cruzi infection is not completely understood, despite its role in driving the development of distinct clinical manifestations of chronic infection. Polymorphisms in genes involved in the innate and specific immune response are being widely studied in order to clarify their possible role in the occurrence or severity of disease. Here we review the role of classic and nonclassic MHC, KIR, and cytokine host genetic factors on the infection by T. cruzi and the clinical course of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Maria Ayo
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020900 Maringa, PR, Brazil
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Haplotypes of the IL10 gene as potential protection factors in leprosy patients. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1599-603. [PMID: 23966553 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00334-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae characterized by dermatoneurological signs and symptoms that has a large number of new cases worldwide. Several studies have associated interleukin 10 with susceptibility/resistance to several diseases. We investigated haplotypes formed by three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the IL10 gene (A-1082G, C-819T, and C-592A) in order to better understand the susceptibility to and severity of leprosy in an admixed northern Brazil population, taking into account estimates of interethnic admixture. We observed the genotypes ACC/ACC (P = 0.021, odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.290 [0.085 to 0823]) and ACC/GCC (P = 0.003, OR [95% CI] = 0.220 [0.504 to 0.040]) presenting significant results for protection against leprosy development, framed in the profiles of low and medium interleukin production, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that genotypes A-1082G, C-819T, and C-592A formed by interleukin-10 polymorphisms are closely related to protection of the leprosy development in an admixed northern Brazil population, in particular ACC/ACC and ACC/GCC genotypes.
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20
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Jarduli LR, Sell AM, Reis PG, Sippert EÂ, Ayo CM, Mazini PS, Alves HV, Teixeira JJV, Visentainer JEL. Role of HLA, KIR, MICA, and cytokines genes in leprosy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:989837. [PMID: 23936864 PMCID: PMC3722889 DOI: 10.1155/2013/989837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many genes including HLA, KIR, and MICA genes, as well as polymorphisms in cytokines have been investigated for their role in infectious disease. HLA alleles may influence not only susceptibility or resistance to leprosy, but also the course of the disease. Some combinations of HLA and KIR may result in negative as well as positive interactions between NK cells and infected host cells with M. leprae, resulting in activation or inhibition of NK cells and, consequently, in death of bacillus. In addition, studies have demonstrated the influence of MICA genes in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Specifically, they may play a role in the interaction between NK cells and infected cells. Finally, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been influencing the clinical course of leprosy. Data from a wide variety of sources support the existence of genetic factors influencing the leprosy pathogenesis. These sources include twin studies, segregation analyses, family-based linkage and association studies, candidate gene association studies, and, most recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The purpose of this brief review was to highlight the importance of some immune response genes and their correlation with the clinical forms of leprosy, as well as their implications for disease resistance and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Ribeiro Jarduli
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sell
- Basic Health Sciences Department, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Guimarães Reis
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Emília Ângela Sippert
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Christiane Maria Ayo
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscila Saamara Mazini
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Hugo Vicentin Alves
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Silva GAV, Santos MP, Mota-Passos I, Boechat AL, Malheiro A, Naveca FG, de Paula L. IFN-γ +875 microsatellite polymorphism as a potential protection marker for leprosy patients from Amazonas state, Brazil. Cytokine 2012; 60:493-7. [PMID: 22683002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms present in the first intron of IFN-γ may have an important role in the regulation of the immune response, which could have functional consequences for gene transcription. Leprosy patients are characterized by different immune responses in different clinical forms. We investigated a possible association of the +874 polymorphism and CA repeats present in the first intron of IFN-γ with susceptibility to leprosy and with the manifestation of the different clinical forms. Nucleotide sequencing was performed with samples from 108 leprosy patients and 113 controls subjects, as well as immunophenotyping of CD(4)(+), CD(8)(+) and CD(69)(+) T cells by flow cytometry. The data showed that there were no significant differences between patients and control subjects, as well as according classification of Ridley-Jopling. However, the A/A genotype was significantly increased in paucibacillary patients (p=0.028) and the microsatellite encoding 16 CA repeats were significantly associated with paucibacillary compared to multibacillary patients (p=0.019). Individuals homozygous for the +874 A allele, the mean level of CD(4)(+) and CD(69)(+) T cells was higher. Our data suggest that polymorphisms present in the first intron of IFN-γ are not associated with susceptibility to leprosy, nevertheless, the +874 polymorphism and the CA repeats number encoded in IFN-γ gene may be related to a higher cellular immune response in patients and are consistently more frequently detected in PB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A V Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada - PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Brazil
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Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), an important proinflammatory cytokine, plays a role in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation and death, as well as in inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses, and also implicated in a wide variety of human diseases. The presence of DNA sequence variations in regulatory region might interfere with transcription of TNF gene, influencing the circulating level of TNF and thus increases the susceptibility to human diseases (infectious, cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and other diseases). In this review, we have comprehensively analysed various published case-control studies of different types of human diseases, in which TNF gene polymorphism played a role, and computationally predicted several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lie in transcription factor-binding sites (TFBS) of transcription factors (TFs). It has been observed that TNF enhancer polymorphism is implicated in several diseases, and TNF rs1800629 and rs361525 SNPs are the most important in human disease susceptibility as these might influence the transcription of TNF gene. Thirty-two SNPs lies in TFBS of 20 TFs have been detected in the TNF upstream region. It has been found that TNF enhancer polymorphism influences the serum level of TNF in different human diseases and thus affects the susceptibility to diseases. The presence of DNA sequence variation in TNF gene causes the modification of transcriptional regulation and thus responsible for association of susceptibility/resistance with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Qidwai
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Cardoso CC, Pereira AC, Brito-de-Souza VN, Duraes SMB, Ribeiro-Alves M, Nery JAC, Francio ÂS, Vanderborght PR, Parelli FPC, Alter A, Salgado JL, Sampaio EP, Santos AR, Oliveira MLWR, Sarno EN, Schurr E, Mira MT, Pacheco AG, Moraes MO. TNF -308G>A single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with leprosy among Brazilians: a genetic epidemiology assessment, meta-analysis, and functional study. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1256-63. [PMID: 21917899 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a key role in the host response. Some association studies have implicated the single nucleotide polymorphism TNF -308G>A in leprosy susceptibility, but these results are still controversial. We first conducted 4 association studies (2639 individuals) that showed a protective effect of the -308A allele (odds ratio [OR] = 0.77; P = .005). Next, results of a meta-analysis reinforced this association after inclusion of our new data (OR = 0.74; P = .04). Furthermore, a subgroup analysis including only Brazilian studies suggested that the association is specific to this population (OR = 0.63; P = .005). Finally, functional analyses using whole blood cultures showed that patients carrying the -308A allele produced higher TNF levels after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (6 hours) and M. leprae (3 hours) stimulation. These results reinforce the association between TNF and leprosy and suggest the -308A allele as a marker of disease resistance, especially among Brazilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C Cardoso
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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do Sacramento WS, Mazini PS, Franceschi DAS, de Melo FC, Braga MA, Sell AM, Tsuneto LT, Visentainer JEL. Frequencies of MICA alleles in patients from southern Brazil with multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 39:210-5. [PMID: 22168250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which mainly affects the skin and nervous system. The disease has several clinical forms. This study investigated the MICA and HLA-B genes in 223 samples from leprosy patients and 201 samples from healthy individuals matched for age, gender and ethnical background. Of the patients, 153 had multibacillary, 45 paucibacillary and 25 indeterminate leprosy. The aim of this case-control study was to assess whether the MICA alleles influence susceptibility for leprosy or affect the subtype of the disease in a population of southern Brazil. There were significant differences in frequencies of the MICA*027 allele (4.7% vs 1.8%, P-value = 0.01, OR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.16-0.85) between leprosy patients and controls, and of the MICA*010 (4.5% vs 1.6%, P-value = 0.05, OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.13-0.97) and MICA*027 alleles (4.7% vs 1.3%, P-value = 0.01; OR = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.09-0.79) between multibacillary leprosy patients and the control group. There were no significant differences in the frequency of MICA alleles between paucibacillary leprosy patients and controls. Thus, the MICA*027 allele is associated with a protective effect for leprosy per se, while the MICA*010 and MICA*027 alleles are associated with protection against multibacillary leprosy, the most severe clinical subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sergio do Sacramento
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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25
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Cardoso CC, Pereira AC, de Sales Marques C, Moraes MO. Leprosy susceptibility: genetic variations regulate innate and adaptive immunity, and disease outcome. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:533-49. [PMID: 21585261 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few years have been very productive concerning the identification of genes associated with leprosy. Candidate gene strategies using both case-control and family-based designs, as well as large-scale approaches such as linkage and gene-expression genomic scans and, more recently, genome-wide association studies, have refined and enriched the list of genes highlighting the most important innate and adaptive immune pathways associated with leprosy susceptibility or resistance. During the early events of host-pathogen interaction identified genes are involved in pattern recognition receptors, and mycobacterial uptake (TLRs, NOD2 and MRC1), which modulate autophagy. Another gene, LTA4H, which regulates the levels of lipoxin A4 and possibly interacts with lipid droplet-related events, also plays a role in the early immune responses to Mycobacterium leprae. Together, the activation of these pathways regulates cellular metabolism upon infection, activating cytokine production through NF-κB and vitamin D-vitamin D receptor pathways, while PARK2 and LRRK2 participate in the regulation of host-cell apoptosis. Concomitantly, genes triggered to form and maintain granulomas (TNF, LTA and IFNG) and genes involved in activating and differentiating T-helper cells (HLA, IL10, as well as the TNF/LTA axis and the IFNG/IL12 axis) bridge immunological regulation towards adaptive immunity. Subtle variations in these genes, mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms, alter the risk of developing the disease or the severity of leprosy. Knowing these genes and their role will ultimately lead to better strategies for leprosy prevention, treatment and early diagnosis. Finally, the same genes associated with leprosy were also associated with autoimmune (Crohn's disease, rheumathoid arthritis, psoriasis) or neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's). Thus, information retrieved using leprosy as a model could be valuable to understanding the pathogenesis of other complex diseases.
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Simon M, Scherlock J, Duthie MS, Ribeiro de Jesus A. Clinical, immunological, and genetic aspects in leprosy. Drug Dev Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mannose-binding lectin serum levels in patients with leprosy are influenced by age and MBL2 genotypes. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e551-7. [PMID: 21640628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) activates the complement system promoting opsonophagocytosis, which could represent an advantage for Mycobacterium leprae, an intracellular pathogen. Therefore, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MBL2 gene associated with low levels of MBL could confer protection against the development of leprosy disease. METHODS In this study, we investigated SNPs of the MBL2 gene and MBL levels in 228 Brazilian leprosy patients and 232 controls. RESULTS There were no differences in the frequencies of variant genotypes and haplotypes of MBL2 between patients and controls, or between the different clinical forms of leprosy. In the group of patients with a genotype for high expression of MBL2, those aged>40 years had decreased MBL levels compared to patients aged ≤ 40 years (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that age could influence the phenotype of MBL2, but no evidence was found for an association of MBL2 polymorphism with susceptibility to leprosy or its clinical forms.
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Abstract
Despite the availability of effective treatment for several decades, leprosy remains an important medical problem in many regions of the world. Infection with Mycobacterium leprae can produce paucibacillary disease, characterized by well-formed granulomas and a Th1 T-cell response, or multibacillary disease, characterized by poorly organized cellular infiltrates and Th2 cytokines. These diametric immune responses confer states of relative resistance or susceptibility to leprosy, respectively, and have well-defined clinical manifestations. As a result, leprosy provides a unique opportunity to dissect the genetic basis of human in vivo immunity. A series of studies over the past 40 years suggests that host genes influence the risk of leprosy acquisition and the predilection for different clinical forms of the disease. However, a comprehensive, cellular, and molecular view of the genes and variants involved is still being assembled. In this article, we review several decades of human genetic studies of leprosy, including a number of recent investigations. We emphasize genetic analyses that are validated by the replication of the same phenotype in independent studies or supported by functional experiments demonstrating biological mechanisms of action for specific polymorphisms. Identifying and functionally exploring the genetic and immunological factors that underlie human susceptibility to leprosy have yielded important insights into M. leprae pathogenesis and are likely to advance our understanding of the immune response to other pathogenic mycobacteria. This knowledge may inform new treatment or vaccine strategies for leprosy or tuberculosis.
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Sapkota BR, Macdonald M, Berrington WR, Misch EA, Ranjit C, Siddiqui MR, Kaplan G, Hawn TR. Association of TNF, MBL, and VDR polymorphisms with leprosy phenotypes. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:992-8. [PMID: 20650301 PMCID: PMC2941523 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although genetic variants in tumor necrosis factor (TNF), mannose binding lectin (MBL), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been associated with leprosy clinical outcomes, these findings have not been extensively validated. We used a case-control study design with 933 patients in Nepal, which included 240 patients with type I reversal reaction (RR), and 124 patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reactions. We compared genotype frequencies in 933 cases and 101 controls of seven polymorphisms, including a promoter region variant in TNF (G -308A), three polymorphisms in MBL (C154T, G161A and G170A), and three variants in VDR (FokI, BsmI, and TaqI). We observed an association between TNF -308A and protection from leprosy with an odds ratio of 0.52 (95% confidence interval = 0.29-0.95, p = 0.016). MBL polymorphism G161A was associated with protection from lepromatous leprosy (odds ratio = 0.33, 95% confidence interval = 0.12-0.85, p = 0.010). VDR polymorphisms were not associated with leprosy phenotypes. These results confirm previous findings of an association of TNF -308A with protection from leprosy and MBL polymorphisms with protection from lepromatous leprosy. The statistical significance was modest and will require further study for conclusive validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwa R. Sapkota
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Murdo Macdonald
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - E. Ann Misch
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chaman Ranjit
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - M. Ruby Siddiqui
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, Public Health Research Institute at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, Public Health Research Institute at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Cardoso CC, Pereira AC, Brito-de-Souza VN, Dias-Baptista IM, Maniero VC, Venturini J, Vilani-Moreno FR, de Souza FC, Ribeiro-Alves M, Sarno EN, Pacheco AG, Moraes MO. IFNG +874 T>A single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with leprosy among Brazilians. Hum Genet 2010; 128:481-90. [PMID: 20714752 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a low virulence mycobacterium, and the outcome of disease is dependent on the host genetics for either susceptibility per se or severity. The IFNG gene codes for interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a cytokine that plays a key role in host defense against intracellular pathogens. Indeed, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IFNG have been evaluated in several genetic epidemiological studies, and the SNP +874T>A, the +874T allele, more specifically, has been associated with protection against infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis. Here, we evaluated the association of the IFNG locus with leprosy enrolling 2,125 Brazilian subjects. First, we conducted a case-control study with subjects recruited from the state of São Paulo, using the +874 T>A (rs2430561), +2109 A>G (rs1861494) and rs2069727 SNPs. Then, a second study including 1,370 individuals from Rio de Janeiro was conducted. Results of the case-control studies have shown a protective effect for +874T carriers (OR(adjusted) = 0.75; p = 0.005 for both studies combined), which was corroborated when these studies were compared with literature data. No association was found between the SNP +874T>A and the quantitative Mitsuda response. Nevertheless, the spontaneous IFN-γ release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was higher among +874T carriers. The results shown here along with a previously reported meta-analysis of tuberculosis studies indicate that the SNP +874T>A plays a role in resistance to mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Cardoso
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil
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Ivansson EL, Juko-Pecirep I, Gyllensten UB. Interaction of immunological genes on chromosome 2q33 and IFNG in susceptibility to cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 116:544-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Modlin RL. The innate immune response in leprosy. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:48-54. [PMID: 20060279 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigation into the innate immune response in leprosy has provided insight into immunoregulation in human infectious disease. Key advances include the role of pattern recognition receptors in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns of Mycobacterium leprae, cytokine release by innate immune cells, macrophage and dendritic cell differentiation, as well as antimicrobial effector pathways. These insights provide targets for therapeutic intervention in modulating the course of leprosy and other chronic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Relevance of gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms to susceptibility to Mediterranean spotted fever. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:811-5. [PMID: 19386798 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00121-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase of Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is characterized by dramatic changes in cytokine production patterns, clearly indicating their role in the immunomodulation of the response against the microorganism, and the differences in cytokine production seem to influence the extent and severity of the disease. In this study, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) -308G/A (rs1800629) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) -1087G/A (rs1800896), -824C/T (rs1800871), and -597C/A (rs1800872) and the gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) T/A SNP at position +874 (rs2430561) were typed in 80 Sicilian patients affected by MSF and in 288 control subjects matched for age, gender, and geographic origin. No significant differences in TNF-alpha -308G/A genotype frequencies were observed. The +874TT genotype, associated with an increased production of IFN-gamma, was found to be significantly less frequent in MSF patients than in the control group (odds ratio [OR], 0.18; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.06 to 0.51; P corrected for the number of genotypes [Pc], 0.0021). In addition, when evaluating the IFN-gamma and IL-10 genotype interaction, a significant increase of +874AA/-597CA (OR, 5.31; 95% CI, 2.37 to 11.88; P(c), 0.0027) combined genotypes was observed. In conclusion, our data strongly suggest that finely genetically tuned cytokine production may play a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response against rickettsial infection, therefore influencing the disease outcomes, ranging from nonapparent or subclinical condition to overt or fatal disease.
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