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Gupta S, Kaur R, Sohal JS, Singh SV, Das K, Sharma MK, Singh J, Sharma S, Dhama K. Countering Zoonotic Diseases: Current Scenario and Advances in Diagnostics, Monitoring, Prophylaxis and Therapeutic Strategies. Arch Med Res 2024; 55:103037. [PMID: 38981342 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Human life and health have interacted reciprocally with the surrounding environment and animal fauna for ages. This relationship is evident in developing nations, where human life depends more on the animal population for food, transportation, clothing, draft power, and fuel sources, among others. This inseparable link is a potent source of public health issues, especially in outbreaks of zoonotic diseases transmitted from animals to humans. Zoonotic diseases are referred to as diseases that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. Among the globally emerging diseases in the last decade, 75% are of animal origin, most of which are life-threatening. Since most of them are caused by potent new pathogens capable of long-distance transmission, the impact is widespread and has serious public health and economic consequences. Various other factors also contribute to the transmission, spread, and outbreak of zoonotic diseases, among which industrialization-led globalization followed by ecological disruption and climate change play a critical role. In this regard, all the possible strategies, including advances in rapid and confirmatory disease diagnosis and surveillance/monitoring, immunization/vaccination, therapeutic approaches, appropriate prevention and control measures to be adapted, and awareness programs, need to be adopted collaboratively among different health sectors in medical, veterinary, and concerned departments to implement the necessary interventions for the effective restriction, minimization, and timely control of zoonotic threats. The present review focuses on the current scenario of zoonotic diseases and their counteracting approaches to safeguard their health impact on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Rasanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- Centre for Vaccine and Diagnostic Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kaushik Das
- Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, West Bengal, India
| | - Manish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Singh
- Department of Translational Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saket Nagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana, India; Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, SKUAST-J, Jammu, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bhat AM, Malik HU, Chaubey KK, Hussain T, Mir AQ, Nabi SU, Gupta S, Singh SV. Bio-typing of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates recovered from the Himalayan sheep and goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:237. [PMID: 33791865 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Information on bio-type profile of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubeculosis (MAP) in sheep flocks and goat herds of Himalayan region is not reported earlier. The aim of our study was to determine the bio-type of MAP infecting livestock of this region. A total of 71 faecal samples (sheep-57, goats-14) were screened by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and IS900 PCR, and then processed for culture on Herrold's egg yolk medium (HEYM) having mycobactin J (MJ). Out of 71 faecal samples, MAP colonies were seen only in four samples (sheep-3 and goat-1). Isolates were confirmed as MAP on the basis of slow growth, acid fastness, MJ dependency, IS900 and IS1311 PCR. All the IS900 and IS1311 PCR positive samples were bio-typed by IS1311 PCR-REA (restriction endonuclease analysis), which confirmed all four isolates as 'bison type.' In IS1311 based phylogeny of MAP isolates by ClustalW method of the MegAlign program of DNASTAR Lasergene software, the four sequences of MAP isolates (NCBI sequence nos. MH988763, MH988765, MH988766 and MH988764) did not show any distinct clustering/grouping pattern. However, these four isolates showed a bit of closeness to the MAP sequences (KC990353.1 and KC990352.1) of 'bison type' isolated from wood bison in Canada. In conclusion, this is the first report on isolation and bio-type profile of MAP infecting sheep and goats of Himalayan region. Study will help in devising prevention and control strategies against spread of MAP infection in livestock population of Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Majid Bhat
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Hamid Ullah Malik
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Microbiology Lab, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, U.P., India.,Mountain Research Centre for Sheep and Goats, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tufail Hussain
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abdul Qayoom Mir
- Mountain Research Centre for Sheep and Goats, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Showkat Un Nabi
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Microbiology Lab, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, U.P., India.,Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Microbiology Lab, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, U.P., India.,Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
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3
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Rajbhandari R, Blakemore S, Gupta N, Adler AJ, Noble CA, Mannan S, Nikolli K, Yih A, Joshi S, Bukhman G. Crohn’s disease in low and lower-middle income countries: A scoping review. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6891-6908. [PMID: 33268969 PMCID: PMC7684456 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i43.6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Crohn’s disease has been studied extensively in high-income countries, its epidemiology and care in low and lower-middle income countries (LLMICs) is not well established due to a lack of disease registries and diagnostic capacity.
AIM To describe the published burden, diagnostic/treatment capacity, service utilization, challenges/barriers to individuals with Crohn’s in LLMICs and their providers.
METHODS We conducted a scoping review utilizing a full search strategy was developed and conducted in PubMed, Embase and World Health Organization Global Index Medicus. Two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts of all of the publications found in this search, reviewed selected publications, and extracted relevant data, which underwent descriptive review and was analyzed in Excel.
RESULTS The database search yielded 4486 publications, 216 of which were determined to be relevant to the research questions. Of all 79 LLMICs, only 21 (26.6%) have publications describing individuals with Crohn’s. Overall, the highest number of studies came from India, followed by Tunisia, and Egypt. The mean number of Crohn’s patients reported per study is 57.84 and the median is 22, with a wide range from one to 980.
CONCLUSION This scoping review has shown that, although there is a severe lack of population-based data about Crohn’s in LLMICs, there is a signal of Crohn’s in these settings around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Rajbhandari
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02199, United States
| | - Samantha Blakemore
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Neil Gupta
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02199, United States
- Partners in Health, NCD Synergies, Boston, MA 02199, United States
| | - Alma J Adler
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02199, United States
| | - Christopher Allen Noble
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02199, United States
- Partners in Health, NCD Synergies, Boston, MA 02199, United States
| | - Sara Mannan
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Klejda Nikolli
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Alison Yih
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Sameer Joshi
- Western Reserve Health Education, Trumbull Regional Medical Center, Warren, OH 44483, United States
| | - Gene Bukhman
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02199, United States
- Partners in Health, NCD Synergies, Boston, MA 02199, United States
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A Protective Vaccine against Johne's Disease in Cattle. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091427. [PMID: 32957508 PMCID: PMC7564561 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease (JD) caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is a chronic infection characterized by the development of granulomatous enteritis in wild and domesticated ruminants. It is one of the most significant livestock diseases not only in the USA but also globally, accounting for USD 200–500 million losses annually for the USA alone with potential link to cases of Crohn’s disease in humans. Developing safe and protective vaccines is of a paramount importance for JD control in dairy cows. The current study evaluated the safety, immunity and protective efficacy of a novel live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidate with and without an adjuvant in comparison to an inactivated vaccine. Results indicated that the LAV, irrespective of the adjuvant presence, induced robust T cell immune responses indicated by proinflammatory cytokine production such as IFN-γ, IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-17 as well as strong response to intradermal skin test against M. paratuberculosis antigens. Furthermore, the LAV was safe with minimal tissue pathology. Finally, calves vaccinated with adjuvanted LAV did not shed M. paratuberculosis post-challenge, a much-desired characteristic of an effective vaccine against JD. Together, this data suggests a strong potential of testing LAV in field trials to curb JD in dairy herds.
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Evaluation of ‘recombinant secretary antigens’ based ‘cocktail ELISA’ for the diagnosis of Johne's disease and to differentiate non-infected, infected and vaccinated goats in combination with indigenous ELISA test. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kuenstner JT, Naser S, Chamberlin W, Borody T, Graham DY, McNees A, Hermon-Taylor J, Hermon-Taylor A, Dow CT, Thayer W, Biesecker J, Collins MT, Sechi LA, Singh SV, Zhang P, Shafran I, Weg S, Telega G, Rothstein R, Oken H, Schimpff S, Bach H, Bull T, Grant I, Ellingson J, Dahmen H, Lipton J, Gupta S, Chaubey K, Singh M, Agarwal P, Kumar A, Misri J, Sohal J, Dhama K, Hemati Z, Davis W, Hier M, Aitken J, Pierce E, Parrish N, Goldberg N, Kali M, Bendre S, Agrawal G, Baldassano R, Linn P, Sweeney RW, Fecteau M, Hofstaedter C, Potula R, Timofeeva O, Geier S, John K, Zayanni N, Malaty HM, Kahlenborn C, Kravitz A, Bulfon A, Daskalopoulos G, Mitchell H, Neilan B, Timms V, Cossu D, Mameli G, Angermeier P, Jelic T, Goethe R, Juste RA, Kuenstner L. The Consensus from the Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) Conference 2017. Front Public Health 2017; 5:208. [PMID: 29021977 PMCID: PMC5623710 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
On March 24 and 25, 2017 researchers and clinicians from around the world met at Temple University in Philadelphia to discuss the current knowledge of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and its relationship to human disease. The conference was held because of shared concern that MAP is a zoonotic bacterium that poses a threat not only to animal health but also human health. In order to further study this problem, the conferees discussed ways to improve MAP diagnostic tests and discussed potential future anti-MAP clinical trials. The conference proceedings may be viewed on the www.Humanpara.org website. A summary of the salient work in this field is followed by recommendations from a majority of the conferees.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Todd Kuenstner
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Saleh Naser
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Thomas Borody
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David Y Graham
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adrienne McNees
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | | | - C Thomas Dow
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Walter Thayer
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James Biesecker
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peilin Zhang
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ira Shafran
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stuart Weg
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Grzegorz Telega
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert Rothstein
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Harry Oken
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Schimpff
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Horacio Bach
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tim Bull
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Irene Grant
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jay Ellingson
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Heinrich Dahmen
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Judith Lipton
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kundan Chaubey
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manju Singh
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Prabhat Agarwal
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jagdip Sohal
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zahra Hemati
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William Davis
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael Hier
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Aitken
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ellen Pierce
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicole Parrish
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Neil Goldberg
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maher Kali
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sachin Bendre
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gaurav Agrawal
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Preston Linn
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Marie Fecteau
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Raghava Potula
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Olga Timofeeva
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Steven Geier
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kuruvilla John
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Najah Zayanni
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hoda M Malaty
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Amanda Kravitz
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adriano Bulfon
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Hazel Mitchell
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brett Neilan
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Verlaine Timms
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Davide Cossu
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Giuseppe Mameli
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul Angermeier
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tomislav Jelic
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lauren Kuenstner
- Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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Singh AV, Chauhan DS, Singh SV, Kumar V, Singh A, Yadav A, Yadav VS. Current status of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in animals & humans in India: What needs to be done? Indian J Med Res 2016; 144:661-671. [PMID: 28361818 PMCID: PMC5393076 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1401_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has emerged as a major health problem for domestic livestock and human beings. Reduced per animal productivity of domestic livestock seriously impacts the economics of dairy farming globally. High to very high bioload of MAP in domestic livestock and also in the human population has been reported from north India. Presence of live MAP bacilli in commercial supplies of raw and pasteurized milk and milk products indicates its public health significance. MAP is not inactivated during pasteurization, therefore, entering into human food chain daily. Recovery of MAP from patients with inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn's disease and animal healthcare workers suffering with chronic gastrointestinal problems indicate a close association of MAP with a number of chronic and other diseases affecting human health. Higher bioload of MAP in the animals increases the risk of exposure to the human population with MAP. This review summarizes the current status of MAP infection in animals as well as in human beings and also highlights the prospects of effective management and control of disease in animals to reduce the risk of exposure to human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Vir Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Devendra Singh Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Education & Research, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India
| | - Abhinendra Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Anjali Yadav
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Virendra Singh Yadav
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
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Singh SV, Kuenstner JT, Davis WC, Agarwal P, Kumar N, Singh D, Gupta S, Chaubey KK, Kumar A, Misri J, Jayaraman S, Sohal JS, Dhama K. Concurrent Resolution of Chronic Diarrhea Likely Due to Crohn's Disease and Infection with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:49. [PMID: 27833911 PMCID: PMC5081375 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of samples of stool from a 61-year-old male patient, presenting with the clinical symptoms of Crohn's disease (CD), revealed massive shedding of acid fast bacilli with the morphology of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle. MAP was cultured from the stool. Biotyping of the bacterium isolated from cultures of stool demonstrated, it was the Indian Bison biotype of MAP, the dominant biotype infecting livestock and humans in India. Based on this finding and because the patient was unresponsive to standard therapy used in India to treat patients with gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, the patient was placed on a regimen of multi-antibiotic therapy, currently used to treat tuberculosis and CD. After 1 year of treatment, the patient's health was restored, concurrent with cessation of shedding of MAP in his stool. This patient is the first case shown to shed MAP from the stool who was cured of infection with antibiotics and who was concurrently cured of clinical signs of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoor V Singh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | | | - William C Davis
- Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University , Pullman, WA , USA
| | | | - Naveen Kumar
- Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | | | - Saurabh Gupta
- Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Kundan K Chaubey
- Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Animal Science, Krishi Bhavan (ICAR) , New Delhi , India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Division of Animal Science, Krishi Bhavan (ICAR) , New Delhi , India
| | - Sujatha Jayaraman
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Jaipur , Jaipur , India
| | - Jagdip S Sohal
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Jaipur , Jaipur , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Department of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
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Chaubey KK, Gupta RD, Gupta S, Singh SV, Bhatia AK, Jayaraman S, Kumar N, Goel A, Rathore AS, Sahzad, Sohal JS, Stephen BJ, Singh M, Goyal M, Dhama K, Derakhshandeh A. Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock. Vet Q 2016; 36:203-227. [PMID: 27356470 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1196508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy, culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies. However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-à-vis cellular proteins, the secretory proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Sujata Jayaraman
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Anjana Goel
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Abhishek Singh Rathore
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Sahzad
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Bjorn John Stephen
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manju Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manish Goyal
- e Division of Parasitology , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- f Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- g Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
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Sonawane GG, Narnaware SD, Tripathi BN. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in ruminants in different parts of India. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Singh AV, Chauhan DS, Singh A, Singh PK, Sohal JS, Singh SV. Application of IS1311 locus 2 PCR-REA assay for the specific detection of 'Bison type' Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates of Indian origin. Indian J Med Res 2016; 141:55-61. [PMID: 25857495 PMCID: PMC4405941 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.154497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Of the three major genotypes of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), 'Bison type' is most prevalent genotype in the domestic livestock species of the country, and has also been recovered from patients suffering from Crohn's disease. Recently, a new assay based on IS1311 locus 2 PCR- restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) was designed to distinguish between 'Indian Bison type' and non-Indian genotypes. The present study investigated discriminatory potential of this new assay while screening of a panel of MAP isolates of diverse genotypes and from different geographical regions. METHODS A total of 53 mycobacterial isolates (41 MAP and 12 mycobacterium other than MAP), three MAP genomic DNA and 36 MAP positive faecal DNA samples from different livestock species (cattle, buffaloes, goat, sheep and bison) and geographical regions (India, Canada, USA, Spain and Portugal) were included in the study. The extracted DNA samples (n=92) were analyzed for the presence of MAP specific sequences (IS900, ISMav 2 and HspX) using PCR. DNA samples were further subjected to genotype differentiation using IS1311 PCR-REA and IS1311 L2 PCR-REA methods. RESULTS All the DNA samples (except DNA from non-MAP mycobacterial isolates) were positive for all the three MAP specific sequences based PCRs. IS1311 PCR-REA showed that MAP DNA samples of Indian origin belonged to 'Bison type'. Whereas, of the total 19 non-Indian MAP DNA samples, 2, 15 and 2 were genotyped as 'Bison type', 'Cattle type' and 'Sheep type', respectively. IS1311 L2 PCR-REA method showed different restriction profiles of 'Bison type' genotype as compared to non-Indian DNA samples. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS IS1311 L2 PCR-REA method successfully discriminated 'Indian Bison type' from other non-Indian genotypes and showed potential to be future epidemiological tool and for genotyping of MAP isolates.
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Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and the influence of strain type on infection and pathogenesis: a review. Vet Res 2015; 46:64. [PMID: 26092160 PMCID: PMC4473831 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is an important pathogen that causes a chronic, progressive granulomatous enteritis known as Johne's disease or paratuberculosis. The disease is endemic in many parts of the world and responsible for considerable losses to the livestock and associated industries. Diagnosis and control are problematic, due mostly to the long incubation period of the disease when infected animals show no clinical signs and are difficult to detect, and the ability of the organism to survive and persist in the environment. The existence of phenotypically distinct strains of Map has been known since the 1930s but the genetic differentiation of Map strain types has been challenging and only recent technologies have proven sufficiently discriminative for strain comparisons, tracing the sources of infection and epidemiological studies. It is important to understand the differences that exist between Map strains and how they influence both development and transmission of disease. This information is required to develop improved diagnostics and effective vaccines for controlling Johne's disease. Here I review the current classification of Map strain types, the sources of the genetic variability within strains, growth characteristics and epidemiological traits associated with strain type and the influence of strain type on infection and pathogenicity.
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The zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analyses of the evidence. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:3135-57. [PMID: 25989710 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881500076x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review-meta-analysis appraises and summarizes all the available research (128 papers) on the zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. The latter has been debated for a century due to pathogenic and clinical similarities between Johne's disease in ruminants and Crohn's disease (108 studies) in humans and recently for involvement in other human diseases; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (2), sarcoidosis (3), diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) (7) and type 2 (3), multiple sclerosis (5) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (2). Meta-analytical results indicated a significant positive association, consistently across different laboratory methods for Crohn's disease [odds ratio (OR) range 4·26-8·44], T1DM (OR range 2·91-9·95) and multiple sclerosis (OR range 6·5-7·99). The latter two and the thyroiditis hypothesis require further investigation to confirm the association. Meta-regression of Crohn's disease studies using DNA detection methods indicated that choice of primers and sampling frame (e.g. general population vs. hospital-based sample) explained a significant proportion of heterogeneity. Other epidemiological studies demonstrated a lack of association between high-risk occupations and development of Crohn's disease. Due to knowledge gaps in understanding the role of M. paratuberculosis in the development or progression of human disease, the evidence at present is not strong enough to inform the potential public health impact of M. paratuberculosis exposure.
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Genetic structure of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis population in cattle herds in Quebec as revealed by using a combination of multilocus genomic analyses. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2764-75. [PMID: 24829229 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00386-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a granulomatous enteritis affecting a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. A variety of molecular typing tools are used to distinguish M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains, contributing to a better understanding of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis epidemiology. In the present study, PCR-based typing methods, including mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units/variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and small sequence repeats (SSR) in addition to IS1311 PCR-restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-REA), were used to investigate the genetic heterogeneity of 200 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains from dairy herds located in the province of Quebec, Canada. The majority of strains were of the "cattle type," or type II, although 3 strains were of the "bison type." A total of 38 genotypes, including a novel one, were identified using a combination of 17 genetic markers, which generated a Simpson's index of genetic diversity of 0.876. Additional analyses revealed no differences in genetic diversity between environmental and individual strains. Of note, a spatial and spatiotemporal cluster was evidenced regarding the distribution of one of the most common genotypes. The population had an overall homogeneous genetic structure, although a few strains stemmed out of the consensus cluster, including the bison-type strains. The genetic structure of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis populations within most herds suggested intraherd dissemination and microevolution, although evidence of interherd contamination was also revealed. The level of genetic diversity obtained by combining MIRU-VNTR and SSR markers shows a promising avenue for molecular epidemiology investigations of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis transmission patterns.
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Vir Singh S, Kumar N, Singh Soha J, Vir Singh A, Kumar Sing P, Das Agrawa N, Gupta S, Kumar Chau K, Kumar A, Dutta Rawa K, Deb R, Dhama K. First Mass Screening of the Human Population to Estimate the Bio-load of Mycobacterium
avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in North India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2014.237.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rindi L, Garzelli C. Genetic diversity and phylogeny of Mycobacterium avium. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:375-83. [PMID: 24345519 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium, one of the species of the M. avium complex (MAC), includes 4 subspecies, i.e., M. avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH), M. avium subsp. avium (MAA), M. avium subsp. silvaticum (MAS) and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), in turn classified into the S (sheep) and C (cattle) types. These subspecies, although closely related, represent distinct organisms, each endowed with specific pathogenetic and host range characteristics, ranging from environmental opportunistic bacteria that cause infections in swine and immunocompromised patients to pathogens of birds and ruminants. The present review summarizes the basic epidemiological and pathological features of the M. avium subspecies, describes the major genomic events responsible of M. avium subspecies diversity (insertion sequences, sequence variations in specific chromosome loci or genes, deletions, duplications and insertions of large genomic regions) and then reconstructs the phylogenetic relationships among the M. avium subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rindi
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Carlo Garzelli
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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Okuni JB, Dovas CI, Loukopoulos P, Bouzalas IG, Kateete DP, Joloba ML, Ojok L. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from Ugandan cattle and strain differentiation using optimised DNA typing techniques. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:99. [PMID: 22747670 PMCID: PMC3416654 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The occurrence of paratuberculosis in Ugandan cattle has recently been reported but there is no information on the strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) responsible for the disease. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterise MAP from seropositive cattle and paratuberculosis lesions in tissues obtained from slaughtered cattle in Uganda. Results Twenty one isolates of MAP were differentiated into 11 genotype profiles using seven genotyping loci consisting of Insertion Sequence 1311(IS1311), Mycobacterial interspersed repeat units (MIRU) (loci 2, 3), Variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) locus 32 and Short sequence repeats (SSR) (loci 1, 2 and 8). Three different IS1311 types and three MIRU 2 profiles (7, 9, 15 repeats) were observed. Two allelic variants were found based on MIRU 3 (1, 5 repeats), while VNTR 32 showed no polymorphism in any of the isolates from which it was successfully amplified. SSR Locus 1 revealed 6 and 7 G1 repeats among the isolates whereas SSR locus 2 revealed 10, 11 and 12 G2 repeats. SSR locus 8 was the most polymorphic locus. Phylogenetic analysis of SSR locus 8 sequences based on their single nucleotide polymorphisms separated the isolates into 8 genotypes. We found that the use of Ethylene glycol as a PCR additive improved the efficiency of the PCR reactions for MIRUs (2, 3), VNTR 32 and SSR (loci 1 and 2). Conclusions There is a high strain diversity of MAP in Uganda since 21 isolates could be classified into 11 genotypes. The combination of the seven loci used in this study results into a very precise discrimination of isolates. However analysis of SNPs on locus alone 8 is very close to this combination. Most of the genotypes in this study are novel since they differed in one or more loci from other isolates of cattle origin in different studies. The large number of MAP strains within a relatively small area of the country implies that the epidemiology of paratuberculosis in Uganda may be complicated and needs further investigation. Finally, the use of Ethylene glycol as a PCR additive increases the efficiency of PCR amplification of difficult templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Boniface Okuni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Castellanos E, Juan LD, Domínguez L, Aranaz A. Progress in molecular typing of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2012; 92:169-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Singh PK, Singh SV, Singh MK, Saxena VK, Horin P, Singh AV, Sohal JS. Effect of genetic variation in the MHC Class II DRB region on resistance and susceptibility to Johne’s disease in endangered Indian Jamunapari goats. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:314-20. [PMID: 22321606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P K Singh
- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, UP, India.
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Lamont EA, Bannantine JP, Armién A, Ariyakumar DS, Sreevatsan S. Identification and characterization of a spore-like morphotype in chronically starved Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cultures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30648. [PMID: 22292005 PMCID: PMC3265505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria are able to enter into a state of non-replication or dormancy, which may result in their chronic persistence in soil, aquatic environments, and permissive hosts. Stresses such as nutrient deprivation and hypoxia provide environmental cues to enter a persistent state; however, a clear definition of the mechanism that mycobacteria employ to achieve this remains elusive. While the concept of sporulation in mycobacteria is not novel, it continues to spark controversy and challenges our perceptions of a non-replication. We investigated the potential role of sporulation in one-year old broth cultures of Mycobacterium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). We show that dormant cultures of MAP contain a mix of vegetative cells and a previously unknown morphotype resembling a spore. These spore-like structures can be enriched for using sporulating media. Furthermore, purified MAP spore forms survive exposure to heat, lysozyme and proteinase K. Heat-treated spores are positive for MAP 16SrRNA and IS900. MAP spores display enhanced infectivity as well as maintain acid-fast characteristics upon germination in a well-established bovine macrophage model. This is the first study to demonstrate a new MAP morphotype possessing spore-like qualities. Data suggest that sporulation may be a viable mechanism by which MAP accomplishes persistence in the host and/or environment. Thus, our current understanding of mycobacterial persistence, pathogenesis, epidemiology and rational drug and vaccine design may need to be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A. Lamont
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Aníbal Armién
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Don Sanjiv Ariyakumar
- Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Singh AV, Singh SV, Singh PK, Sohal JS, Singh MK. High prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ('Indian bison type') in animal attendants suffering from gastrointestinal complaints who work with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease in India. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e677-83. [PMID: 21703899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study we aimed to estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in animal attendants who were chronic colitis patients or who had inflammatory bowel disease and were suspected for Crohn's disease; these animal attendants worked with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease. Microscopic examination and culture tests were used. For comparison purposes a group of healthy human subjects (not suffering with colitis) was also screened. METHODS Stool samples obtained from 98 human subjects (58 animal attendants suspected for Crohn's disease and 40 healthy humans) were screened for the presence of MAP by microscopic examination and culture. Of the 58 animal attendants screened, 38 had abdominal pain, 29 had suffered episodes of diarrhea, 39 had experienced weight loss, 27 had fever, and 32 had a history of raw milk consumption. Animal attendants had had contact of variable duration with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease (1-5, 6-10, 11-15, and >15 years). Forty stool samples from healthy humans with no symptoms/history of contact with animals were also screened. IS900 PCR and IS1311 PCR restriction endonuclease analysis were used to characterize and genotype the MAP colonies. RESULTS MAP was recovered from 34 of the 98 human subject stool samples (34.7%). Of the 98 samples, 16.3% (n=16) were acid-fast. None of the 40 healthy human subjects were positive for MAP by microscopy, but five (12.5%) were positive for MAP by culture. Of the 58 animal attendants, 16 (27.6%) were positive by microscopy and 29 (50%) were positive by culture. MAP were recovered from 68.4% of animal attendants with abdominal pain, 72.4% of those with diarrhea, 71.8% of those with weight loss, 44.4% of those with fever, and 46.9% of those who had a history of raw milk consumption. Of the 29 culture-positive animal attendants, 48.3% had worked for >15 years, 27.6% for 11-15 years, 20.7% for 6-10 years, and 3.4% for 1-5 years with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease. Of the 34 culture isolates, 28 (82.4%) showed good quality DNA on agarose gel and were positive by IS900 PCR. Of the 28 IS900-positive DNA samples, 23 (82.1%) were genotyped as 'Indian bison type' and five (17.9%) as 'cattle type'. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of MAP was higher in attendants suffering from gastrointestinal problems who worked with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease, than in humans with no history of contact with animals. The risk of developing gastrointestinal problems with clinical symptoms indistinguishable from inflammatory bowel disease was higher in humans who were in contact with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease as compared to healthy humans, and the risk was correlated with the duration of association with the endemic goat herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Singh
- Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, PO Farah, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 122, India
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Singh S, Singh A, Singh P, Kumar A, Singh B. Molecular identification and characterization of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in free living non-human primate (Rhesus macaques) from North India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:267-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Douarre P, Cashman W, Buckley J, Coffey A, O’Mahony J. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using multi-locus short sequence repeat (MLSSR) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units–variable number tandem repeat (MIRU–VNTR) typing methods. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:482-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Singh A, Singh S, Singh P, Sohal J. Genotype diversity in Indian isolates of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis recovered from domestic and wild ruminants from different agro-climatic regions. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 33:e127-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Is Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the cause of Johne's disease in animals, a good candidate for Crohn's disease in man? Indian J Gastroenterol 2010; 29:53-8. [PMID: 20443099 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-010-0019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease or paratuberculosis, a gastro intestinal inflammatory condition in ruminants and other animals, which is similar to Crohn's disease (CD) that occurs in man. The role of MAP in the causation of CD has been under intense investigation in the last few decades. This review summarizes the status of MAP in animals and the food chain and its association with CD in man.
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Singh SV, Singh PK, Singh AV, Sohal JS, Sharma MC. Therapeutic Effects of a New "Indigenous Vaccine" Developed Using Novel Native "Indian Bison Type" Genotype of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis for the Control of Clinical Johne's Disease in Naturally Infected Goatherds in India. Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:351846. [PMID: 20445782 PMCID: PMC2860218 DOI: 10.4061/2010/351846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic efficacy of an "Indigenous vaccine" has been evaluated with respect to a commercial vaccine (Gudair, Spain), for the control of clinical Johne's disease (JD) in naturally infected goatherds. Seventy-one goats (JD positive) were randomly divided into 3 groups ("Bison", "Gudair" and "Sham-immunized"). After vaccination, goats were monitored for physical condition, morbidity, mortality, body weights, shedding of M. paratuberculosis (MAP) in feces, internal condition and lesions, as well as humoral and cell-mediated immune responses for 210 days. Study showed marked overall improvement in physical condition of vaccinated goats and average body weight gain was significantly higher (P < .05) in "Bison" group as compared to "Sham-immunized" goats. Mortality due to JD was significantly (P < .05) lower in vaccinated groups than in "sham-immunized". Morbidity rates (due to diarrhea and weakness) were lower in "Bison" group as compared to other groups. Died goats from vaccinated groups showed regression of gross JD lesions and regeneration of fat layer around visceral organs while "Sham-immunized" goats exhibited frank lesions. Vaccinated goats had higher protective CMI response and also higher antibody titer for the trial period as compared to "Sham immunized". Both vaccines also reduced shedding of MAP in feces significantly (P < .05). Though the two vaccines effectively restricted the severity of clinical symptoms of JD, however "Indigenous vaccine" was superior in many respects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Singh
- Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura 281 122, India
| | - P. K. Singh
- Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura 281 122, India
| | - A. V. Singh
- Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura 281 122, India
| | - J. S. Sohal
- Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura 281 122, India
| | - M. C. Sharma
- Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura 281 122, India
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On the evolution of 'Indian Bison type' strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2009; 165:163-71. [PMID: 19442500 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD) in animals, has also been linked with Crohn's disease in human beings. Lack of indigenous diagnostics and vaccine hampered control of JD in India. Designing effective control strategies require thorough understanding of the etiological agent at phenotypic and molecular levels. On the basis of cultural phenotypes and IS1311 PCR-REA typing, MAP strains have been genotyped as 'Cattle type', 'Sheep type' and 'Bison type'. Information exists on genetic differences and comparative evolution of 'Cattle type' and 'Sheep type' strains after divergence from M. avium; however, emphasis has been little on 'Bison type' strains. Recently, a new 'Indian Bison type' genotype has been reported as principal strain infecting different animal species and human beings in India. The study analyzed few genetic markers to have inferences on the molecular evolution of native MAP isolates belonging to 'Bison type' genotype. Results pointed towards recent evolution of 'Bison type' genotype.
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