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Klever AM, Alexander KA, Almeida D, Anderson MZ, Ball RL, Beamer G, Boggiatto P, Buikstra JE, Chandler B, Claeys TA, Concha AE, Converse PJ, Derbyshire KM, Dobos KM, Dupnik KM, Endsley JJ, Endsley MA, Fennelly K, Franco-Paredes C, Hagge DA, Hall-Stoodley L, Hayes D, Hirschfeld K, Hofman CA, Honda JR, Hull NM, Kramnik I, Lacourciere K, Lahiri R, Lamont EA, Larsen MH, Lemaire T, Lesellier S, Lee NR, Lowry CA, Mahfooz NS, McMichael TM, Merling MR, Miller MA, Nagajyothi JF, Nelson E, Nuermberger EL, Pena MT, Perea C, Podell BK, Pyle CJ, Quinn FD, Rajaram MVS, Mejia OR, Rothoff M, Sago SA, Salvador LCM, Simonson AW, Spencer JS, Sreevatsan S, Subbian S, Sunstrum J, Tobin DM, Vijayan KKV, Wright CTO, Robinson RT. The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria 9 (MHM9): A conference report. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 142:102377. [PMID: 37531864 PMCID: PMC10529179 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria (MHM) meeting series brings together basic scientists, clinicians and veterinarians to promote robust discussion and dissemination of recent advances in our knowledge of numerous mycobacterial diseases, including human and bovine tuberculosis (TB), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection, Hansen's disease (leprosy), Buruli ulcer and Johne's disease. The 9th MHM conference (MHM9) was held in July 2022 at The Ohio State University (OSU) and centered around the theme of "Confounders of Mycobacterial Disease." Confounders can and often do drive the transmission of mycobacterial diseases, as well as impact surveillance and treatment outcomes. Various confounders were presented and discussed at MHM9 including those that originate from the host (comorbidities and coinfections) as well as those arising from the environment (e.g., zoonotic exposures), economic inequality (e.g. healthcare disparities), stigma (a confounder of leprosy and TB for millennia), and historical neglect (a confounder in Native American Nations). This conference report summarizes select talks given at MHM9 highlighting recent research advances, as well as talks regarding the historic and ongoing impact of TB and other infectious diseases on Native American Nations, including those in Southwestern Alaska where the regional TB incidence rate is among the highest in the Western hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Marie Klever
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen A Alexander
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; CARACAL/Chobe Research Institute Kasane, Botswana
| | - Deepak Almeida
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Gillian Beamer
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Paola Boggiatto
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jane E Buikstra
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bruce Chandler
- Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, AK, USA
| | - Tiffany A Claeys
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Aislinn E Concha
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul J Converse
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith M Derbyshire
- Division of Genetics, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kathryn M Dupnik
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mark A Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Fennelly
- Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México, USA
| | | | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Courtney A Hofman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA; Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer R Honda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Natalie M Hull
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, The Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Aveedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Lacourciere
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ramanuj Lahiri
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Elise A Lamont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michelle H Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Sandrine Lesellier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental & Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife,Nancy, France
| | - Naomi R Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Najmus S Mahfooz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Marlena R Merling
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Michele A Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nelson
- Microbial Paleogenomics Unit, Dept of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria T Pena
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Claudia Perea
- Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brendan K Podell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Charlie J Pyle
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fred D Quinn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Oscar Rosas Mejia
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | | | - Saydie A Sago
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Liliana C M Salvador
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew W Simonson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - K K Vidya Vijayan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, and Children's Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caelan T O Wright
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA.
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Cole MS, Howe MD, Buonomo JA, Sharma S, Lamont EA, Brody SI, Mishra NK, Minato Y, Thiede JM, Baughn AD, Aldrich CC. Cephem-Pyrazinoic Acid Conjugates: Circumventing Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200995. [PMID: 35697660 PMCID: PMC9474573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading source of infectious disease mortality globally. Antibiotic-resistant strains comprise an estimated 10 % of new TB cases and present an urgent need for novel therapeutics. β-lactam antibiotics have traditionally been ineffective against M. tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, due to the organism's inherent expression of β-lactamases that destroy the electrophilic β-lactam warhead. We have developed novel β-lactam conjugates, which exploit this inherent β-lactamase activity to achieve selective release of pyrazinoic acid (POA), the active form of a first-line TB drug. These conjugates are selectively active against M. tuberculosis and related mycobacteria, and activity is retained or even potentiated in multiple resistant strains and models. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that both the POA "warhead" as well as the β-lactam "promoiety" contribute to the observed activity, demonstrating a codrug strategy with important implications for future TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S. Cole
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Michael D. Howe
- Department of Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School689 23 Ave SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Joseph A. Buonomo
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Elise A. Lamont
- Department of Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School689 23 Ave SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Scott I. Brody
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Neeraj K. Mishra
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
- Department of BiotechnologyGandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) School of ScienceDeemed to be UniversityGandhi nagarRushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530045Andhra PradeshIndia
| | - Yusuke Minato
- Department of Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School689 23 Ave SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
- Department of MicrobiologyFujita Health University School of Medicine1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-choToyoakeAichi 470-1192Japan
| | - Joshua M. Thiede
- Department of Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School689 23 Ave SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Anthony D. Baughn
- Department of Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School689 23 Ave SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Courtney C. Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
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Lamont EA, Baughn AD. Impact of the host environment on the antitubercular action of pyrazinamide. EBioMedicine 2019; 49:374-380. [PMID: 31669220 PMCID: PMC6945238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide remains the only drug in the tuberculosis pharmacopeia to drastically shorten first-line therapy from nine to six months. Due to its unparalleled ability to sterilize non-replicating bacilli and reduce relapse rates, PZA is expected to be irreplaceable in future therapies against tuberculosis. While the molecular target of PZA is unclear, recent pharmacokinetic studies using small animal models and patient samples have highlighted the importance of host metabolism and immune responses in PZA efficacy. Delineating which host factors are important for PZA action will be integral to the design of next-generation therapies to shorten current TB drug regimens as well as to overcome treatment limitations in some patients. In this review, we discuss evidence for influence of the host environment on PZA activity, targets for PZA mechanism of action, recent studies in PZA pharmacokinetics, PZA antagonism and synergy with other first-line anti-TB drugs, and implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Lamont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anthony D Baughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Lamont EA, Poulin E, Sreevatsan S, Cheeran MCJ. Major histocompatibility complex I of swine respiratory cells presents conserved regions of influenza proteins. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:303-308. [PMID: 29458525 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S) is a prevalent respiratory pathogen in pigs that has deleterious consequences to animal and human health. Pigs represent an important reservoir for influenza and potential mixing vessel for novel gene reassortments. Despite the central role of pigs in recent influenza outbreaks, much remains unknown about the impact of swine immunity on IAV-S transmission, pathogenesis, and evolution. An incomplete understanding of interactions between the porcine immune system and IAV-S has hindered development of new diagnostic tools and vaccines. In order to address this gap in knowledge, we identified swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) restricted IAV-S peptides presented by porcine airway epithelial cells using an immunoproteomics approach. The majority of MHC-associated peptides belonged to matrix 1, nucleoprotein and nonstructural 1 proteins. Future investigation of the potential cross-reactive nature of these peptides is needed to confirm antigen recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their utility as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Lamont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Erin Poulin
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Kugadas A, Lamont EA, Bannantine JP, Shoyama FM, Brenner E, Janagama HK, Sreevatsan S. A Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Predicted Serine Protease Is Associated with Acid Stress and Intraphagosomal Survival. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:85. [PMID: 27597934 PMCID: PMC4992679 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to maintain intra-cellular pH is crucial for bacteria and other microbes to survive in diverse environments, particularly those that undergo fluctuations in pH. Mechanisms of acid resistance remain poorly understood in mycobacteria. Although, studies investigating acid stress in M. tuberculosis are gaining traction, few center on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiological agent of chronic enteritis in ruminants. We identified a MAP acid stress response network involved in macrophage infection. The central node of this network was MAP0403, a predicted serine protease that shared an 86% amino acid identity with MarP in M. tuberculosis. Previous studies confirmed MarP as a serine protease integral to maintaining intra-bacterial pH and survival in acid in vitro and in vivo. We show that MAP0403 is upregulated in infected macrophages and MAC-T cells that coincided with phagosome acidification. Treatment of mammalian cells with bafilomcyin A1, a potent inhibitor of phagosomal vATPases, diminished MAP0403 transcription. MAP0403 expression was also noted in acidic medium. A surrogate host, M. smegmatis mc2 155, was designed to express MAP0403 and when exposed to either macrophages or in vitro acid stress had increased bacterial cell viability, which corresponds to maintenance of intra-bacterial pH in acidic (pH = 5) conditions, compared to the parent strain. These data suggest that MAP0403 may be the equivalent of MarP in MAP. Future studies confirming MAP0403 as a serine protease and exploring its structure and possible substrates are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Kugadas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Minnesota Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elise A Lamont
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - John P Bannantine
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fernanda M Shoyama
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Evan Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, University of MinnesotaSaint Paul, MN, USA; Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of MinnesotaSaint Paul, MN, USA
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Lamont EA, Wang P, Enomoto S, Borewicz K, Abdallah A, Isaacson RE, Sreevatsan S. A combined enrichment and aptamer pulldown assay for Francisella tularensis detection in food and environmental matrices. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114622. [PMID: 25536105 PMCID: PMC4275185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, a Gram-negative bacterium and causative agent of tularemia, is categorized as a Class A select agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention due to its ease of dissemination and ability to cause disease. Oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal tularemia may occur due to ingestion of contaminated food and water. Despite the concern to public health, little research is focused on F. tularensis detection in food and environmental matrices. Current diagnostics rely on host responses and amplification of F. tularensis genetic elements via Polymerase Chain Reaction; however, both tools are limited by development of an antibody response and limit of detection, respectively. During our investigation to develop an improved culture medium to aid F. tularensis diagnostics, we found enhanced F. tularensis growth using the spent culture filtrate. Addition of the spent culture filtrate allowed for increased detection of F. tularensis in mixed cultures of food and environmental matrices. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/MS analysis identified several unique chemicals within the spent culture supernatant of which carnosine had a matching m/z ratio. Addition of 0.625 mg/mL of carnosine to conventional F. tularensis medium increased the growth of F. tularensis at low inoculums. In order to further enrich F. tularensis cells, we developed a DNA aptamer cocktail to physically separate F. tularensis from other bacteria present in food and environmental matrices. The combined enrichment steps resulted in a detection range of 1-106 CFU/mL (starting inoculums) in both soil and lettuce backgrounds. We propose that the two-step enrichment process may be utilized for easy field diagnostics and subtyping of suspected F. tularensis contamination as well as a tool to aid in basic research of F. tularensis ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A. Lamont
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shinichiro Enomoto
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Klaudyna Borewicz
- Molecular Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Dreijenplen 10, 6703HB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Abdallah
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Isaacson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rathnaiah G, Lamont EA, Harris NB, Fenton RJ, Zinniel DK, Liu X, Sotos J, Feng Z, Livneh-Kol A, Shpigel NY, Czuprynski CJ, Sreevatsan S, Barletta RG. Generation and screening of a comprehensive Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transposon mutant bank. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:144. [PMID: 25360421 PMCID: PMC4197770 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of Johne's Disease in ruminants. This enteritis has significant economic impact and worldwide distribution. Vaccination is one of the most cost effective infectious disease control measures. Unfortunately, current vaccines reduce clinical disease and shedding, but are of limited efficacy and do not provide long-term protective immunity. Several strategies have been followed to mine the MAP genome for virulence determinants that could be applied to vaccine and diagnostic assay development. In this study, a comprehensive mutant bank of 13,536 MAP K-10 Tn5367 mutants (P > 95%) was constructed and screened in vitro for phenotypes related to virulence. This strategy was designated to maximize identification of genes important to MAP pathogenesis without relying on studies of other mycobacterial species that may not translate into similar effects in MAP. This bank was screened for mutants with colony morphology alterations, susceptibility to D-cycloserine, impairment in siderophore production or secretion, reduced cell association, and decreased biofilm and clump formation. Mutants with interesting phenotypes were analyzed by PCR, Southern blotting and DNA sequencing to determine transposon insertion sites. These insertion sites mapped upstream from the MAP1152-MAP1156 cluster, internal to either the Mod operon gene MAP1566 or within the coding sequence of lsr2, and several intergenic regions. Growth curves in broth cultures, invasion assays and kinetics of survival and replication in primary bovine macrophages were also determined. The ability of vectors carrying Tn5370 to generate stable MAP mutants was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govardhan Rathnaiah
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Elise A Lamont
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN, USA
| | - N Beth Harris
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robert J Fenton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Denise K Zinniel
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Josh Sotos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zhengyu Feng
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ayala Livneh-Kol
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nahum Y Shpigel
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN, USA
| | - Raúl G Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
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Lamont EA, Ribeiro-Lima J, Waters WR, Thacker T, Sreevatsan S. Mannosylated lipoarabinomannan in serum as a biomarker candidate for subclinical bovine tuberculosis. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:559. [PMID: 25146892 PMCID: PMC4152573 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early and unambiguous detection of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a significant disease of cattle worldwide, is necessary to control the spread of infection to other animals and humans. Current testing strategies are laborious, time consuming and heavily reliant on host responses that do not distinguish bTB from other mycobacteria. We report the presence of a pathogen signature, liparabinomannan (LAM), as a potential biomarker for bTB infection. Findings Fifty-five animals (uninfected [n = 33], bTb [n = 10] and exposed cases [n = 12]) from a well characterized bovine serum repository were screened for the presence of LAM using a commercially available ELISA. Analysis showed that LAM had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 91.7% for bTB detection (bTB positive versus bTB exposed animals). Conclusion LAM detection easily separated bTB infected animals from bTB exposed and negative controls. We propose that pathogen related markers, such as LAM, should be included with current testing strategies as a battery diagnostic for bTB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-559) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St, Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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Lamont EA, Talaat AM, Coussens PM, Bannantine JP, Grohn YT, Katani R, Li LL, Kapur V, Sreevatsan S. Screening of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mutants for attenuation in a bovine monocyte-derived macrophage model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:87. [PMID: 25072030 PMCID: PMC4075333 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains a major tool for prevention and progression of Johne's disease, a chronic enteritis of ruminants worldwide. Currently there is only one licensed vaccine within the United States and two vaccines licensed internationally against Johne's disease. All licensed vaccines reduce fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and delay disease progression. However, there are no available vaccines that prevent disease onset. A joint effort by the Johne's Disease Integrated Program (JDIP), a USDA-funded consortium, and USDA—APHIS/VS sought to identify transposon insertion mutant strains as vaccine candidates in part of a three phase study. The focus of the Phase I study was to evaluate MAP mutant attenuation in a well-defined in vitro bovine monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) model. Attenuation was determined by colony forming unit (CFUs) counts and slope estimates. Based on CFU counts alone, the MDM model did not identify any mutant that significantly differed from the wild-type control, MAP K-10. Slope estimates using mixed models approach identified six mutants as being attenuated. These were enrolled in protection studies involving murine and baby goat vaccination-challenge models. MDM based approach identified trends in attenuation but this did not correlate with protection in a natural host model. These results suggest the need for alternative strategies for Johne's disease vaccine candidate screening and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Lamont
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Adel M Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul M Coussens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John P Bannantine
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yrjo T Grohn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robab Katani
- Department Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University State College, PA, USA
| | - Ling-ling Li
- Department Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University State College, PA, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University State College, PA, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA ; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
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Lamont EA, Xu WW, Sreevatsan S. Host-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis interactome reveals a novel iron assimilation mechanism linked to nitric oxide stress during early infection. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:694. [PMID: 24112552 PMCID: PMC3832399 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initial interaction between host cell and pathogen sets the stage for the ensuing infection and ultimately determine the course of disease. However, there is limited knowledge of the transcripts utilized by host and pathogen and how they may impact one another during this critical step. The purpose of this study was to create a host-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) interactome for early infection in an epithelium-macrophage co-culture system using RNA-seq. RESULTS Establishment of the host-MAP interactome revealed a novel iron assimilation system for carboxymycobactin. Iron assimilation is linked to nitric oxide synthase-2 production by the host and subsequent nitric oxide buildup. Iron limitation as well as nitric oxide is a prompt for MAP to enter into an iron sequestration program. This new iron sequestration program provides an explanation for mycobactin independence in some MAP strains grown in vitro as well as during infection within the host cell. Utilization of such a pathway is likely to aid MAP establishment and long-term survival within the host. CONCLUSIONS The host-MAP interactome identified a number of metabolic, DNA repair and virulence genes worthy for consideration as novel drug targets as well as future pathogenesis studies. Reported interactome data may also be utilized to conduct focused, hypothesis-driven research. Co-culture of uninfected bovine epithelial cells (MAC-T) and primary bovine macrophages creates a tolerant genotype as demonstrated by downregulation of inflammatory pathways. This co-culture system may serve as a model to investigate other bovine enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Lamont
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Wayne W Xu
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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11
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Lamont EA, Bannantine JP, Armién A, Ariyakumar DS, Sreevatsan S. Identification and characterization of a spore-like morphotype in chronically starved Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cultures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30648. [PMID: 22292005 PMCID: PMC3265505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria are able to enter into a state of non-replication or dormancy, which may result in their chronic persistence in soil, aquatic environments, and permissive hosts. Stresses such as nutrient deprivation and hypoxia provide environmental cues to enter a persistent state; however, a clear definition of the mechanism that mycobacteria employ to achieve this remains elusive. While the concept of sporulation in mycobacteria is not novel, it continues to spark controversy and challenges our perceptions of a non-replication. We investigated the potential role of sporulation in one-year old broth cultures of Mycobacterium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). We show that dormant cultures of MAP contain a mix of vegetative cells and a previously unknown morphotype resembling a spore. These spore-like structures can be enriched for using sporulating media. Furthermore, purified MAP spore forms survive exposure to heat, lysozyme and proteinase K. Heat-treated spores are positive for MAP 16SrRNA and IS900. MAP spores display enhanced infectivity as well as maintain acid-fast characteristics upon germination in a well-established bovine macrophage model. This is the first study to demonstrate a new MAP morphotype possessing spore-like qualities. Data suggest that sporulation may be a viable mechanism by which MAP accomplishes persistence in the host and/or environment. Thus, our current understanding of mycobacterial persistence, pathogenesis, epidemiology and rational drug and vaccine design may need to be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A. Lamont
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Aníbal Armién
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Don Sanjiv Ariyakumar
- Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Bannantine JP, Stabel JR, Lamont EA, Briggs RE, Sreevatsan S. Monoclonal Antibodies Bind A SNP-Sensitive Epitope that is Present Uniquely in Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:163. [PMID: 21845186 PMCID: PMC3145258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a close genetic relatedness, there is no known antibody that detects Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), which causes Johne’s disease in cattle and sheep, and does not cross-react with other M. avium subspecies. In the present study, a monoclonal antibody (MAb; 17A12) was identified from mice immunized with a cell membrane fraction of MAP strain K-10. This antibody is 100% specific as it detected a 25-kDa protein in all 29 MAP whole cell lysates, but did not bind to any of the 29 non-paratuberculosis strains tested in immunoblot assays. However, the antibody revealed variable reactivity levels in MAP strains as it detected higher levels in bovine isolates but comparably lower levels in ovine isolates of MAP. In order to identify the target binding protein for 17A12, a lambda phage expression library of MAP genomic fragments was screened with the MAb. Four reactive clones were identified, sequenced and all shown to be overlapping. Further analysis revealed all four clones expressed an unknown protein encoded by a sequence that is not annotated in the K-10 genome and overlapped with MAP3422c on the opposing DNA strand. The epitope of 17A12 was precisely defined to seven amino acids and was used to query the K-10 genome. Similarity searches revealed another protein, encoded by MAP1025, possessed a similar epitope (one-amino acid mismatch) that also reacted strongly to the antibody. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in MAP1025 was then identified by comparative sequence analysis, which results in a Pro28His change at residue 28, the first amino acid within the 17A12 epitope. This SNP is present in all MAP strains but absent in all non-MAP strains and accounts for the specificity of the 17A12 antibody. This new antibody is the first ever isolated that binds only to the paratuberculosis subspecies of M. avium and opens new possibilities for the specific detection of this significant ruminant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
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Abstract
The use of microorganisms or toxins as weapons of death and fear is not a novel concept; however, the modes by which these agents of bioterrorism are deployed are increasingly clever and insidious. One mechanism by which biothreats are readily disseminated is through a nation's food supply. Ricin, a toxin derived from the castor bean plant, displays a strong thermostability and remains active at acidic and alkaline pHs. Therefore, the CDC has assigned ricin as a category B reagent since it may be easily amendable as a deliberate food biocontaminate. Current tools for ricin detection utilize enzymatic activity, immunointeractions and presence of castor bean DNA. Many of these tools are confounded by complex food matrices, display a limited dynamic range of detection and/or lack specificity. Aptamers, short RNA and single stranded DNA sequences, have increased affinity to their selected receptors, experience little cross-reactivity to other homologous compounds and are currently being sought after as biosensors for bacterial contaminants in food. This paper describes the selection and characterization of a single, dominant aptamer, designated as SSRA1, against the B-chain of ricin. SSRA1 displays one folding conformation that is stable across 4-63 °C (ΔG = -5.05). SSRA1 is able to concentrate at least 30 ng mL(-1) of ricin B chain from several liquid food matrices and outcompetes a currently available ELISA kit and ricin aptamer. Furthermore, we show detection of 25 ng mL(-1) of intact ricin A-B complex using SSRA1 combined with surface enhanced Raman scattering technique. Thus, SSRA1 would serve well as pre-analytical tool for processing of ricin from liquid foods to aid current diagnostics as well as a sensor for direct ricin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Lamont
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Room 301E, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Janagama HK, Lamont EA, George S, Bannantine JP, Xu WW, Tu ZJ, Wells SJ, Schefers J, Sreevatsan S. Primary transcriptomes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis reveal proprietary pathways in tissue and macrophages. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:561. [PMID: 20939887 PMCID: PMC3091710 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) persistently infects intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes leading to a prolonged subclinical disease. The MAP genome sequence was published in 2005, yet its transcriptional organization in natural infection is unknown. While prior research analyzed regulated gene sets utilizing defined, in vitro stress related or advanced surgical methods with various animal species, we investigated the intracellular lifestyle of MAP in the intestines and lymph nodes to understand the MAP pathways that function to govern this persistence. Results Our transcriptional analysis shows that 21%, 8% and 3% of the entire MAP genome was represented either inside tissues, macrophages or both, respectively. Transcripts belonging to latency and cell envelope biogenesis were upregulated in the intestinal tissues whereas those belonging to intracellular trafficking and secretion were upregulated inside the macrophages. Transcriptomes of natural infection and in vitro macrophage infection shared genes involved in transcription and inorganic ion transport and metabolism. MAP specific genes within large sequence polymorphisms of ancestral M. avium complex were downregulated exclusively in natural infection. Conclusions We have unveiled common and unique MAP pathways associated with persistence, cell wall biogenesis and virulence in naturally infected cow intestines, lymph nodes and in vitro infected macrophages. This dichotomy also suggests that in vitro macrophage models may be insufficient in providing accurate information on the events that transpire during natural infection. This is the first report to examine the primary transcriptome of MAP at the local infection site (i.e. intestinal tissue). Regulatory pathways that govern the lifecycle of MAP appear to be specified by tissue and cell type. While tissues show a "shut-down" of major MAP metabolic genes, infected macrophages upregulate several MAP specific genes along with a putative pathogenicity island responsible for iron acquisition. Many of these regulatory pathways rely on the advanced interplay of host and pathogen and in order to decipher their message, an interactome must be established using a systems biology approach. Identified MAP pathways place current research into direct alignment in meeting the future challenge of creating a MAP-host interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish K Janagama
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Seth M, Lamont EA, Janagama HK, Widdel A, Vulchanova L, Stabel JR, Waters WR, Palmer MV, Sreevatsan S. Biomarker discovery in subclinical mycobacterial infections of cattle. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5478. [PMID: 19424492 PMCID: PMC2674942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis is a highly prevalent infectious disease of cattle worldwide; however, infection in the United States is limited to 0.01% of dairy herds. Thus detection of bovine TB is confounded by high background infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The present study addresses variations in the circulating peptidome based on the pathogenesis of two biologically similar mycobacterial diseases of cattle. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We hypothesized that serum proteomes of animals in response to either M. bovis or M. paratuberculosis infection will display several commonalities and differences. Sera prospectively collected from animals experimentally infected with either M. bovis or M. paratuberculosis were analyzed using high-resolution proteomics approaches. iTRAQ, a liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry approach, was used to simultaneously identify and quantify peptides from multiple infections and contemporaneous uninfected control groups. Four comparisons were performed: 1) M. bovis infection versus uninfected controls, 2) M. bovis versus M. paratuberculosis infection, 3) early, and 4) advanced M. paratuberculosis infection versus uninfected controls. One hundred and ten differentially elevated proteins (P < or = 0.05) were identified. Vitamin D binding protein precursor (DBP), alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, alpha-1B glycoprotein, fetuin, and serine proteinase inhibitor were identified in both infections. Transthyretin, retinol binding proteins, and cathelicidin were identified exclusively in M. paratuberculosis infection, while the serum levels of alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP) protein, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, fetuin, and alpha-1B glycoprotein were elevated exclusively in M. bovis infected animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The discovery of these biomarkers has significant impact on the elucidation of pathogenesis of two mycobacterial diseases at the cellular and the molecular level and can be applied in the development of mycobacterium-specific diagnostic tools for the monitoring progression of disease, response to therapy, and/or vaccine based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meetu Seth
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elise A. Lamont
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Harish K. Janagama
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrea Widdel
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - W. Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mitchell V. Palmer
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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