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Pate M, Zajc U, Pirš T, Ocepek M, Krt B. Bovine Tuberculosis in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Slovenia. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:537-541. [PMID: 38304986 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) are capable of infecting a wide variety of animals. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) has been recognized as an important wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis. We screened wild boar in Slovenia for the presence of (1) Mycobacterium bovis in tissues and (2) antibodies to M. bovis in blood samples. In 2016 and 2017, 1284 tissue samples from 676 wild boar were subjected to cultivation. In 2018 and 2019, blood samples from 132 wild boar were examined using an ELISA kit. None of the MTC species were isolated from the tissue samples, and no antibodies to M. bovis were detected in the blood samples. Several nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and/or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, were found in the tissues of 9.8% of the wild boar: Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium peregrinum/Mycobacterium septicum, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium engbaekii, Mycobacterium arupense, Mycobacterium algericum, Mycobacterium bohemicum, Mycobacterium confluentis, Mycobacterium flavescens, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium thermoresistibile, and Mycobacterium vaccae. Species-level identification was not possible for 21.2% of the isolates. At the time of the study, wild boar in Slovenia were not at risk from bTB; the significance of the presence of NTM in wild boar remains to be clarified and evaluated from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Pate
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Zajc
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Pirš
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brane Krt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Démoulins T, Yimthin T, Lindtke D, Eggerschwiler L, Siegenthaler R, Labroussaa F, Jores J. Temperature impacts the bovine ex vivo immune response towards Mycoplasmopsis bovis. Vet Res 2024; 55:18. [PMID: 38351086 PMCID: PMC10863263 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Although cattle are the mammalian species with most global biomass associated with a huge impact on our planet, their immune system remains poorly understood. Notably, the bovine immune system has peculiarities such as an overrepresentation of γδ T cells that requires particular attention, specifically in an infectious context. In line of 3R principles, we developed an ex vivo platform to dissect host-pathogen interactions. The experimental design was based on two independent complementary readouts: firstly, a novel 12-14 color multiparameter flow cytometry assay measuring maturation (modulation of cell surface marker expression) and activation (intracellular cytokine detection) of monocytes, conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, natural killer cells, γδ T cells, B and T cells; secondly, a multiplex immunoassay monitoring bovine chemokine and cytokine secretion levels. The experiments were conducted on fresh primary bovine blood cells exposed to Mycoplasmopsis bovis (M. bovis), a major bovine respiratory pathogen. Besides reaffirming the tight cooperation of the different primary blood cells, we also identified novel key players such as strong IFN-γ secreting NK cells, whose role was so far largely overlooked. Additionally, we compared the host-pathogen interactions at different temperatures, including commonly used 37 °C, ruminant body temperature (38-38.5 °C) and fever (≥ 39.5 °C). Strikingly, working under ruminant physiological temperature influenced the capacity of most immune cell subsets to respond to M. bovis compared to 37 °C. Under fever-like temperature conditions the immune response was impaired compared to physiological temperature. Our experimental approach, phenotypically delineating the bovine immune system provided a thorough vision of the immune response towards M. bovis and the influence of temperature towards that immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Thatcha Yimthin
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dorothea Lindtke
- Animal GenoPhenomics Group, Agroscope, 1725, Posieux, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Jores
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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Lybeck K, Tollefsen S, Mikkelsen H, Sjurseth SK, Lundegaard C, Aagaard C, Olsen I, Jungersen G. Selection of vaccine-candidate peptides from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by in silico prediction, in vitro T-cell line proliferation, and in vivo immunogenicity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1297955. [PMID: 38352876 PMCID: PMC10861761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1297955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a global concern in modern livestock production worldwide. The available vaccines against paratuberculosis do not offer optimal protection and interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to identify immunogenic MAP-specific peptides that do not interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Initially, 119 peptides were selected by either (1) identifying unique MAP peptides that were predicted to bind to bovine major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-predicted peptides) or (2) selecting hydrophobic peptides unique to MAP within proteins previously shown to be immunogenic (hydrophobic peptides). Subsequent testing of peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell lines from MAP-infected, adult goats vaccinated with peptides in cationic liposome adjuvant pointed to 23 peptides as being most immunogenic. These peptides were included in a second vaccine trial where three groups of eight healthy goat kids were vaccinated with 14 MHC-predicted peptides, nine hydrophobic peptides, or no peptides in o/w emulsion adjuvant. The majority of the MHC-predicted (93%) and hydrophobic peptides (67%) induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses in at least one animal. Similarly, 86% of the MHC-predicted and 89% of the hydrophobic peptides induced antibody responses in at least one goat. The immunization of eight healthy heifers with all 119 peptides formulated in emulsion adjuvant identified more peptides as immunogenic, as peptide specific IFN-γ and antibody responses in at least one heifer was found toward 84% and 24% of the peptides, respectively. No peptide-induced reactivity was found with commercial ELISAs for detecting antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis or MAP or when performing tuberculin skin testing for bovine tuberculosis. The vaccinated animals experienced adverse reactions at the injection site; thus, it is recommend that future studies make improvements to the vaccine formulation. In conclusion, immunogenic MAP-specific peptides that appeared promising for use in a vaccine against paratuberculosis without interfering with surveillance and trade tests for bovine tuberculosis were identified by in silico analysis and ex vivo generation of CD4+ T-cell lines and validated by the immunization of goats and cattle. Future studies should test different peptide combinations in challenge trials to determine their protective effect and identify the most MHC-promiscuous vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Lybeck
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Stig Tollefsen
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Heidi Mikkelsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Lundegaard
- Department of Systems Biology, Centre for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Olsen
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Bhat SA, Elnaggar M, Hall TJ, McHugo GP, Reid C, MacHugh DE, Meade KG. Preferential differential gene expression within the WC1.1 + γδ T cell compartment in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265038. [PMID: 37942326 PMCID: PMC10628470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, continues to cause significant issues for the global agriculture industry as well as for human health. An incomplete understanding of the host immune response contributes to the challenges of control and eradication of this zoonotic disease. In this study, high-throughput bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to characterise differential gene expression in γδ T cells - a subgroup of T cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity and have known anti-mycobacterial response mechanisms. γδ T cell subsets are classified based on expression of a pathogen-recognition receptor known as Workshop Cluster 1 (WC1) and we hypothesised that bTB disease may alter the phenotype and function of specific γδ T cell subsets. Peripheral blood was collected from naturally M. bovis-infected (positive for single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) and IFN-γ ELISA) and age- and sex-matched, non-infected control Holstein-Friesian cattle. γδ T subsets were isolated using fluorescence activated cell sorting (n = 10-12 per group) and high-quality RNA extracted from each purified lymphocyte subset (WC1.1+, WC1.2+, WC1- and γδ-) was used to generate transcriptomes using bulk RNA-seq (n = 6 per group, representing a total of 48 RNA-seq libraries). Relatively low numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between most cell subsets; however, 189 genes were significantly differentially expressed in the M. bovis-infected compared to the control groups for the WC1.1+ γδ T cell compartment (absolute log2 FC ≥ 1.5 and FDR P adj. ≤ 0.1). The majority of these DEGs (168) were significantly increased in expression in cells from the bTB+ cattle and included genes encoding transcription factors (TBX21 and EOMES), chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CCR7), granzymes (GZMA, GZMM, and GZMH) and multiple killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) proteins indicating cytotoxic functions. Biological pathway overrepresentation analysis revealed enrichment of genes with multiple immune functions including cell activation, proliferation, chemotaxis, and cytotoxicity of lymphocytes. In conclusion, γδ T cells have important inflammatory and regulatory functions in cattle, and we provide evidence for preferential differential activation of the WC1.1+ specific subset in cattle naturally infected with M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad A. Bhat
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Mahmoud Elnaggar
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Thomas J. Hall
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gillian P. McHugo
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cian Reid
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - David E. MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran G. Meade
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Boggiatto PM, Kanipe CR, Putz EJ, Olsen SC, Palmer MV. Wildlife Immune Responses to Mycobacterium bovis and to Bacille of Calmette-Guerin. J Immunol 2023; 211:1173-1179. [PMID: 37782851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic bacterial disease presenting public health, veterinary, and economic threats around the globe. Although cattle producers rely on regular testing and management practices to minimize domestic herd exposure, wildlife species around the world continue to be the main reservoirs for disease. Wildlife reservoirs for bTB include the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in Great Britain and Ireland, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Spain, as well as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the United States and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Spain. Although all reservoir species share the ability to infect cattle, they differ in transmission capability, disease pathogenesis, diagnostic detection, and vaccination strategies. In this review, bTB interactions with these wildlife reservoirs are discussed, illustrating the need to address bTB disease in wildlife hosts to achieve eradication in domestic livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA
| | - Carly R Kanipe
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA
| | - Ellie J Putz
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA
| | - Steven C Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA
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6
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Klever AM, Alexander KA, Almeida D, Anderson MZ, Ball RL, Beamer G, Boggiatto P, Buikstra JE, Chandler B, Claeys TA, Concha AE, Converse PJ, Derbyshire KM, Dobos KM, Dupnik KM, Endsley JJ, Endsley MA, Fennelly K, Franco-Paredes C, Hagge DA, Hall-Stoodley L, Hayes D, Hirschfeld K, Hofman CA, Honda JR, Hull NM, Kramnik I, Lacourciere K, Lahiri R, Lamont EA, Larsen MH, Lemaire T, Lesellier S, Lee NR, Lowry CA, Mahfooz NS, McMichael TM, Merling MR, Miller MA, Nagajyothi JF, Nelson E, Nuermberger EL, Pena MT, Perea C, Podell BK, Pyle CJ, Quinn FD, Rajaram MVS, Mejia OR, Rothoff M, Sago SA, Salvador LCM, Simonson AW, Spencer JS, Sreevatsan S, Subbian S, Sunstrum J, Tobin DM, Vijayan KKV, Wright CTO, Robinson RT. The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria 9 (MHM9): A conference report. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 142:102377. [PMID: 37531864 PMCID: PMC10529179 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria (MHM) meeting series brings together basic scientists, clinicians and veterinarians to promote robust discussion and dissemination of recent advances in our knowledge of numerous mycobacterial diseases, including human and bovine tuberculosis (TB), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection, Hansen's disease (leprosy), Buruli ulcer and Johne's disease. The 9th MHM conference (MHM9) was held in July 2022 at The Ohio State University (OSU) and centered around the theme of "Confounders of Mycobacterial Disease." Confounders can and often do drive the transmission of mycobacterial diseases, as well as impact surveillance and treatment outcomes. Various confounders were presented and discussed at MHM9 including those that originate from the host (comorbidities and coinfections) as well as those arising from the environment (e.g., zoonotic exposures), economic inequality (e.g. healthcare disparities), stigma (a confounder of leprosy and TB for millennia), and historical neglect (a confounder in Native American Nations). This conference report summarizes select talks given at MHM9 highlighting recent research advances, as well as talks regarding the historic and ongoing impact of TB and other infectious diseases on Native American Nations, including those in Southwestern Alaska where the regional TB incidence rate is among the highest in the Western hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Marie Klever
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen A Alexander
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; CARACAL/Chobe Research Institute Kasane, Botswana
| | - Deepak Almeida
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Gillian Beamer
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Paola Boggiatto
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jane E Buikstra
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bruce Chandler
- Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, AK, USA
| | - Tiffany A Claeys
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Aislinn E Concha
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul J Converse
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith M Derbyshire
- Division of Genetics, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kathryn M Dupnik
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mark A Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Fennelly
- Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México, USA
| | | | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Courtney A Hofman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA; Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer R Honda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Natalie M Hull
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, The Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Aveedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Lacourciere
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ramanuj Lahiri
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Elise A Lamont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michelle H Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Sandrine Lesellier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental & Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife,Nancy, France
| | - Naomi R Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Najmus S Mahfooz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Marlena R Merling
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Michele A Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nelson
- Microbial Paleogenomics Unit, Dept of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria T Pena
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Claudia Perea
- Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brendan K Podell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Charlie J Pyle
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fred D Quinn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Oscar Rosas Mejia
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | | | - Saydie A Sago
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Liliana C M Salvador
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew W Simonson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - K K Vidya Vijayan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, and Children's Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caelan T O Wright
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA.
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7
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Ponce LC, Gallardo MJ, Marfil MJ, Petta A, Martínez Vivot M, Barandiaran S. Molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in a captive aguará popé (Procyon cancrivorus) with macroscopic tuberculosis like-lesions. Indian J Tuberc 2023; 70:120-123. [PMID: 36740308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic and contagious infectious disease caused by multi-host species of the genus Mycobacterium grouped within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. These pathogenic bacteria mainly affect mammals, including humans. The most recognized species is Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis in livestock. Although livestock is the main host of M. bovis, this species is frequently isolated from wild animals. Wild native mammals from Central and South America, as the crab-eating raccoon or "aguará popé" (Procyon cancrivorus), may act as a source of tuberculosis and may represent a human health risk, especially in captive scenarios, due to closer animal-human interaction. However, the only presence of infection in wild animals is not enough to determine their epidemiological role in the disease. Here we identify tuberculosis in a captive aguará popé with clinical signs and lung macroscopic tuberculosis-like lesions during necropsy. We detected tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction assay. DNA was extracted directly from lung tissue and the amplification target was the insertion sequence 6110. This study contributes to investigate the presence of the disease in wild native animals of Argentina and supports the knowledge that wild mammals may act as a source of TB for humans and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreana Carla Ponce
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mauro Julián Gallardo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Hurlingham, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Jimena Marfil
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Petta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Hospital Escuela, Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Martínez Vivot
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad Barandiaran
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Hurlingham, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Didkowska A, Orłowska B, Krajewska-Wędzina M, Bielecki W, Brzezińska S, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Olech W, Anusz K. Pregnancy in European bison (Bison bonaus) with generalized tuberculosis - no evidence of vertical transmission. Ann Agric Environ Med 2022; 29:300-302. [PMID: 35767767 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/141612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE One of the main health threats to the endangered European bison (Bison bonsasus) is bovine tuberculosis, the pathogenesis of which in this species is not fully known. The aim of the study was to confirm a possible case of vertical transmission from a pregnant European bison with generalized tuberculosis to its 12-week-old foetus. MATERIAL AND METHODS During the autopsy it was found that the bison had become pregnant, despite an advanced stage of tuberculosis. Material collected from the organs and foetus was placed on Lowenstein and Stonebrink media and incubated at 37 °C for 12 weeks. RESULTS Mycobacteria were isolated from the lungs and lymph nodes; however, the tissue of the foetus and fragments of the reproductive system were negative. CONCLUSIONS Vertical transmission was excluded, although it cannot be ruled out that infection could occur as pregnancy progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Blanka Orłowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Bielecki
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Brzezińska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wanda Olech
- Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Didkowska A, Orłowska B, Krajewska-Wędzina M, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Brzezińska S, Żygowska M, Wiśniewski J, Kaczor S, Welz M, Olech W, Anusz K. Microbiological and molecular monitoring for bovine tuberculosis in the Polish population of European bison (Bison bonasus). Ann Agric Environ Med 2021; 28:575-578. [PMID: 34969213 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/130822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE In recent years, bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has become one of the major health hazards facing the European bison (EB, Bison bonasus), a vulnerable species that requires active protection, including regular and effective health monitoring. Monitoring of zoonotic disease in wildlife is also an important part of public health protection. The aim of the study was to determine whether BTB still influences the EB population in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS During 2017-2019, mandibular, retropharyngeal and mediastinal lymph nodes were collected from 90 EB during post-mortem examination, and then cultivated on Lowenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media. Isolated strains were subjected to molecular analysis to determine the species, spoligotype and MIRU-VNTR pattern. RESULTS Lesions were found in lymph nodes originating from eight EB (8.89%). Positive microbiological cultures for mycobacteria were obtained in samples from six (6.67%) EB. The isolated strains were identified as Mycobacterium caprae (material from four EB) and atypical mycobacteria (material from two EB). For M. caprae strains spoligotype M. bovis 4_CA 1600 was identified and the MIRU-VNTR pattern was identified as 345751355413232. CONCLUSIONS It is recommended that this potentially dangerous disease should be monitored in EB via a comprehensive strategy based on a combination of microbiological and molecular methods. Such monitoring will protect the health of both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Blanka Orłowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Brzezińska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Żygowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Wanda Olech
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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Reis AC, Ramos B, Pereira AC, Cunha MV. The hard numbers of tuberculosis epidemiology in wildlife: A meta-regression and systematic review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3257-3276. [PMID: 33296141 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread disease that crosses the human and animal health boundaries, with infection being reported in wildlife, from temperate and subtropical to arctic regions. Often, TB in wild species is closely associated with disease occurrence in livestock but the TB burden in wildlife remains poorly quantified on a global level. Through meta-regression and systematic review, this study aimed to summarize global information on TB prevalence in commonly infected wildlife species and to draw a global picture of the scientific knowledge accumulated in wildlife TB. For these purposes, a literature search was conducted through the Web of Science and Google Scholar. The 223 articles retrieved, concerning a 39-year period, were submitted to bibliometric analysis and 54 publications regarding three wildlife hosts fulfilled the criteria for meta-regression. Using a random-effects model, the worldwide pooled TB prevalence in wild boar is higher than for any other species and estimated as 21.98%, peaking in Spain (31.68%), Italy (23.84%) and Hungary (18.12%). The pooled prevalence of TB in red deer is estimated at 13.71%, with Austria (31.58%), Portugal (27.75%), New Zealand (19.26%) and Spain (12.08%) positioning on the top, while for European badger it was computed 11.75%, peaking in the UK (16.43%) and Ireland (22.87%). Despite these hard numbers, a declining trend in wildlife TB prevalence is apparent over the last decades. The overall heterogeneity calculated by multivariable regression ranged from 28.61% (wild boar) to 60.92% (red deer), indicating that other unexplored moderators could explain disease burden. The systematic review shows that the most prolific countries contributing to knowledge related with wildlife TB are settled in Europe and Mycobacterium bovis is the most reported pathogen (89.5%). This study provides insight into the global epidemiology of wildlife TB, ascertaining research gaps that need to be explored and informing how should surveillance be refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Reis
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Ramos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André C Pereira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica V Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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'Let farmers use novel bTB tests to tackle this disease'. Vet Rec 2021; 189:306. [PMID: 34677862 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Ghielmetti G, Kupca AM, Hanczaruk M, Friedel U, Weinberger H, Revilla-Fernández S, Hofer E, Riehm JM, Stephan R, Glawischnig W. Mycobacterium microti Infections in Free-Ranging Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2025-2032. [PMID: 34286688 PMCID: PMC8314804 DOI: 10.3201/eid2708.210634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Mycobacterium microti, a member of the M. tuberculosis complex, have been increasingly reported in humans and in domestic and free-ranging wild animals. At postmortem examination, infected animals may display histopathologic lesions indistinguishable from those caused by M. bovis or M. caprae, potentially leading to misidentification of bovine tuberculosis. We report 3 cases of M. microti infections in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) from western Austria and southern Germany. One diseased animal displayed severe pyogranulomatous pleuropneumonia and multifocal granulomas on the surface of the pericardium. Two other animals showed alterations of the lungs and associated lymph nodes compatible with parasitic infestation. Results of the phylogenetic analysis including multiple animal strains from the study area showed independent infection events, but no host-adapted genotype. Personnel involved in bovine tuberculosis–monitoring programs should be aware of the fastidious nature of M. microti, its pathogenicity in wildlife, and zoonotic potential.
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Rodriguez A, Douphrate DI, de Porras DGR, Perez A, Hagevoort R, Nonnenmann M, Cienega L. Association of Category of Cattle Exposure with Tuberculosis Knowledge among Dairy Workers in Bailey County, Texas. J Agromedicine 2021; 26:313-322. [PMID: 32449645 PMCID: PMC7928191 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2020.1765931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the knowledge of tuberculosis (TB) among dairy workers in Bailey County, Texas. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to collect 225 survey responses concerning knowledge of TB among dairy workers on 10 dairy farms in Bailey County, Texas. Subjects used iPad tablets to log responses to 15 demographic questions and a 17-item TB knowledge quiz, measured by: (1) TB characteristics, (2) TB transmission, (3) TB symptoms, (4) TB diagnosis, (5) TB treatment, and (6) bovine TB. A proxy for exposure, dairy workers were classified into categories of cattle exposure - high, medium, and low. Results: Relative to the medium/low group, workers in the high group tended to be younger (32.6 (SD 11.0)), Guatemalan (52.6%), K'iche' speaking (37.8%), males (89.1%) with less years living in the U.S. (10.8 [SD 12.5]) and lower levels of formal education completed (59.6% with no formal/elementary level). Overall, the average score was 7.1 (SD 4.9) out of 17 (41.8% out of 100.0%). Relative to one another, the medium/low group (8.0 (SD 4.6) out of 17) scored better than the high group (6.7 [SD 5.1] out of 17). No significant associations were found between the category of exposure and TB knowledge score. Conclusion: Deficiencies in TB knowledge were identified in all categories of exposure. TB training on dairy farms should include all measured tested in this study and should be administered to all workers regardless of the category of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Rodriguez
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in San Antonio, Texas USA, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, 7411 John Smith Drive, Suite 1100, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - David I. Douphrate
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in San Antonio, Texas USA, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, 7411 John Smith Drive, Suite 1100, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in San Antonio, Texas USA, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, 7411 John Smith Drive, Suite 1100, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Adriana Perez
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Austin, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, 1616 Guadalupe Street, Suite 6.340, Austin, Texas 78701
| | - Robert Hagevoort
- New Mexico State University, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agricultural Science Center at Clovis, 2346 State Road 288, Clovis, New Mexico 88101
| | - Matthew Nonnenmann
- The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, 145 N. Riverside Drive, 100 CPHB, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Leeroy Cienega
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Department of Industrial Hygiene and Safety, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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14
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Loeb J. Who is accountable for disciplinary errors? Vet Rec 2021; 188:403. [PMID: 34086318 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Sabey KA, Song SJ, Jolles A, Knight R, Ezenwa VO. Coinfection and infection duration shape how pathogens affect the African buffalo gut microbiota. ISME J 2021; 15:1359-1371. [PMID: 33328653 PMCID: PMC8115229 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the gut microbiota during pathogen infection are often predicted to influence disease outcomes. However, studies exploring whether pathogens induce microbiota shifts have yielded inconsistent results. This suggests that variation in infection, rather than the presence of infection alone, might shape pathogen-microbiota relationships. For example, most hosts are coinfected with multiple pathogens simultaneously, and hosts vary in how long they are infected, which may amplify or diminish microbial shifts expected in response to a focal pathogen. We used a longitudinal anthelmintic treatment study of free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) to examine whether (i) coinfection with bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis, TB) and gastrointestinal nematodes, and (ii) the duration of TB infection, modified effects of single pathogens on the gut microbiota. By accounting for the interaction between TB and nematodes, we found that coinfection affected changes in microbial abundance associated with single infections. Furthermore, the duration of TB infection predicted more microbiota variation than the presence of TB. Importantly, coinfection and infection duration had nearly as much influence on microbial patterns as demographic and environmental factors commonly examined in microbiota research. These findings demonstrate that acknowledging infection heterogeneities may be crucial to understanding relationships between pathogens and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Sabey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Se Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Jolles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium caprae. Before widespread action conducted in Poland between 1959-1975 to combat bovine tuberculosis (BTB), about 40% of all tuberculosis cases in pigs was caused by the bovine bacillus. At the present time, correctly carried out, long-term control of cattle has resulted in cases of bovine tuberculosis in pigs and humans being extremely rare and sporadic. In pigs, tuberculosis is most often caught in a slaughterhouse during slaughter. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples came from pigs kept on the farm. Traditional bacteriological methods on solid media (Stonebrink, LJ with pyruvate) supported by the semi-automatic, liquid indicative culture method (MGIT) and PCR test were applied in targeted studies. The GenoType Mycobacterium MTBC and CM tests (Hain Lifescience, Germany) were used to additionally confirm that isolated strains classification was used. RESULTS Strains of mycobacteria were isolated from all examined pigs. Mycobacterium bovis was determined by real time PCR and Hain Genotype methods. CONCLUSIONS In order to effectively fight against BTB, all animals on farms should be tested, regardless of species, while the milk of suspected cows should be utilized without being used for feed. It is important to adapt the current legal regulations to the current epidemiological situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Lipiec
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.
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Carter SP, Robertson A, Palphramand KL, Chambers MA, McDonald RA, Delahay RJ. Bait uptake by wild badgers and its implications for oral vaccination against tuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206136. [PMID: 30412584 PMCID: PMC6226152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The deployment of baits containing vaccines or toxins has been used successfully in the management of wildlife populations, including for disease control. Optimisation of deployment strategies seeks to maximise uptake by the targeted population whilst ensuring cost-effectiveness. Tuberculosis (TB) caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis affects a broad range of mammalian hosts across the globe, including cattle, wildlife and humans. The control of TB in cattle in the UK and Republic of Ireland is hampered by persistent infection in European badgers (Meles meles). The present study aimed to determine the best strategy for maximising uptake of an oral vaccine by wild badgers, using a surrogate novel bait deployed at 40 badger social groups. Baits contained a blood-borne biomarker (Iophenoxic Acid, IPA) in order to measure consumption in badgers subsequently cage trapped at targeted setts. Evidence for the consumption of bait was found in 83% (199/240) of captured badgers. The probability that badgers had consumed at least one bait (IPA >10 μg ml-1) was significantly higher following deployment in spring than in summer. Lower uptake amongst social groups where more badgers were captured, suggested competition for baits. The probability of bait consumption was significantly higher at groups where main and outlier setts were provided with baits than at those where outliers were present but not baited. Badgers captured 10-14 days post bait feeding had significantly higher levels of bait uptake compared to those caught 24-28 days later. Uptake rates did not vary significantly in relation to badger age and whether bait was placed above ground or down setts. This study suggests that high levels of bait uptake can be achieved in wild badger populations and identifies factors influencing the potential success of different deployment strategies. The implications for the development of an oral badger vaccine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Carter
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
- Vincent Wildlife Trust, Eastnor, Ledbury, Herefordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Robertson
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L. Palphramand
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard J. Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
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Hambolu D, Freeman J, Taddese HB. Predictors of bovine TB risk behaviour amongst meat handlers in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study guided by the health belief model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56091. [PMID: 23409127 PMCID: PMC3569413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) is still a serious public health threat in developing countries. The aim of this study is to determine the social and cognitive factors predicting one of the risk behaviours amongst meat handlers in Nigeria, namely, eating Fuku Elegusi. This is the practice of eating the visibly infected parts of the lung in-order to convince customers to buy meat. The study is guided by the health belief model (HBM). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of 349 randomly selected meat handlers in Oko-Oba Abattoir, in Lagos State. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis were employed to determine perceptions and prevalence of risk behaviours and to identify predictors of eating Fuku Elegusi. RESULTS Just over a quarter (28.1%) of the study participants knew that eating Fuku Elegusi could be a source of bTB in humans. The prevalence of eating Fuku Elegusi was found to be 22%. Across all knowledge indicators related to bTB, those who don't eat Fuku Elegusi exhibited better knowledge. Strong predictors of eating Fuku Elegusi were: being male (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.10 to 5.19; p = 0.03), not knowing that eating Fuku Elegusi exposes to bTB (OR: 3.72, 95% CI: 1.69 to 8.22; p = 0.001), and the perception that one cannot sell meat without tasting it (perceived barrier) (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.60; p = 0.001). Lower risk of eating Fuku Elegusi was predicted by perceived susceptibility to bTB due to another risk behaviour, namely, not washing hands after handling meat (OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.64 to 0.96; p-value = 0.021). Television and radio were the most acceptable media for TB prevention messages (78.5% and 75.6% respectively). CONCLUSION Meat handlers in developing countries bear high risk to bTB owing to prevailing social and cognition determinants. Findings were largely consistent with the propositions of HBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dupe Hambolu
- Federal Department of Livestock and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Jenny Freeman
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Henock B. Taddese
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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20
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More S, Collins J, Good M, Skuce R, Pollock J, Gormley E. Preface. Vet Microbiol 2006; 112:89. [PMID: 16337344 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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BRIEGER EM, FELL HB, SMITH BR. A comparative study of the reaction in vivo and in vitro of rabbit tissues to infection with bovine tubercle bacilli. Part II. Observations on cultures of spleen and lymph glands from infected rabbits. J Hyg (Lond) 2004; 49:189-200. [PMID: 14880691 PMCID: PMC2235026 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400044090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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FELL HB, BRIEGER EM. A comparative study of the reaction in vivo and in vitro of rabbit tissues to infection with bovine tubercle bacilli. Part I. Observations on rabbit spleen infected in vitro. J Hyg (Lond) 2004; 49:181-8. [PMID: 14880690 PMCID: PMC2235031 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400044089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mateos Colino A, Sousa Escandón MA, Golpe Gómez R, García Figueras R, Pérez Valcarcel J, Fernández MA. [Tuberculous epididymitis caused by Mycobacterium bovis]. ARCH ESP UROL 2003; 56:175-8. [PMID: 12731446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To focus on the need of including tuberculosis among differential diagnoses of any epidymo-testicular mass, especially if its evolution is torpid. METHODS/RESULTS A 73-year-old man who presented with scrotum abscess underwent surgical drainage and antibiotic treatment, but suppuration relapsed through cutaneous fistulae. A epipidymectomy was then performed, which demonstrated tuberculous granulomas. Torax Rx showed a cystic apical pulmonary wound which was treated with 3 antituberculostatics for 12 months. Sputum culture was positive for Micobacterium Bovis. CONCLUSIONS Aspirative punction under sonographic control is a valuable technique to avoid mutilating surgeries and to permit an almost always effective treatment, before the appearance of permanent lesions which lead to sterility.
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Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification technologies offer great promise for the rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of tuberculosis. However, the isolation of inhibitor-free DNA from biological specimens is a bottleneck of the PCR assay. Here we describe a simple method for the isolation of PCR-amplifiable DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from all types of samples of pulmonary and extrapulmonary origin tested. Briefly, it involves concentration of the bacilli by high-speed centrifugation, removal of PCR inhibitors by a wash solution containing guanidinium isothiocyanate and the release of bacterial DNA by heating in the presence of detergents and Chelex-100 resin. The entire process is accomplished within approximately 3 h. The method has been validated on 780 samples of human, bovine and guinea pig origin including sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, pulmonary fluids, pus, fine needle aspirate, tissue, blood and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chakravorty
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
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NYKA W. Studies on the infective particle in air-borne tuberculosis. I. Observations in mice infected with a bovine strain of M. tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1998; 85:33-9. [PMID: 14480798 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1962.85.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis. Dublin, Ireland, 20-21 August 1991. Vet Microbiol 1994; 40:1-205. [PMID: 7915445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Jacquet J. [Animal tuberculosis]. Bull Acad Natl Med 1986; 170:915-9. [PMID: 3548899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Golli V, Eliescu A. [Investigation of some risk factors in tubercular infection in children]. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Pneumoftiziol 1976; 25:147-51. [PMID: 188098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A total of 2057 children, from a village with an isolated farm of tuberculous cattle have been classified in the following groups: A--1843 children from healthy families; B--140 children whose parents were working at the bovine farm; C--70 tb contacts, and D--4 children with parents working at the farm and relatives suffering with tuberculosis. All were skin tested simultaneously with 1 and 10 PPD units. Milk was brought home from the farm by those who worked there, that was used without boiling. A total of 14,5% of all the children had a reaction of more than 5 mm to one PPD unit. The percentages were of 8,4 in group A 52,1 in group B and 94,3 in group C (P less than 0,001). Incidence of more than 9 mm reactions was of 5% in group A, 45% in group B and 91,4% in group C (P less than 0,001). The mean diameter for one PPD unit was of 1,1 mm in group A, 7,58 mm in group B and 15,88 mm in group C (P less than 0,001). The major risk factor is represented by the tuberculous patients, but use of milk, or of milk derivatives from diseased cattle could also be incriminated. Synchronous neutralization of these two sources of contamination remains the primary action to be carried out for the prevention of the tuberculous infection dissemination.
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Renner M, Bartholomew WR. Mycobacteriologic data from two outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis in nonhuman primates. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 109:11-6. [PMID: 4588087 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1974.109.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Brown J, Berman DT, Torrie JH. Quantitative studies of mycobacterial sensitins in cattle. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972; 105:95-104. [PMID: 4550244 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1972.105.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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35
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[Initial expressions of tuberculosis infection (excluding meningitis)]. J Med Lyon 1971; 52:559-60 passim. [PMID: 5316355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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36
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Thrower WR. Agriculture and the public health. The Milroy lectures, 1970. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1970; 4:277-304. [PMID: 5535790 PMCID: PMC5367199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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International Union Against Tuberculosis, Committee on Tuberculosis in Animals. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1969; 42:124-6. [PMID: 5407569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nikanorov BA. [An experimental study of tuberculosis of the Siberian stag]. Veterinariia 1969; 46:34-6. [PMID: 5392069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Despierres G, Viallier J, Béruard L, Ollagnier C, Touraine R. [Pulmonary tuberculosis of bovine origin]. Rev Tuberc Pneumol (Paris) 1969; 33:163-78. [PMID: 4916252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hublart M, Moine G. [Human tuberculosis caused by the bovine bacillus in Denmark after eradication of bovine tuberculosis]. Bull Acad Vet Fr 1969; 42:69-73. [PMID: 4928083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Radkovský J. Tuberculous meningitis mortality as index of the incidence of tuberculous infection in Czechoslovakia. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1968; 41:275-82. [PMID: 5751549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lesslie IW. Cross infections with mycobacteria between animals and man. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1968; 41:285-8. [PMID: 4885380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Grislain JR, Delaire P, Mainard R, De Ferron C, De Berranger P, Brelet G. [Infantile tuberculosis of bovine origin and its evolution in the past 10 years in France]. Pediatrie 1968; 23:747-52. [PMID: 4919505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
In agreement with previous observations, mice dying of salmonellosis were found to have a relatively constant number of Salmonella cells in their carcasses (ca. 5 x 10(9)). This number was not the result of bacterial overgrowth in moribund animals and therefore appears to be related to lethality. Similar numbers of salmonellae were recovered from the carcasses of infected mice which had previously been rendered hyperreactive to endotoxin either by infection with M. tuberculosis BCG or by adrenalectomy. In BCG mice, desensitization to endotoxin did not occur during the infection and, therefore, at death these mice contained a number of bacteria which would be equivalent to 1,000 ld(50) of endotoxin. Although the number of bacteria recovered from normal mice is roughly equivalent to a lethal quantity of endotoxin, this is obviously not the case in hyperreactive mice. Therefore, the relationship between lethality and 5 x 10(9) salmonellae cannot be explained by their endotoxin content. Nevertheless, when hyperreactive BCG mice are challenged parenterally with Salmonella, the endotoxin content of the inoculum may markedly influence the course of the infection.
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Ganapathy MS, Rajamani S, Subramanian AC. Generalised tuberculosis in a cow and in her 6 months old calf--a case report. Indian Vet J 1968; 45:688-92. [PMID: 5751658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kagramanov AI. [Interrelationship between tuberculosis of humans and farm animals]. Probl Tuberk 1968; 46:69-74. [PMID: 5751323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Marsico SA, Del Bono M, Natali P. [Human tuberculosis caused by the bovine bacillus]. Arch Tisiol Mal Appar Respir 1967; 22:611-36. [PMID: 4876256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Magnus K. Epidemiological basis of tuberculosis eradication. 6. Tuberculin sensitivity after human and bovine infection. Bull World Health Organ 1967; 36:719-31. [PMID: 4966002 PMCID: PMC2476318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity from pulmonary tuberculosis and the frequency of pulmonary calcifications have been found to be very much lower among persons infected from bovine sources than among persons infected from human sources. This difference might be wholly or partly due to an attenuated virulence of the infecting bovine tubercle bacilli; the purpose of the study reported was to examine this question. The problem was attacked indirectly by means of a comparison between the tuberculin sensitivity among human-source and bovine-source reactors. The study shows that the sensitivity is stronger among the bovine-source reactors, thus affording no support for the hypothesis that bovine infection may be of low virulence. The alimentary route of infection therefore probably accounts for the low frequency of pulmonary calcifications and possibly also for the low morbidity among the reactors infected from bovine sources.It would be of great significance for tuberculosis control programmes if it were possible to distinguish the low-risk group of bovine-source reactors from the high-risk group of human-source reactors. However, although the former have larger tuberculin reactions, the difference is still so small (of the order of a few millimetres) that the tuberculin reaction cannot be used in practice to differentiate the two groups.
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Magnus K. Epidemiological basis of tuberculosis eradication. 5. Frequency of pulmonary calcifications after human and bovine infection. Bull World Health Organ 1967; 36:703-18. [PMID: 4866183 PMCID: PMC2476330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In a study population comprising young adults from Denmark it was found that the tuberculosis morbidity was much lower among persons infected from bovine than from human sources. In an attempt to reveal the possible cause of this difference an analysis was made of the frequency of pulmonary calcifications in these two groups. The results of this study show that the frequency of calcifications is small, probably negligible, in the bovine-infected group as compared with that in the group infected from human sources. This observation suggests that the difference between the infections from bovine and human sources may lie in the dose-virulence of the infecting agent or in the route of infection.
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