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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Epidemiological significance of the occurrence and persistence of rotaviruses in water and sewage: a critical review and proposal for routine microbiological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:380-399. [PMID: 35174845 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, waterborne gastroenteritis attributable to rotaviruses is on the increase due to the rapid increase in population growth, poor socioeconomic conditions, and drastic changes in climatic conditions. The burden of diarrhea is quite alarming in developing nations where the majority of the populations still rely on untreated surface water that is usually polluted for their immediate water needs. Humans and animals of all ages are affected by rotaviruses. In humans, the preponderance of cases occurs in children under 5 years. Global efforts in advancing water/wastewater treatment technologies have not yet realized the objective of complete viral removal from wastewater. Most times, surface waters are impacted heavily by inadequately treated wastewater run-offs thereby exposing people or animals to preventable health risks. The relative stability of rotaviruses in aquatic matrices during wastewater treatment, poor correlation of bacteriological indicators with the presence of rotaviruses, and their infectiousness at a low dose informed the proposal for inclusion in the routine microbiological water screening panel. Environmental monitoring data have been shown to provide early warnings that can complement clinical data used to monitor the impact of current rotavirus vaccination in a community. This review was therefore undertaken to critically appraise rotavirus excretion and emission pathways, and the existence, viability and persistence in the receiving aquatic milieu. The efficiency of the current wastewater treatment modality for rotavirus removal, correlation of the current bacteriological water quality assessment strategy, public health risks and current laboratory methods for an epidemiological study were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
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Degiuseppe JI, Stupka JA. Genotype distribution of Group A rotavirus in children before and after massive vaccination in Latin America and the Caribbean: Systematic review. Vaccine 2019; 38:733-740. [PMID: 31771863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last decade, most of Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries have implemented oral live rotavirus vaccines in their national vaccination programs with remarkable results. However, it has been suggested that massive vaccination could lead to the replacement of circulating genotypes or the emergence of new variants or neutralizing antibodies escape mutants, which may reduce the effectiveness of the vaccine. The objective was to analyze the genetic diversity of Group A rotavirus before and after the introduction of universal vaccination in LAC. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of studies published in PubMed, Scielo and LILACS. There were considered only LAC countries with rotavirus massive vaccination strategy which had described circulating genotypes data in children under 5 years of age, either for surveillance or vaccine effectiveness purposes, from 2001 to 2017. Systematic review stages were carried out following the recommendations of PRISMA. RESULTS Of the 18 countries that included any of the two licensed rotavirus vaccines in their national schedules since 2006, only 7 (~39%) presented studies of RVA genetic diversity before and after implementation, and met the inclusion criteria. Four of them (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Nicaragua) experienced a rapid switch from Wa-like to DS-1-like strains. Also, G1P[8] association, considered the most predominant worldwide in the pre-vaccination era, decreased significantly and was only frequently detected in Venezuela and Nicaragua. No defined pattern of emergence at high frequencies of unusual associations was observed in the post vaccination period, except for some evidence of G9P[4] in Colombia, G3P[6] and G1P[4] in Nicaragua. CONCLUSIONS Even though the evidence shows a DS-1-like change trend, data from studies conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean are diverse and still not sufficient to assess the impact of vaccines on viral ecology or if genetic diversity is influenced by natural mechanisms of fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Degiuseppe
- Laboratory of Viral Gastroenteritis, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Avenida Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan Andrés Stupka
- Laboratory of Viral Gastroenteritis, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Avenida Vélez Sársfield 563, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Carvalho-Costa FA, de Assis RMS, Fialho AM, Araújo IT, Silva MF, Gómez MM, Andrade JS, Rose TL, Fumian TM, Volotão EM, Miagostovich MP, Leite JPG. The evolving epidemiology of rotavirus A infection in Brazil a decade after the introduction of universal vaccination with Rotarix®. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:42. [PMID: 30704518 PMCID: PMC6354375 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brazil introduced the monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix®) in 2006. This study aimed to assess the epidemiology and genotype distribution of species-A rotavirus (RVA) in Brazil, comparing the pre- and post-vaccination periods. Methods Laboratory-based RVA surveillance included 866 municipalities in 22 Brazilian states, over a 21-year period. A total of 16,185 children with diarrheal diseases (DD) aged up to 12 years between 1996 and 2005 (pre-vaccination period, n = 7030) and from 2006 to 2017 (post-vaccination period, n = 9155) were enrolled. RVA was detected using ELISA immune assay and/or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and genotyped using nested PCR and/or nucleotide sequencing. RVA-positivity and genotypes detection rates were compared in distinct periods and age groups and Rotarix vaccination status. Results RVA-positivity in pre- and post-vaccination periods was, respectively: 4–11 months bracket, 33.3% (668/2006) and 16.3% (415/2547) (p < 0.001); 12–24 months, 28.2% (607/2154) and 22.2% (680/3068) (p < 0.001); 25–48 months, 17.4% (215/1235) and 29.4% (505/1720) (p < 0.001). Genotypes distribution in the pre- and post-vaccination periods was, respectively: G1P [8]/G1P[Not Typed], 417/855 (48.8%) and 118/1835 (6.4%) (p < 0.001); G2P [4]/G2P[NT], 47/855 (5.5%) and 838/1835 (45.7%) (p < 0.001); G3P [8]/G3P[NT], 55/855 (6.4%) and 253/1835 (13.8%) (p < 0.001); G9P [8]/G9P[NT], 238/855 (27.8%) and 152/1835 (8.3%) (p < 0.001); G12P [8]/G129P[NT], 0/871 (0%) and 249/1835(13.6%) (p < 0.001). Concerning infants aged 4–11 months, RVA frequency in fully vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals was 11.9% (125/1052) and 24.5% (58/237) (p < 0.001), respectively. In children aged 12–24 months, RVA detection rate was 18.1% (253/1395) and 29.6% (77/260) (p < 0.001), for the vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions RVA infection was significantly less frequent in children aged ≤2 years with DD after implementing vaccination, mainly among vaccinated children. It was also observed a decrease of P [8] circulation and emergence of G2P[4] in 2005, and afterwards in the post-vaccine era, with spreading of G12P[8] in 2014–2015 and of G3P[8] in 2017. Continuous RVA surveillance must be carried out in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe A Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Leonidas Deane, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Regional Office Fiocruz Piauí. Rua Magalhães Filho, n° 519, Centro/Norte, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Rosane M S de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Fialho
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Irene T Araújo
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelle F Silva
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariela M Gómez
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Andrade
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Rose
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tulio M Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Volotão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize P Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Paulo G Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365 Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bitencurt ELR, Siqueira JAM, Medeiros TB, Bandeira RDS, de Souza Oliveira D, de Paula Souza E Guimarães RJ, da Silva Soares L, Macarenhas JDP, Teixeira DM, Silva RSU, Loureiro ECB, de Moraes Silva MC, da Silva LD, Gabbay YB. Epidemiological and molecular investigation of norovirus and astrovirus infections in Rio Branco, Acre, Northern Brazil: A retrospective study. J Med Virol 2019; 91:997-1007. [PMID: 30624790 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks worldwide, with infections reported in semiclosed environments, particularly in hospitals and nursing homes. Astrovirus (HAstV) is prevalent worldwide, especially in developing countries. We aimed to determine the prevalence, spatial distribution, and genetic diversity of NoV and HAstV in children under 5 years of age in Rio Branco city, Acre State, Amazon Region, Brazil. Stool samples from children with (n = 240) and without (n = 248) AGE were collected from January to December 2012 from seven neighborhoods. The overall NoV prevalence was 12.3% (60 of 488); representing 15.8% (38 of 240) of the symptomatic samples and 8.9% (22 of 248) of the controls. HAstVs infection was observed in 4.7% (23 of 488) of the samples tested, 6.2% (15 of 240) of AGE cases, and 2.4% (6 of 248) of the controls (plus two without information about feces consistency). Infections were found in all age groups with higher frequency in children less than two years of age, for both viruses. NoV was detected in all neighborhoods, with a higher concentration in the fourth (30%; 18 of 60). NoV nucleotide sequencing performed in 86.7% (52 of 60) of the positive samples showed the circulation of the strains GII.4 (57.7%; 30 of 52), GIIPe/GII.4 (19.2%; 10 of 52), GII.7, GII.Pg/GII.1, and GII.Pc (3.8%; 2 of 52 for each), GII.6 and GII.Pg (1.9%; 1 of 52 for each), and GI.3 (7.7%; 4 of 52). Three GII.4 variants were detected: Den Haag_2006b (n = 1), New Orleans_2009 (n = 1), and Sydney_2012 (n = 14). HAstV types HAstV-1a (81.8%; 9 of 11) and HAstV-2c (18.2%; 2 of 11) were observed in the 47.8% (11 of 23) of characterized samples. This is the first data obtained in Acre State regarding the prevalence of these viruses and provides epidemiological and molecular information for a better understanding of their role among children with and without AGE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tallyta Barros Medeiros
- Evandro Chagas Institute; Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Renato da Silva Bandeira
- Evandro Chagas Institute; Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Darleise de Souza Oliveira
- Evandro Chagas Institute; Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Luana da Silva Soares
- Evandro Chagas Institute; Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Dielle Monteiro Teixeira
- Evandro Chagas Institute; Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rita S U Silva
- Municipality Secretary of Health of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Damascena da Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute; Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Evandro Chagas Institute; Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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5
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Cohen A, Colford JM. Effects of Boiling Drinking Water on Diarrhea and Pathogen-Specific Infections in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1362-1377. [PMID: 29016318 PMCID: PMC5817760 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, approximately 2 billion people lack microbiologically safe drinking water. Boiling is the most prevalent household water treatment method, yet evidence of its health impact is limited. To conduct this systematic review, we searched four online databases with no limitations on language or publication date. Studies were eligible if health outcomes were measured for participants who reported consuming boiled and untreated water. We used reported and calculated odds ratios (ORs) and random-effects meta-analysis to estimate pathogen-specific and pooled effects by organism group and nonspecific diarrhea. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using I2, meta-regression, and funnel plots; study quality was also assessed. Of the 1,998 records identified, 27 met inclusion criteria and reported extractable data. We found evidence of a significant protective effect of boiling for Vibrio cholerae infections (OR = 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13-0.79, N = 4 studies), Blastocystis (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.17-0.69, N = 3), protozoal infections overall (pooled OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.43-0.86, N = 11), viral infections overall (pooled OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.7-0.98, N = 4), and nonspecific diarrheal outcomes (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.45-0.77, N = 7). We found no evidence of a protective effect for helminthic infections. Although our study was limited by the use of self-reported boiling and non-experimental designs, the evidence suggests that boiling provides measureable health benefits for pathogens whose transmission routes are primarily water based. Consequently, we believe a randomized controlled trial of boiling adherence and health outcomes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Cohen
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - John M. Colford
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Villamizar-Gallardo RA, Osma JF, Ortíz OO. New technique for direct fluoroimmunomagnetic detection of rotavirus in water samples. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:932-941. [PMID: 29215357 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new rapid, sensitive and selective method for rotavirus detection in water samples is described in this paper. Amino pink magnetic microparticles were functionalized with monoclonal antibodies and used to capture, concentrate, separate and detect infectious rotavirus particles in distilled and drinking water samples. The fluorescence of the microparticles was used to determine the presumptive presence of rotaviruses by using confocal microscopy. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the presence of the anti-rotavirus antibodies attached to the surface of the magnetic microparticles as well as that of viruses attached through the antibody. In addition, RNA extraction, quantification and amplification were carried out to validate the microscopic observations. The selectivity of the microparticles was tested in a sample containing a mix of enteric viruses. It was concluded that functionalizing fluoromagnetic microparticles with anti-rotavirus monoclonal antibodies constituted a fast, simple and reliable technique for detecting as low as 10 Rotavirus particles in 1 L of artificial or real water in just 2 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Villamizar-Gallardo
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Pamplona, Km 1 via Bucaramanga Edificio Simón Bolívar 2do. Piso, Pamplona, Norte de Santander 0975, Colombia E-mail:
| | - Johann F Osma
- CMUA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota,Colombia
| | - Oscar Orlando Ortíz
- Departmento of Industrial Engineering, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
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Quantitative reverse transcription PCR to determine the inactivation of Human Rotavirus by chlorine. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:719-725. [PMID: 28292642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human rotaviruses (HRVs) are the major cause of acute diarrhea in infants and young children. Here, a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the rotaviral VP4 gene (VP4-RT-qPCR) was established to evaluate the inactivation of HRV upon chlorine disinfection, based on a previous report that damage to the 1227-2354bp region of the VP4 gene was associated with eliminated HRV infectivity by chlorine. In this study, inactivation of HRV by 0.6mg/L free chlorine was assessed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2), and tap and river water samples, using both TCID50 and RT-qPCR (VP2- and VP4-RT-qPCR) assays, respectively. Among the samples tested, the VP2-RT-qPCR method did not show significant inactivation after chlorine disinfection; however, the reduction in VP4-RT-qPCR signal was correlated with decreased HRV infectivity. Moreover, the higher sensitivity of the VP4-RT-qPCR assay allowed for assessment of chlorine HRV inactivation at longer exposure times compared with the conventional TCID50 assay. Collectively, these results indicated that the VP4-RT-qPCR assay is a rapid, sensitive, and reliable tool to detect infectious HRV following chlorine inactivation, and highlights the potential for further development of qPCR/RT-qPCR assays to provide information regarding viral infectivity from drinking water plants.
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Neves MAO, Pinheiro HHC, Silva RSU, Linhares AC, Silva LD, Gabbay YB, Silva MCM, Loureiro ECB, Soares LS, Mascarenhas JDP. High prevalence of G12P[8] rotavirus strains in Rio Branco, Acre, Western Amazon, in the post-rotavirus vaccine introduction period. J Med Virol 2015; 88:782-9. [PMID: 26466923 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to provide a molecular characterization of circulating rotavirus (RVA) strains in Rio Branco, Acre, in the post-rotavirus vaccination period, particularly with regard to the emerging, increasingly prevalent G12P[8] genotype. A total of 488 fecal specimens from diarrheic and non-diarrheic children were obtained between January and December 2012. RVA detection was initially performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, followed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers. RVA was detected in 18.3% (44/241) of the children with acute diarrhea and in 1.2% (3/247) of the non-diarrheic children (P < 0.001), with overall RVA-positivity of 9.6% (47/488). The most common genotype was G2P[4] with 43.2% (19/44) of the diarrheic cases, followed by G12P[8] (27.3%, 12/44), G3P[6] (18.2%, 8/44), G3P[8] (4.5%, 2/44), and G12P[6] (2.3%, 1/44). G12 samples belonged to lineage III and were from children aged 4-52 months. All of these children had acute diarrhea associated with fever (83.3%, 10/12) and vomiting (66.7%, 8/12). Most of the cases occurred in August (58.3%, 7/12), 75% (9/12) of which having received the full vaccination scheme with Rotarix™. For the first time G12 was reported at relative high prevalence in Brazil. Our findings warrant further monitoring studies on the molecular characterization of circulating RVA strains after rotavirus vaccine introduction in Brazil and elsewhere, since the occurrence of either unusual our emerging genotypes may pose a challenge to vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara A O Neves
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of State of Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Rita S U Silva
- Municipality Secretary of Health of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Linhares
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luciana D Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
| | - Yvone B Gabbay
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
| | - Mônica C M Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo C B Loureiro
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luana S Soares
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
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Analysis of codon usage pattern evolution in avian rotaviruses and their preferred host. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:17-25. [PMID: 26086995 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection is a worldwide problem, with occurrence of highly divergent viruses classified in 8 species (A-H). We report here the evolution assessment of codon usage patterns in virus-host system in avian rotavirus (AvRV) of species RVA, RVD, RVF and RVG (preferentially affecting birds). The nucleotide contents, codon usage bias (CUB), relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), and effective number of codons (ENCs) values were investigated targeting overexpressing major inner capsid viral protein (VP6) of these AvRV species. The results confirm that the evolutionary characteristics influences the rotavirus (RV) genetic diversity and impact of host's natural selection on the AvRVs codons. Synonymous codon usage patterns were evaluated following multivariate statistical procedures on all available AvRV coding gene sequences. RSCU trees accommodated all AvRV species and preferred host sequences in one topology confirming greater imminence of AvRVs with the host chicken cell genes. Similarly, the codon adaptation index (CAI) results also displayed a higher adaptation of AvRVs to its chicken host. The codon preference analysis of RVs revealed that VP6 gene express more proficiently in the yeast system, whereas, codon optimization might be required for the effectual expression in Escherichia coli and Homo sapiens. The findings provide basic evidence on the dynamics of AvRV evolution and its host adaptation, which could be exploited for additional research on avian species in future.
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Gómez MM, Carvalho-Costa FA, Volotão EDM, Rose TL, da Silva MFM, Fialho AM, de Assis RMS, Matthijnssens J, Leite JPG. A decade of G3P[8] and G9P[8] rotaviruses in Brazil: Epidemiology and evolutionary analyses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:389-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Rawlinson T, Siqueira AM, Fontes G, Beltrão RPL, Monteiro WM, Martins M, Silva-Júnior EF, Mourão MPG, Albuquerque B, Alecrim MDGC, Lacerda MVG. From Haiti to the Amazon: public health issues related to the recent immigration of Haitians to Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2685. [PMID: 24809971 PMCID: PMC4014393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - André Machado Siqueira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fontes
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marilaine Martins
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Edson Fidelis Silva-Júnior
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Gomes Mourão
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Maria das Graças Costa Alecrim
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Linhares AC, Justino MCA. Rotavirus vaccination in Brazil: effectiveness and health impact seven years post-introduction. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 13:43-57. [PMID: 24308577 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.861746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Before vaccine introduction in Brazil, rotavirus caused approximately 650,000 outpatient visits, 92,000 hospitalizations and 850 deaths annually among children aged <5 years. Brazil was one of the first countries to introduce rotavirus vaccination into the National Immunisation Program (NIP), in 2006, but estimated coverage (87.1%) for 2011 remained lower if compared with other routine immunizations (95%). Case-control studies reached effectiveness rates as high as 85%. Observational studies showed a significant reduction in gastroenteritis-related hospitalizations and deaths among children aged <1 year, at rates as high as 48 and 54%, respectively. There was a significant increase in the relative prevalence of G2P[4] genotype after vaccine introduction, reaching 100% of strains in some settings. A small increase in intussusception incidence was seen within 1 week following the second vaccine dose, but benefits far outweigh any potential risk. This article provides an in-depth review of postlicensure studies conducted in Brazil 7-year postintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C Linhares
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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13
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de Oliveira LH, Toscano CM, Sanwogou NJ, Ruiz-Matus C, Tambini G, Roses-Periago M, Andrus JK. Systematic documentation of new vaccine introduction in selected countries of the Latin American Region. Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 3:C114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Xue B, Jin M, Yang D, Guo X, Chen Z, Shen Z, Wang X, Qiu Z, Wang J, Zhang B, Li J. Effects of chlorine and chlorine dioxide on human rotavirus infectivity and genome stability. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3329-38. [PMID: 23591108 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the health risks posed by waterborne human rotavirus (HRV), little information is available concerning the effectiveness of chlorine or chlorine dioxide (ClO2), two common disinfectants of public water sources, against HRV and their effects on its genome remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of chlorine and ClO2 on purified HRV by using cell culture and RT-PCR to assess virus infectivity and genetic integrity, respectively. The disinfection efficacy of ClO2 was found to be higher than that of chlorine. According to the efficiency factor Hom model, Ct value (mg/L min) ranges required for a 4-log reduction of HRV at 20 °C by chlorine and ClO2 were 5.55-5.59 and 1.21-2.47 mg/L min, respectively. Detection of the 11 HRV genome segments revealed that damage to the 1227-2354 bp of the VP4 gene was associated with the disappearance of viral infectivity by chlorine. However, no complete accordance between culturing and RT-PCR assays was observed after treatment of HRV with ClO2. These results collectively indicate that the current practice of chlorine disinfection may be inadequate to manage the risk of waterborne HRV infection, and offer the potential to monitor the infectivity of HRV adapting PCR-based protocols in chlorine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Department of Environment and Health, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
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15
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Ianiro G, Heylen E, Delogu R, Zeller M, Matthijnssens J, Ruggeri F, Van Ranst M, Fiore L. Genetic diversity of G9P[8] rotavirus strains circulating in Italy in 2007 and 2010 as determined by whole genome sequencing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:426-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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16
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Justino MCA, Araújo EC, van Doorn LJ, Oliveira CS, Gabbay YB, Mascarenhas JDP, Miranda YS, Guerra SDFS, Silva VBD, Linhares AC. Oral live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine (RotarixTM) offers sustained high protection against severe G9P[8] rotavirus gastroenteritis during the first two years of life in Brazilian children. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:846-53. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000700002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Donato CM, Cannan D, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Snelling TL, Kirkwood CD. Characterisation of a G9P[8] rotavirus strain identified during a gastroenteritis outbreak in Alice Springs, Australia post Rotarix™ vaccine introduction. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 1:A152-8. [PMID: 22520125 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large rotavirus gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in the Alice Springs region of the Northern Territory, Australia from the 12th of March until the 11th of July 2007. The outbreak occurred five months after the introduction of the Rotarix™ vaccine. Electropherotype and sequence analysis demonstrated that a single G9P[8] strain was responsible for the outbreak and that the strain remained highly conserved during the outbreak period. The outbreak strain contained amino acid changes in regions of the VP7 and NSP4 genes, with known biological function, when compared to previously characterised G9P[8] strains from Australia and other international locations. The recent vaccine introduction was unlikely to have influenced genotype selection in this setting. Importantly, Rotarix™ vaccine was highly effective against the G9P[8] outbreak strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Donato
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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Oliveira A, Mascarenhas JDP, Soares LS, Guerra SF, Gabbay YB, Sánchez N, Colindres RE, Justino MCA, Linhares AC. Rotavirus serotype distribution in northern Brazil trends over a 27 year period pre and post national vaccine introduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Fioretti JM, Ferreira MSR, Victoria M, Vieira CB, Xavier MDPTP, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP. Genetic diversity of noroviruses in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:942-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Hamza IA, Jurzik L, Überla K, Wilhelm M. Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 214:424-36. [PMID: 21920815 PMCID: PMC7106513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) have the highest sensitivity and specificity to investigate virus contamination in water, so they are the most commonly used in environmental virology. Despite great sensitivity of PCR, the main limitation is the lack of the correlation between the detected viral genome and viral infectivity, which limits conclusions regarding the significance for public health. To provide information about the infectivity of the detected viruses, cultivation on animal cell culture is the gold standard. However, cell culture infectivity assays are laborious, time consuming and costly. Also, not all viruses are able to produce cytopathic effect and viruses such as human noroviruses have no available cell line for propagation. In this brief review, we present a summary and critical evaluation of different approaches that have been recently proposed to overcome limitations of the traditional cell culture assay and PCR assay such as integrated cell culture-PCR, detection of genome integrity, detection of capsid integrity, and measurement of oxidative damages on viral capsid protein. Techniques for rapid detection of infectious viruses such as fluorescence microscopy and automated flow cytometry have also been suggested to assess virus infectivity in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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Gómez MM, de Mendonça MCL, Volotão EDM, Tort LFL, da Silva MFM, Cristina J, Leite JPG. Rotavirus A genotype P[4]G2: Genetic diversity and reassortment events among strains circulating in Brazil between 2005 and 2009. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1093-106. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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