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Kayesh MEH, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants in the prevention of viral infections: an overview. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1249718. [PMID: 38179453 PMCID: PMC10764465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1249718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Tol-like receptor (TLR) agonists, as potent adjuvants, have gained attention in vaccine research for their ability to enhance immune responses. This study focuses on their application in improving vaccine efficacy against key viral infections, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and flaviviruses, including West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chikungunya virus. Vaccines are crucial in preventing microbial infections, including viruses, and adjuvants play a vital role in modulating immune responses. However, there are still many diseases for which effective vaccines are lacking or have limited immune response, posing significant threats to human health. The use of TLR agonists as adjuvants in viral vaccine formulations holds promise in improving vaccine effectiveness. By tailoring adjuvants to specific pathogens, such as HBV, HCV, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and flavivirus, protective immunity against chronic and emerging infectious disease can be elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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2
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Ren H, Jia W, Xie Y, Yu M, Chen Y. Adjuvant physiochemistry and advanced nanotechnology for vaccine development. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5172-5254. [PMID: 37462107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00848c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 worldwide, offering new strategies to effectively combat diseases threatening human health. Adjuvants are vital ingredients in vaccines, which can augment the degree, extensiveness, and longevity of antigen specific immune response. The advances in the modulation of physicochemical properties of nanoplatforms elevate the capability of adjuvants in initiating the innate immune system and adaptive immunity, offering immense potential for developing vaccines against hard-to-target infectious diseases and cancer. In this review, we provide an essential introduction of the basic principles of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, key roles of adjuvants in augmenting and shaping immunity to achieve desired outcomes and effectiveness, and the physiochemical properties and action mechanisms of clinically approved adjuvants for humans. We particularly focus on the preclinical and clinical progress of highly immunogenic emerging nanotechnology adjuvants formulated in vaccines for cancer treatment or infectious disease prevention. We deliberate on how the immune system can sense and respond to the physicochemical cues (e.g., chirality, deformability, solubility, topology, and chemical structures) of nanotechnology adjuvants incorporated in the vaccines. Finally, we propose possible strategies to accelerate the clinical implementation of nanotechnology adjuvanted vaccines, such as in-depth elucidation of nano-immuno interactions, antigen identification and optimization by the deployment of high-dimensional multiomics analysis approaches, encouraging close collaborations among scientists from different scientific disciplines and aggressive exploration of novel nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Ren
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Jia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Meihua Yu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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3
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Ito D, Ito H, Ando T, Sakai Y, Ideta T, Ishii KJ, Ishikawa T, Shimizu M. Spermidine enhances the efficacy of adjuvant in HBV vaccination in mice. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:02009842-202304010-00022. [PMID: 36972390 PMCID: PMC10043579 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Various vaccine adjuvants have been developed to eliminate HBV from patients with chronic HBV infection. In addition, spermidine (SPD), a type of polyamine, has been reported to enhance the activity of immune cells. In the present study, we investigated whether the combination of SPD and vaccine adjuvant enhances the HBV antigen-specific immune response to HBV vaccination. Methods: Wild-type and HBV-transgenic (HBV-Tg) mice were vaccinated 2 or 3 times. SPD was orally administered in drinking water. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-AMP (cGAMP) and nanoparticulate CpG-ODN (K3-SPG) were used as the HBV vaccine adjuvants. The HBV antigen-specific immune response was evaluated by measuring the HBsAb titer in blood collected over time and the number of interferon-γ producing cells by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Results: The administration of HBsAg + cGAMP + SPD or HBsAg + K3-SPG + SPD significantly enhanced HBsAg-specific interferon-γ production by CD8 T cells from wild-type and HBV-Tg mice. The administration of HBsAg, cGAMP, and SPD increased serum HBsAb levels in wild-type and HBV-Tg mice. In HBV-Tg mice, the administration of SPD + cGAMP or SPD + K3-SPG with HBV vaccination significantly reduced HBsAg levels in the liver and serum. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the combination of HBV vaccine adjuvant and SPD induces a stronger humoral and cellular immune response through T-cell activation. These treatments may support the development of a strategy to completely eliminate HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Department of Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sakai
- Department of Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayasu Ideta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
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Ablikim D, Zeng X, Xu C, Zhao M, Yang X, Feng X, Liu J. The Multiple Facets and Disorders of B Cell Functions in Hepatitis B Virus Infection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12052000. [PMID: 36902786 PMCID: PMC10004556 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12052000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a global public health burden. B cells play a pivotal role in mediating HBV clearance and can participate in the development of anti-HBV adaptive immune responses through multiple mechanisms, such as antibody production, antigen presentation, and immune regulation. However, B cell phenotypic and functional disorders are frequently observed during chronic HBV infection, suggesting the necessity of targeting the disordered anti-HBV B cell responses to design and test new immune therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the multiple roles of B cells in mediating HBV clearance and pathogenesis as well as the latest developments in understanding the immune dysfunction of B cells in chronic HBV infection. Additionally, we discuss novel immune therapeutic strategies that aim to enhance anti-HBV B cell responses for curing chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilhumare Ablikim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chunli Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengxiao Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-186-9615-9826
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5
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Osawa Y, Ohtake T, Suto D, Akita T, Yamada H, Kohgo Y, Murata K. Cases of Rapid Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Reduction after COVID-19 Vaccination. Intern Med 2023; 62:51-57. [PMID: 36261382 PMCID: PMC9876716 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0842-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective One of the therapeutic goals for chronic infection with hepatitis B virus is the clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from the blood, as a high load of HBsAg has been proposed to induce antigen-specific immunotolerance. To achieve HBsAg reduction, Pegylated interferon and nucleos (t) ide analogs are used to treat chronic hepatitis B. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has rapidly spread worldwide, and vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines has been conducted since 2021 in Japan. We experienced three clinical cases in which HBsAg levels rapidly decreased after injection of the COVID-19 vaccine without any incentive. Method To examine whether the vaccine administration was involved in the HBsAg reduction, the number of patients with chronic hepatitis B showing a change in the HBsAg levels during the period before the commencement of the COVID-19 vaccination program in Japan (i.e. until the end of 2020; pre-vaccination-program period) was compared to the number of those who showed a change in HBsAg levels after the initiation of the program (i.e. 2021 onwards; post-vaccination-program period). Results The number of patients whose HBsAg levels was reduced by >50% per year was prominent after the initiation of the vaccination program. Although the involvement of vaccination in HBsAg reduction was not statistically proven (p=0.0532), the result suggests that the administration of COVID-19 vaccines may have been involved in HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Conclusion COVID-19 vaccines may be involved in HBsAg reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Osawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ohtake
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Japan
| | - Daisuke Suto
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Japan
| | - Takayuki Akita
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kohgo
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Japan
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Zhang W, Sun H, Sun R, Lian Z, Wei H, Tian Z, Chen Y. HBV immune tolerance of HBs-transgenic mice observed through parabiosis with WT mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993246. [PMID: 36203595 PMCID: PMC9530942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was extensively recognized that central tolerance to HBV exists in HBs-transgenic (Tg) mice, however, the immune response to HBV vaccine may be inspired in adult HBs-Tg mice after boosting with potent adjuvants, leaving a mystery to explore its immune tolerance. Here, WT-HBs-Tg parabiotic mice model was generated by conjoining WT (donor) and HBs-Tg (host) mouse via parabiotic surgery, in order to see how immunocompetent WT mice naturally respond to HBV, and how tolerant HBs-Tg mice influence the anti-HBV immunity from WT mice. It was found that WT CD8+ T cells markedly accumulated into the liver of HBs-Tg parabionts, and importantly, almost all HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells derived from WT but not HBs-Tg mice, making a clear separation of a normal immune response from WT donor and a tolerant response by recipient host. Further, in the absence of host but not donor spleen, HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells disappeared, indicating that host spleen was the indispensable site for donor HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cell priming though its mechanisms need further study. We found that donor CD4+ T helper cells were necessary for donor HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cell response by CD4-deficiency in WT or in HBs-Tg mice, indicating that an immune response was elicited between CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells of donor in the host but not donor spleen. It was noted that compared to donor CD4+ T cells, host CD4+ T cells were characterized with more tolerant features by harboring more CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs with higher expression of PD-1 and TIGIT in the spleen of HBs-Tg parabionts, which exhibited suppressive function on CD8+ T cells directly. Moreover, the Th1/Treg ratio was enhanced after parabiosis, suggesting that donor T helper cells may overcome the negative regulation of host Tregs in host spleen. In conclusion, both incompetent anti-HBV CD8+ T cells and insufficient help from CD4+ T cells are the major mechanisms underlying immune tolerance in HBs-Tg mice which helps explain HBV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhexiong Lian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Tian, ; Yongyan Chen,
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Tian, ; Yongyan Chen,
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7
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Wang R, Chen K, Wang Y, Liu C, Wu Z, Wang D, Qu C. Booster immunization improves the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells specific to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after prenatal HBsAg exposure. Vaccine 2021; 39:5571-5579. [PMID: 34412920 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Breakthrough infections of hepatitis B virus (HBV) after neonatal vaccination occurred in some adolescents and young adults who were born to mothers with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). We aimed to determine the impacts of prenatal HBsAg exposure on the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and antibodies (anti-HBs) specific to HBsAg. To mimic human prenatal HBsAg exposure, we mated female Alb1-HBV (HBV-M) mice with male C57BL/6J mice. Of their first filial generation (F1), HBV-M/F1+ expressed HBsAg in liver tissues and blood, and HBV-M/F1- mice exposed HBsAg in amniotic fluid. At their four weeks old, each HBV-M/F1 mouse was immunized with hepatitis B vaccine containing 5 μg HBsAg subcutaneously. Both HBV-M/F1- and HBV-M/F1+ mice had reduced generation of HBsAg-specific CD4+CXCR5+PD1+ Tfh cells and CD138+IgD- plasma cells in comparison with C57BL/6J mice. Results of coculturing the Tfh cells with B cells that were isolated from different strains of mice indicated that CD4+ T cell activation in response to HBsAg was critical for anti-HBs generation after prenatal HBsAg exposure. When interleukin (IL) 21 was supplemented, the generation of HBsAg-specific Tfh and plasma cells in HBV-M/F1- mice was improved, while supplementation showed little effect in HBV-M/F1+ mice. In HBV-M/F1- mice, HBV vaccine booster improved the generation of Tfh cells and plasma cells, and enhanced anti-HBs production. CONCLUSION: Impaired generation of HBsAg-specific Tfh cells and plasma cells after prenatal HBsAg exposure can be improved by HBV vaccine booster, most likely increasing IL-21 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Wang
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology & Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Kun Chen
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology & Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology & Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology & Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology & Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology & Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Qu
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology & Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China.
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8
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Liu Y, Maya S, Ploss A. Animal Models of Hepatitis B Virus Infection-Success, Challenges, and Future Directions. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050777. [PMID: 33924793 PMCID: PMC8146732 DOI: 10.3390/v13050777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects more than 250 million people worldwide, which greatly increases the risk for terminal liver diseases, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Even though current approved antiviral therapies, including pegylated type I interferon (IFN) and nucleos(t)ide analogs, can effectively suppress viremia, HBV infection is rarely cured. Since HBV exhibits a narrow species tropism and robustly infects only humans and higher primates, progress in HBV research and preclinical testing of antiviral drugs has been hampered by the scarcity of suitable animal models. Fortunately, a series of surrogate animal models have been developed for the study of HBV. An increased understanding of the barriers towards interspecies transmission has aided in the development of human chimeric mice and has greatly paved the way for HBV research in vivo, and for evaluating potential therapies of chronic hepatitis B. In this review, we summarize the currently available animal models for research of HBV and HBV-related hepadnaviruses, and we discuss challenges and future directions for improvement.
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9
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Owen AM, Fults JB, Patil NK, Hernandez A, Bohannon JK. TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622614. [PMID: 33679711 PMCID: PMC7930332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to development of severe infection which often progresses to the life-threatening condition of sepsis. Thus, immunotherapies aimed at boosting host immune defenses are highly attractive strategies to ward off infection and protect patients. Recently there has been mounting evidence that activation of the innate immune system can confer long-term functional reprogramming whereby innate leukocytes mount more robust responses upon secondary exposure to a pathogen for more efficient clearance and host protection, termed trained immunity. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are a class of agents which have been shown to trigger the phenomenon of trained immunity through metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications which drive profound augmentation of antimicrobial functions. Immunomodulatory TLR agonists are also highly beneficial as vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview on TLR signaling and our current understanding of TLR agonists which show promise as immunotherapeutic agents for combating infection. A brief discussion on our current understanding of underlying mechanisms is also provided. Although an evolving field, TLR agonists hold strong therapeutic potential as immunomodulators and merit further investigation for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica B Fults
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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10
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Ray R, Basu J, Gazi WA, Samanta N, Bhattacharyya K, RoyChaudhuri C. Label-Free Biomolecule Detection in Physiological Solutions With Enhanced Sensitivity Using Graphene Nanogrids FET Biosensor. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2018; 17:433-442. [PMID: 30106685 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2018.2863734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, graphene nanogrid sensor has been reported to be capable of sub-femtomolar sensing of Hepatitis B (Hep-B) surface antigen in buffer. However, for such low concentration of Hep-B in serum, it has been observed during real-time operation that there is an overlap of around 50% in the drain-source current sensitivity values between different concentrations of the target biomolecule, in the range from 0.1 to 100 fM. This has been attributed to the fact that the concentration of non-specific antigen in serum being significantly higher than that of the target antigen, there is a considerable deviation in the number of captured target antigen for the same concentration. Further, this degree of overlap varies from one set to another set of sensor, depending on the statistical variations in the sensor fabrication process. This phenomenon challenges the quantification of target antigen for ultralow limit in physiological analyte. In this paper, we introduce probabilistic neural network (PNN) for quantification of Hep-B down to 0.1 fM in serum using graphene nanogrids field-effect transistor biosensor. The sensor has been operated in heterodyne mode in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz applied between drain and source to overcome the problem of Debye screening effect. The application of PNN limits the quantification error within 10% in the range of 0.1 to 100 fM in contrast to 77% and 66% using polynomial fit and static neural network models, respectively. Further, the proposed methodology lowers the detection limit of Hep-B in serum by more than three orders of magnitude compared with the state-of-the-art, real-time, label-free sensors.
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11
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Rolas L, Boussif A, Weiss E, Lettéron P, Haddad O, El-Benna J, Rautou PE, Moreau R, Périanin A. NADPH oxidase depletion in neutrophils from patients with cirrhosis and restoration via toll-like receptor 7/8 activation. Gut 2018; 67:1505-1516. [PMID: 28601846 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cirrhosis downregulates phagocyte oxidant production via their antibacterial superoxide-generating system, NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and increases patients' susceptibility to infection and mortality rate. To explore novel biochemical parameters that explain susceptibility to infections, we investigated the expression of NOX2 and partners in neutrophils of patients with severe alcoholic cirrhosis and have provided a novel approach to restore superoxide production capacity in patients' neutrophils and blood. DESIGN Neutrophils were isolated from patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis. NOX2 activity was assessed after stimulation of purified neutrophils or whole blood with the bacterial-derived peptide fMet-Leu-Phe. The expression of NOX2 and partners was studied by western blot analysis, flow cytometry and reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS The impaired superoxide production by patients' neutrophils was associated with a severe deficient expression of the NADPH oxidase catalytic core flavocytochrome-b558 (gp91 phox /NOX2 and p22 phox ), its cytosolic partner p47 phox but not p67 phox . NOX2 expression decreased rapidly by protein degradation involving elastase released during degranulation of healthy neutrophils stimulated with fMet-Leu-Phe, or highly present in patients' plasma. Interestingly, the deficient superoxide production was reversed by treatment of patients' neutrophils and whole blood with toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonists. This treatment stimulated a rapid NOX2 transcription and translation through a process involving mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) whose expression was also deficient in patients' neutrophils. NOX2 expression was also increased by the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide but with only a modest improvement of reactive oxygen species production. CONCLUSION Impairment of neutrophil oxidants production in alcoholic cirrhosis is associated with NOX2 degradation and deficient mTOR-dependent translational machinery. The NOX2 depletion can be reversed via TRL7/8 activation and might be used to restore antimicrobial responses of immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Rolas
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL-8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Abdelali Boussif
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL-8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.,Département de Biochimie, Université de Batna, Faculté de Biologie, Batna, Algérie
| | - Emmanuel Weiss
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL-8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.,Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France
| | - Philippe Lettéron
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL-8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Oualid Haddad
- UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL-8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Unity, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France.,INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Richard Moreau
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL-8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Unity, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France
| | - Axel Périanin
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL-8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
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12
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Chen K, Wu Z, Zang M, Wang C, Wang Y, Wang D, Ma Y, Qu C. Immunization with glypican-3 nanovaccine containing TLR7 agonist prevents the development of carcinogen-induced precancerous hepatic lesions to cancer in a murine model. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:1736-1749. [PMID: 30018715 PMCID: PMC6038065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-3 (GPC3) is one of the key tissue markers that could discriminate malignant precancerous lesions from benign hepatic lesions in cirrhotic patients. We aimed to develop a GPC3 cancer vaccine to induce specific T cells to intervene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. METHODS Synthesizing mannosylated liposomes (LPMan) as vaccine delivery system, incorporating one Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7/8 agonist CL097 as adjuvant, we prepared a GPC3 nanovaccine, LPMan-GPC3/CL097. We injected 25 mg/kg diethylnitrosamine intraperitoneally to induce autochthonous HCC in HBV-transgenic mice, which persistently express hepatitis B surface antigen in hepatocytes. Starting from week 8 after diethylnitrosamine injection when malignant hepatocytes generated, we immunized the mice subcutaneously every 2 weeks 4 times with LPMan-GPC3/CL097 containing 5 µg of GPC3 plus 5 µg of CL097. RESULTS The vaccine efficiently targeted draining lymph nodes where naïve T cells reside and enhanced the expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation in migratory dendritic cells (DCs). Antigen was professionally processed in endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi system of DCs, subsequently priming both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The LPMan-GPC3/CL097 immunization generated significantly more GPC3-specific CD4+ IFNγ- and CD8+ IFNγ-producing T cells in mice spleens and livers, which specifically eliminated GPC3-expressing tumor cells. One week after last immunization (week 15 after diethylnitrosamine), 5/5 un-immunized, 5/5 sham (LPMan-CL097) and 1/5 LPMan-GPC3/CL097-immunized mice developed HCC. By week 20 after diethylnitrosamine, significantly less HCC developed in LPMan-GPC3/CL097-immunized mice than in sham-immunized mice (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS LPMan-GPC3/CL097 immunization induced de novo generation of specific T cells against tumor-associated antigen GPC3 that could prevent HCC development in cirrhotic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Mengya Zang
- Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Ce Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Key Lab of Health Informatics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Yifan Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Key Lab of Health Informatics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunfeng Qu
- Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
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Mok S, Mohan S, Hunter KM, Wang YR, Judge TA. Entecavir for patients with lamivudine‐resistant chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 2017:CD012495. [PMCID: PMC6464809 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the benefits and harms of entecavir versus no intervention, placebo, and non‐entecavir interventions in adults with lamivudine‐resistant, chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaffer Mok
- Cooper University Hospital at Rowan University School of MedicineDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases501 Fellowship RoadSuite 101Mt. LaurelUSA08054
| | - Sachin Mohan
- Cooper University HospitalDepartment of Internal Medicine3rd floor, 401 Haddon AvenueCamdenUSA08103
| | - Krystal M Hunter
- Cooper University HospitalBiostatistics/Research Institute1 Cooper PlazaCamdenUSA08103
| | - Yize R Wang
- Cooper University Hospital at Rowan University School of MedicineDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases501 Fellowship RoadSuite 101Mt. LaurelUSA08054
| | - Thomas A Judge
- Cooper University Hospital at Rowan University School of MedicineDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases501 Fellowship RoadSuite 101Mt. LaurelUSA08054
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14
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Mok S, Mohan S, Hunter KM, Wang YR, Judge TA. Emtricitabine for adults with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaffer Mok
- Cooper University Hospital at Rowan University School of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases; 501 Fellowship Road Suite 101 Mt. Laurel NJ USA 08054
| | - Sachin Mohan
- Cooper University Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine; 3rd floor, 401 Haddon Avenue Camden NJ USA 08103
| | - Krystal M Hunter
- Cooper University Hospital; Biostatistics/Research Institute; 1 Cooper Plaza Camden NJ USA 08103
| | - Yize R Wang
- Cooper University Hospital at Rowan University School of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases; 501 Fellowship Road Suite 101 Mt. Laurel NJ USA 08054
| | - Thomas A Judge
- Cooper University Hospital at Rowan University School of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases; 501 Fellowship Road Suite 101 Mt. Laurel NJ USA 08054
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Basu J, RoyChaudhuri C. Graphene Nanogrids FET Immunosensor: Signal to Noise Ratio Enhancement. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16101481. [PMID: 27740605 PMCID: PMC5087337 DOI: 10.3390/s16101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a reproducible and scalable chemical method for fabrication of smooth graphene nanogrids has been reported which addresses the challenges of graphene nanoribbons (GNR). These nanogrids have been found to be capable of attomolar detection of biomolecules in field effect transistor (FET) mode. However, for detection of sub-femtomolar concentrations of target molecule in complex mixtures with reasonable accuracy, it is not sufficient to only explore the steady state sensitivities, but is also necessary to investigate the flicker noise which dominates at frequencies below 100 kHz. This low frequency noise is dependent on the exposure time of the graphene layer in the buffer solution and concentration of charged impurities at the surface. In this paper, the functionalization strategy of graphene nanogrids has been optimized with respect to concentration and incubation time of the cross linker for an enhancement in signal to noise ratio (SNR). It has been interestingly observed that as the sensitivity and noise power change at different rates with the functionalization parameters, SNR does not vary monotonically but is maximum corresponding to a particular parameter. The optimized parameter has improved the SNR by 50% which has enabled a detection of 0.05 fM Hep-B virus molecules with a sensitivity of around 30% and a standard deviation within 3%. Further, the SNR enhancement has resulted in improvement of quantification accuracy by five times and selectivity by two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Basu
- Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah 711103, India.
| | - Chirasree RoyChaudhuri
- Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah 711103, India.
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16
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Lamb C, Arbuthnot P. Activating the innate immune response to counter chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1517-1527. [PMID: 27603796 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1233962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic to several populous parts of the world, where resulting complicating cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma occur commonly. Licensed drugs to treat the infection have limited curative efficacy, and development of therapies that eliminate all replication intermediates of HBV is a priority. Areas covered: The recent demonstration that the activation of the innate immune response may eradicate HBV from infected hepatocytes has a promising therapeutic application. Small molecule stimulators of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibit replication of woodchuck hepatitis virus in woodchucks and HBV in chimpanzees and mice. Early stage clinical trials using GS-9620, a TLR7 agonist, indicate that this candidate antiviral is well tolerated in humans. Using an alternative approach, triggering the innate immune response with agonists of lymphotoxin-β receptor caused efficient APOBEC-mediated deamination and degradation of viral covalently closed circular DNA. Expert opinion: Eliminating HBV cccDNA from infected individuals would constitute a cure, and has become the focus of intensive research that employs various therapeutic approaches, including gene therapy. Immunomodulation through innate immune activation shows promise for the treatment of chronic infection of HBV (CHB) and, used in combination with other therapeutics, may contribute to the global control of infections and ultimately to the eradication of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lamb
- a Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- a Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
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17
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Boussif A, Rolas L, Weiss E, Bouriche H, Moreau R, Périanin A. Impaired intracellular signaling, myeloperoxidase release and bactericidal activity of neutrophils from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1041-1048. [PMID: 26719020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Myeloperoxidase exocytosis and production of hydrogen peroxide via the neutrophil superoxide-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase contribute to efficient elimination of bacteria. Cirrhosis impairs immune functions and increases susceptibility to bacterial infection. We recently showed that neutrophils from patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis exhibit a severe impairment of formylpeptide receptor (fPR)-mediated intracellular signaling and superoxide production. Here, we performed ex vivo studies with these patients' neutrophils to further investigate myeloperoxidase release, bactericidal capacity and signaling events following fPR stimulation by the formylpeptide formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLP). METHODS Myeloperoxidase release was studied by measuring extracellular myeloperoxidase activity. Activation of signaling effectors was studied by Western blot and their respective contribution to myeloperoxidase release studied using pharmacological antagonists. RESULTS fMLP-induced myeloperoxidase release was strongly impaired in patients' neutrophils whereas the intracellular myeloperoxidase stock was unaltered. The fMLP-induced phosphorylation of major signaling effectors, AKT, ERK1/2 and p38-MAP-Kinases, was also strongly deficient despite a similar expression of signaling effectors or fPR. However, based on effector inhibition in healthy neutrophils, AKT and p38-MAPK but not ERK1/2 upregulated fMLP-induced myeloperoxidase exocytosis. Interestingly, patients' neutrophils exhibited a defective bactericidal capacity that was reversed ex vivo by the TLR7/8 agonist CL097, through potentiation of the fMLP-induced AKT/p38-MAPK signaling axis and myeloperoxidase release. CONCLUSIONS We provide first evidence that neutrophils from patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis exhibit a deficient AKT/p38-MAPK signaling, myeloperoxidase release and bactericidal activity, which can be reversed via TLR7/8 activation. These defects, together with the previously described severe deficient superoxide production, may increase cirrhotic patients' susceptibility to bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Boussif
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France; Université de Batna, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Algeria
| | - Loïc Rolas
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Weiss
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France; Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, 92118 Clichy, France
| | - Hamama Bouriche
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de Vie, Université Ferhat Abbas, Sétif 1, Algeria
| | - Richard Moreau
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Unity, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, 92118 Clichy, France
| | - Axel Périanin
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Chronic HBV infection results in >1 million deaths per year from cirrhosis and liver cancer. No known cure for chronic HBV exists, due in part to the continued presence of transcriptionally active DNA in the nucleus that is not directly targeted by current antiviral therapies. A coordinated approach is urgently needed to advance an HBV cure worldwide, such as those established in the HIV field. We propose the establishment of an International Coalition to Eliminate Hepatitis B Virus (ICE-HBV) to facilitate the formation of international working groups on HBV virology, immunology, innovative tools and clinical trials: to promote awareness and education as well as to drive changes in government policy and ensure funds are channelled to HBV cure research and drug development. With the ICE-HBV in place, it should be possible to enable a HBV cure within the next decade.
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Revill P, Locarnini S. The Basis for Antiviral Therapy: Drug Targets, Cross-Resistance, and Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors. MOLECULAR AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22330-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mok S, Mohan S, Hunter KM, Wang YR, Judge TA. Adefovir dipivoxil for adults with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hippokratia 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaffer Mok
- Cooper University Hospital at Rowan University School of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases; 501 Fellowship Road Suite 101 Mt. Laurel NJ USA 08054
| | - Sachin Mohan
- Cooper University Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine; 3rd floor, 401 Haddon Avenue Camden USA 08103
| | - Krystal M Hunter
- Cooper University Hospital; Biostatistics/Research Institute; 1 Cooper Plaza Camden NJ USA 08103
| | - Yize R Wang
- Cooper University Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases; 501 Fellowship Road Suite 101 Mt. Laurel NJ USA 08054
| | - Thomas A Judge
- Cooper University Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases; 501 Fellowship Road Suite 101 Mt. Laurel NJ USA 08054
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21
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Chang J, Guo JT. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with pattern recognition receptor agonists: Current status and potential for a cure. Antiviral Res 2015. [PMID: 26205674 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been considered to be a "stealth virus" that induces negligible innate immune responses during the early phase of infection. However, recent studies with newly developed experimental systems have revealed that virus infection can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR), eliciting a cytokine response that controls the replication of the virus. The molecular mechanisms by which interferons and other inflammatory cytokines suppress HBV replication and modulate HBV cccDNA metabolism and function are just beginning to be revealed. In agreement with the notion that the developmental and functional status of intrahepatic innate immunity determines the activation and maturation of the HBV-specific adaptive immune response and thus the outcome of HBV infection, pharmacological activation of intrahepatic innate immune responses with TLR7/8/9 or STING agonists efficiently controls HBV infection in preclinical studies and thus holds great promise for the cure of chronic hepatitis B. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "An unfinished story: from the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis B."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
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22
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Chen X, Hong L, Zhang W, Yuan M, Yang Q, Mao H, Chen W, Yu X. Hepatitis B Virus Infection Rate and Distribution in Chinese Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1955-9. [PMID: 26148056 PMCID: PMC4501635 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection rate in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in China, and to determine the age and sex distribution. Material/Methods A total of 3981 SLE patients diagnosed in The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 1996 to December 2011 were retrospectively investigated for evaluation of the HBV infection rate. The HBV infection rate and the positive rate of hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) and hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) were standardized to national census data in 2000 and compared with the prevalence found in the 2006 national survey. Results The age and sex standardized HBV infection rate in Chinese SLE patients was 3.3%. The age and sex standardized positive rate of HBsAb and HBcAb were 58.1% and 26.1%, respectively. As compared with the prevalence from the 2006 national survey, the HBV infection rate and the positive rate of HBcAb were lower and the positive rate of HBsAb was higher in SLE patients aged 15–49 years old compared to peers in the general population. There was no difference in HBV infection rate between males and females (4.2% vs. 2.8%, p=0.088) in SLE patients. Conclusions The HBV infection rate was relatively lower in SLE patients compared with the general population, but there was no difference in pediatric patients or patients aged above 50 years old. Unlike in the general population, the HBV infection rate had no statistical differences between males and females in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Lingyao Hong
- Epidemiology Research Unit and Clinical Trails Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Wang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Qiongqiong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Haiping Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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