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de Loyola MB, dos Reis TTA, de Oliveira GXLM, da Fonseca Palmeira J, Argañaraz GA, Argañaraz ER. Alpha-1-antitrypsin: A possible host protective factor against Covid-19. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2157. [PMID: 32844538 PMCID: PMC7461031 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding Covid-19 pathophysiology is crucial for a better understanding of the disease and development of more effective treatments. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is a constitutive tissue protector with antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. A1AT inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection and two of the most important proteases in the pathophysiology of Covid-19: the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and the disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). It also inhibits the activity of inflammatory molecules, such as IL-8, TNF-α, and neutrophil elastase (NE). TMPRSS2 is essential for SARS-CoV-2-S protein priming and viral infection. ADAM17 mediates ACE2, IL-6R, and TNF-α shedding. ACE2 is the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor and a key component for the balance of the renin-angiotensin system, inflammation, vascular permeability, and pulmonary homeostasis. In addition, clinical findings indicate that A1AT levels might be important in defining Covid-19 outcomes, potentially partially explaining associations with air pollution and with diabetes. In this review, we focused on the interplay between A1AT with TMPRSS2, ADAM17 and immune molecules, and the role of A1AT in the pathophysiology of Covid-19, opening new avenues for investigating effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julys da Fonseca Palmeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of BrasíliaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Gustavo A. Argañaraz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of BrasíliaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Enrique R. Argañaraz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of BrasíliaBrasiliaBrazil
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Martini F, De Mattei M, Contini C, Tognon MG. Potential Use of Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin in the Covid-19 Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:577528. [PMID: 33195215 PMCID: PMC7644540 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.577528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Martini
- Laboraotories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica De Mattei
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Contini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro G. Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Loureiro Dos Reis MM, Queiroz MAF, da Silva BCM, da Silva Duarte AJ, Casseb J, Arganaraz GA, Vallinoto ACR, Argañaraz ER. IL6 and FAS/FASL gene polymorphisms may be associated with disease progression in HIV-1-positive ethnically mixed patients. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1148-1157. [PMID: 31825106 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The progression of AIDS depends on the complex host and virus interactions. The most important disease progression hallmarks are immune activation and apoptosis. In this study, we address the prevalence of polymorphisms related to proinflammatory and apoptotic genes, such as IFNG (+874T/A), TNF (308G/A), IL6 (-174G/C), IL8 (-251A/T), FAS (-670A/G), and FASL (-124A/G) in 160 ethnically mixed HIV-1-infected patients from multicentre cohorts with different clinical outcomes (13 elite controllers [EC], 66 slow long-term non-progressors [LTNPs], and 81 progressors [P]). The genotyping was accomplished by TaqMan-qPCR. Among all the polymorphisms analyzed in the cytokines, the IL6 -174G/C polymorphism showed a higher frequency of GG genotype in the LTNP and LTNP+EC groups as compared to the P group. Moreover, there was a significantly higher frequency of the G allele in the LTNP and LTNP+EC groups as compared to the P group. On the other hand, the levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes were higher among individuals showing the AA and AG genotypes for the FASL -124A/G polymorphism as compared to the GG genotype. Furthermore, the AG and AA genotypes were more frequent, as compared to the GG genotype, in individuals showing a lower viral load. In contrast, for the FAS -670A/G polymorphism, a significantly higher viral load was observed in individuals with the AG genotype as compared to the GG genotype. In conclusion, we found three genetic allelic variants of the IL6 -174G/C, FASL -124A/G, and FAS -670A/G polymorphisms that were related to disease progression and immunological and virological markers in cohorts of HIV-1-positive ethnically mixed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília M Loureiro Dos Reis
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria A F Queiroz
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Bosco C M da Silva
- Medical Investigation Laboratory Unit 56 (LIM/56), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto J da Silva Duarte
- Medical Investigation Laboratory Unit 56 (LIM/56), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo
| | - Gustavo A Arganaraz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Antonio C R Vallinoto
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Enrique R Argañaraz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
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