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Zhang C, O’Connor S, Smith-Jeffcoat SE, Rodriguez DF, Guo H, Hao L, Chen H, Sun Y, Li Y, Xu J, Chen L, Xia L, Yang X, Date A, Cheng J. Implementing a continuous quality-improvement framework for tuberculosis infection prevention and control in healthcare facilities in China, 2017-2019. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2024; 45:651-657. [PMID: 38268435 PMCID: PMC11027078 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare facilities is key to reducing transmission risk. A framework for systematically improving TB IPC through training and mentorship was implemented in 9 healthcare facilities in China from 2017 to 2019. METHODS Facilities conducted standardized TB IPC assessments at baseline and quarterly thereafter for 18 months. Facility-based performance was assessed using quantifiable indicators for IPC core components and administrative, environmental, and respiratory protection controls, and as a composite of all control types We calculated the percentage changes in scores over time and differences by IPC control type and facility characteristics. RESULTS Scores for IPC core components increased by 72% during follow-up when averaged across facilities. The percentage changes for administrative, environmental, and respiratory protection controls were 39%, 46%, and 30%, respectively. Composite scores were 45% higher after the intervention. Overall, scores increased most during the first 6 months. There was no association between IPC implementation and provincial economic development or volume of TB services. CONCLUSIONS TB IPC policies and practices showed most improvement early during implementation and did not differ consistently by facility characteristics. The training component of the project helped increase the capacity of healthcare professionals to manage TB transmission risks. Lessons learned here will inform national TB IPC guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canyou Zhang
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Stephanie O’Connor
- Global Health Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sarah E. Smith-Jeffcoat
- Global Health Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Diana Forno Rodriguez
- Global Health Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Hui Guo
- CSL Behring Beijing Office, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Hao
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention China Office, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbo Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiying Xu
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Xia
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Anand Date
- Global Health Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jun Cheng
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Yasaratna NR, Weerasinghe MC. Risk Factors for Latent Tuberculosis among Health-care Workers in Sri Lanka. WHO South East Asia J Public Health 2024; 13:9-15. [PMID: 39167130 DOI: 10.4103/who-seajph.who-seajph_42_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Management of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was introduced as a national policy in Sri Lanka in 2022, targeting high-risk groups, including health-care workers (HCWs). This study aimed to identify the potential risk factors for LTBI among HCWs in government hospitals. METHODS A case-control study was conducted. Cases and controls were identified by a screening survey conducted among those tested by the tuberculin skin test (TST). The survey was conducted among HCWs of eight government hospitals in Colombo in 2022. LTBI cases were defined as TST positives (≥10 mm) without a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and controls were those rated as negative. The cases-to-control ratio was 1:1, with a sample size of 128 cases and 128 controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors. RESULTS The significant risk factors identified included age ≥40 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] - 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28-4.47) having a service duration of ≥6 years (AOR - 2.92, CI: 1.469-5.82), not maintaining distance (AOR - 2.83, CI: 1.43-5.58) and not wearing face masks when dealing with suspected or diagnosed TB patients (AOR - 3.55, CI: 1.80-7.00), and settings with inadequate TB infection control practices (AOR - 3.47, CI: 1.85-6.47). CONCLUSION Improving infection control measures, training HCWs on TB prevention, providing adequate personal protective equipment, and initiating screening for LTBI among HCWs are recommended.
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Tiruneh MG, Fenta ET, Anagaw TF, Bogale EK, Delie AM. Tuberculosis infection control practice and associated factors among health care workers in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295555. [PMID: 38085729 PMCID: PMC10715661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poor practice of tuberculosis infection control may increase the risk of transmission of tuberculosis in healthcare settings. Thus, this study aimed to determine the pooled magnitude of good tuberculosis infection control practice and associated factors among healthcare workers in Ethiopia. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist guideline was followed for this review and meta-analysis. The electronic databases (Pub Med, Cochrane Library, Google scholar and grey literatures) were searched to retrieve articles by using keywords. The Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument was used to assess the quality of studies. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. The meta-analysis with a 95% confidence interval using STATA 17 software was computed to present the pooled practice and odds ratio of the determinant factors. Publication bias was assessed visually by inspecting the funnel plot asymmetry and using statistical tests using the eggers and begs test. RESULTS Seven studies were included in this meta-analysis, with a total of 3256 health workers. The overall pooled magnitude of good tuberculosis infection control practice was 46.44% (95% CI: 34.21%, 58.67%). In subgroup analysis, the highest practice was in Addis Ababa 51.40% (95% CI: 47.40, 55.40%) and the lowest prevalence of tuberculosis infection control practice was in Amhara region 40.24% (95% CI: 15.46, 65.02%). Working in TB clinics (AOR; 7.42, 95% CI: 3.89, 14.13) and good TB related knowledge (AOR; 4.40, 95% CI: 1.76, 10.97) were the significant predictors of good TB infection control practice. CONCLUSIONS Only less than half of the health care workers had good practice of TB infection control. Working in TB clinics and having good TB related knowledge were statistically significant predictors of TB infection control practice. Periodic shifting of health care workers to work in TB clinics and an emphasis on TB infection control related skill based training was recommended to increase the TB infection control practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misganaw Guadie Tiruneh
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eneyew Talie Fenta
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Fentabil Anagaw
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Eyob Ketema Bogale
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Mebrat Delie
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
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Islam MS, Gurley ES, Banu S, Hossain K, Heffelfinger JD, Amin Chowdhury KI, Ahmed S, Afreen S, Islam MT, Rahman SMM, Rahman A, Pearson ML, Chai SJ. Prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers in chest diseases hospitals, Bangladesh: Putting infection control into context. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291484. [PMID: 37756289 PMCID: PMC10529546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of tuberculosis infection (TBI). We estimated the prevalence and incidence of TBI and risk factors among HCWs in Bangladeshi hospitals to target TB infection prevention and control (IPC) interventions. METHODS During 2013-2016, we conducted a longitudinal study among HCWs in four chest disease hospitals. At baseline, we administered a questionnaire on sociodemographic and occupational factors for TB, tuberculin skin tests (TST) in all hospitals, and QuantiFERON ®-TB Gold in-Tube (QFT-GIT) tests in one hospital. We assessed factors associated with baseline TST positivity (induration ≥10mm), TST conversion (induration increase ≥10mm from baseline), baseline QFT-GIT positivity (interferon-gamma ≥0.35 IU/mL), and QFT-GIT conversion (interferon-gamma <0.35 IU/mL to ≥0.35 IU/mL). We included factors with a biologically plausible relationship with TBI identified in prior studies or having an association (p = <0.20) in the bivariate analyses with TST positivity or QFT-GIT positivity in multivariable generalized linear models. The Kaplan-Meier was used to estimate the cumulative TBI incidence rate per 100 person-years. RESULTS Of the 758 HCWs invited, 732 (97%) consented to participate and 731 completed the one-step TST, 40% had a positive TST result, and 48% had a positive QFT-GIT result. In multivariable models, HCWs years of service 11-20 years had 2.1 (95% CI: 1.5-3.0) times higher odds of being TST-positive and 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.5) times higher odds of QFT-GIT-positivity at baseline compared with those working ≤10 years. HCWs working 11-20 years in pulmonary TB ward had 2.0 (95% CI: 1.4-2.9) times higher odds of TST positivity, and those >20 years had 2.5 (95% CI: 1.3-4.9) times higher odds of QFT-GIT-positivity at baseline compared with those working <10 years. TBI incidence was 4.8/100 person-years by TST and 4.2/100 person-years by QFT-GIT. Females had 8.5 (95% CI: 1.5-49.5) times higher odds of TST conversion than males. CONCLUSIONS Prevalent TST and QFT-GIT positivity was associated with an increased number of years working as a healthcare worker and in pulmonary TB wards. The incidence of TBI among HCWs suggests ongoing TB exposure in these facilities and an urgent need for improved TB IPC in chest disease hospitals in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saiful Islam
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - James D. Heffelfinger
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michele L. Pearson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shua J. Chai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Wang F, Ren Y, Liu K, Peng Y, Chen X, Chen B, Jiang J. Large gap between attitude and action in tuberculosis preventive treatment among tuberculosis-related healthcare workers in eastern China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:991400. [PMID: 36275034 PMCID: PMC9585158 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.991400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at a high risk for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) because of occupational exposure, and the attitudes and behaviors of frontline tuberculosis (TB)-related HCWs toward preventive treatment of LTBI in eastern China remain unknown. This study aimed to explore the attitudes and actual behaviors of TB-related HCWs toward TB preventive treatment (TPT) and to analyze the relevant factors influencing the attitudes of HCWs. A stratified random sample of 28 TB-designated hospitals was selected in Zhejiang Province, China. All TB-related HCWs in the selected hospitals were recruited to answer questionnaires and were tested for LTBI by the TB interferon gamma release assay. TPT use was assessed two years after the survey. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors influencing the TPT intention of HCWs. A total of 318 TB-related HCWs were recruited from 28 TB-designated hospitals; 62.3% of them showed positive attitudes toward TPT, while the rest were reluctant to treat positive LTBI prophylactically. binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the factors influencing the attitudes of HCWs were mainly education level, household income, history of alcohol consumption, and workplace. The IGRA test found that 35.2% (112/318) of HCWs tested positive for LTBI. Most people refused treatment because of drug side effects, followed by the belief that treatment was ineffective, wanting to wait until the onset of the disease, and that it was too much trouble to take the medication. According to the results of a follow-up survey, only one of these HCWs underwent TPT, and the consistency rate of attitudes and behaviors was 36.6% (41/112). This study reveals different attitudes toward TPT among TB-associated HCWs in eastern China and a large gap between attitudes and actual action. The management of HCWs with LTBI still needs further strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Tuberculosis Control Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Ren
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui Liu
- Tuberculosis Control Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Tuberculosis Control Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Tuberculosis Control Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Tuberculosis Control Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Chen, ; Jianmin Jiang,
| | - Jianmin Jiang
- Tuberculosis Control Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Chen, ; Jianmin Jiang,
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Wouters E, van Rensburg AJ, Engelbrecht M, Buffel V, Campbell L, Sommerland N, Rau A, Kigozi G, van Olmen J, Masquillier C. How the 'HIV/TB co-epidemic-HIV stigma-TB stigma' syndemic impacts on the use of occupational health services for TB in South African hospitals: a structural equation modelling analysis of the baseline data from the HaTSaH Study (cluster RCT). BMJ Open 2022; 12:e045477. [PMID: 35383052 PMCID: PMC8984004 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) has become an occupational health hazard in South African hospitals where healthcare workers (HCWs) are additionally confronted daily with HIV and its associated stigma, causing a syndemic. Early TB diagnosis and treatment are vital, but the uptake of these services through occupational healthcare units (OHUs) is low. The current study hypothesises that (1) the link between HIV and TB and (2) the perceived HIV stigmatisation by colleagues create (3) a double HIV-TB stigma which increases (4) internalised TB stigma and leads to (5) a lower willingness to use OHU services for TB screening and treatment. DESIGN A cross-sectional study using the baseline data from the HIV and TB Stigma among Healthcare workers Study (HaTSaH Study). SETTING Six hospitals in the Free State province of South Africa. PARTICIPANTS 820 HCWs of the six selected hospitals. RESULTS The study results demonstrate that the co-epidemic (β=0.399 (screening model) and β=0.345 (treatment model)) combined (interaction effect: β=0.133 (screening) and β=0.132 (treatment)) with the persistent stigmatisation of HIV is altering the attitudes towards TB (β=0.345 (screening) and β=0.400 (treatment)), where the stigmatising views of HIV are transferred to TB-illustrating the syndemic impact. Our model demonstrated that this syndemic not only leads to higher levels of internal TB stigma (β=0.421 (screening) and β=0.426 (treatment)), but also to a lower willingness to use the OHU for TB screening (probit coefficient=-0.216) and treatment (probit coefficient=-0.160). Confidentiality consistently emerged as a contextual correlate of OHU use. CONCLUSIONS Theoretically, our results confirm HIV as a 'syndemic generator' which changes the social meaning of TB in the hospital context. Practically, the study demonstrated that the syndemic of TB and HIV in a highly endemic context with stigma impacts the intended use of occupational TB services. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Pre-results of the trial registered at the South African National Clinical Trials Register, registration ID: DOH-27-1115-5204.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Wouters
- Centre for Population, Family & Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Health Systems Research & Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | | | - Michelle Engelbrecht
- Centre for Health Systems Research & Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Veerle Buffel
- Centre for Population, Family & Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Linda Campbell
- Centre for Population, Family & Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Asta Rau
- Centre for Health Systems Research & Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - G Kigozi
- Centre for Health Systems Research & Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
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Erawati M, Andriany M. Determinants of latent tuberculosis infection among nurses at public health centers in Indonesia. BELITUNG NURSING JOURNAL 2022; 8:28-34. [PMID: 37521074 PMCID: PMC10386802 DOI: 10.33546/bnj.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of latent tuberculosis among healthcare workers, especially nurses, at public health centers in Indonesia has been increased. Therefore, factors related to the tuberculosis incidence need to be further investigated. Objective This study aimed to identify the determinants of latent tuberculosis infection among nurses at public health centers in Indonesia. Methods This non-experimental, cross-sectional study included 98 nurses. Data on the determinants of latent tuberculosis infection were collected using validated questionnaires, and the infection status was confirmed by Interferon Gamma Release Assay or IGRA test. Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results Health facilities for tuberculosis transmission prevention were available in all public health centers (100%). Protocols for preventing tuberculosis transmission including occupational health and safety training (OR = 13.24, 95% CI [2.29-58.55]; p = 0.001), handwashing after contact with patients or specimens (OR = 20.55, 95% CI [4.23-99.93]; p = 0.000), and wearing of medical masks (OR = 9.56, 95% CI [1.99-45.69]; p = 0.005) were found to be significant determinants of latent tuberculosis infection among nurses. Conclusion The availability of protective equipment and implementation of health protocols among nurses at public health centers are the main determinants of latent tuberculosis infection. Hence, they should be maintained by all nurses to prevent the spread of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meira Erawati
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
| | - Megah Andriany
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
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Baral MA, Koirala S. Knowledge and Practice on Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis Among Nurses Working in a Regional Hospital, Nepal. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:788833. [PMID: 35223880 PMCID: PMC8864556 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.788833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) is a highly prevalent communicable disease in Nepal. All health personnel who care for such patients are at high risk of developing tuberculosis. It is very necessary for all healthcare providers, especially nurses, who spend a lot of time with such patients, to have adequate knowledge and correct practice on the occupational safety measures to maintain health and prevent transmission of the disease. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge and practice of nurses in the prevention and control of TB infection.MethodThis study was a cross-sectional study conducted on nurses working in all wards and Outpatient Departments (OPDs) of Western Regional Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. A complete enumeration of the respondents was performed, and data were collected consecutively, using a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire, from all nurses working in all the wards and OPDs of the hospital. The predictors of knowledge of TB infection prevention and control (TBIPC) were assessed using binary logistic regression.ResultsThe study findings showed that a majority of nurses had an inadequate level of knowledge and poor practice of prevention and control of TB. Regarding practice, none of the nurses reported the use of an N95 mask or a respirator during care of the patients with TB and all the nurses reported that they used chemical disinfectant (virex) to clean the room and the surfaces. However, none of them reported the use of fumigation or ultraviolet irradiation for disinfection. Nurses who were 40 years and older (p = 0.001, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 5.965, CI = 2.083–17.457) and who were currently working in the wards with isolation rooms demonstrated higher odds for knowledge on TBIPC (p = 0.010, AOR = 2.686, CI = 1.264–5.710).ConclusionsThis study showed that a majority of nurses had an inadequate level of knowledge and implemented poor safety measures for the prevention and control of tuberculosis. This increases their risk of being infected with TB infection and cross-transmission. It is recommended that the hospital plan and conduct the necessary education/training for nurses to update their knowledge, develop the organizational structure and policies, and establish a system to support and monitor the practice of health workers on the prevention and control of TB, and maintain the health and safety of nurses caring for patients with TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Adhikari Baral
- Adult Health Nursing Department, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal
- *Correspondence: Mira Adhikari Baral ;
| | - Sumitra Koirala
- Department of Orthopaedics, Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal
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Tuberculosis infection status and risk factors among health workers: an updated systematic review. Ann Occup Environ Med 2021; 33:e17. [PMID: 34754478 PMCID: PMC8205617 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) infection is a common occupational risk for health workers (HWs) and poses a threat to the patients under their care and to other HWs. Hence, the development of a prevention strategy is crucial. We conducted a study to understand the status and risk factors of TB infection among HWs. The existing literature was searched for all published reports from 1 August 2010 to 31 December 2018, related to TB among HWs according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The inclusion criteria were: (1) study participants working in a health care facility; (2) TB cases diagnosed by medical professionals; (3) original research articles; and (4) English reports in a peer-reviewed journal. We finally included 61 studies from 642 articles searched initially. The TB infection rate in HWs was higher than that of the general population. Based on 39 studies, the prevalence of TB in HWs (tuberculin skin test positive) was 29.94%. In contrast, the global burden of latent TB infection was 23.0% (95% uncertainty interval: 20.4%–26.4%) in 2014. The risk factors of TB among HWs were aging, long duration of employment, nursing professionals, lack of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination, and low body mass index. HWs have an increased risk for TB infection, which can cause secondary infections in patients or other HWs. An effective prevention strategy must be developed to enable early diagnosis and prompt treatment.
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Jin H, Chen Y, Fu Q, Qu Q. Occupational risk factors of contracting COVID-19 among health workers: A systematic review. Work 2021; 69:721-734. [PMID: 34180449 DOI: 10.3233/wor-210477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the spread of COVID-19 and the worsening global prevention and control situation, the risk of infection faced by health workers has been unprecedented. It is necessary to fully understand the occupational risks of health workers to protect them and reduce their risk of infection. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to obtain comprehensive and detailed information on occupational risk factors of infectious diseases for HWs in different dimensions and to propose control strategies for three risk dimensions to protect HWs who are at high risk of infection during the pandemic. METHODS A total number of 619 articles published from 2010 to 2021 were searched to conduct bibliometric analysis, which were retrieved in the Web of Science database with defined search terms. There were 26 articles met the criteria, and they were screened to identify occupational risk factors. RESULTS We conducted an analysis of cited institutions, co-citation network analysis of journals, and references from bibliometric analysis. Nine risk factors were extracted, and they were classified and sorted into three dimensions. Infection control strategies for each dimension were proposed. CONCLUSIONS The risk of infection faced by HWs is unprecedented. Medical institutions should pay more attention to the nine risk factors that we identified and use the three risk dimensions to carry out risk identification and infection control to reduce the infection risk of HWs and protect them better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhe Jin
- School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxiao Chen
- School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quanwei Fu
- Dongguan Kanghua Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Qingxing Qu
- School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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11
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Wondimu W, Yosef T, Gebremedhin T, Hailemariam N. Health professionals' knowledge and attitude of tuberculosis infection control in Mizan Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2021; 24:100239. [PMID: 34027131 PMCID: PMC8121706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health professionals are the front-line agents to realize tuberculosis (TB) Infection Control (TBIC) in health facilities and in turn to achieve the targets of the End TB strategy. Despite this, evidence on their knowledge and attitude regarding TBIC is inadequate. As a result, this study aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitude of health professionals regarding TBIC, and associated factors in Mizan Tepi University Teaching hospital. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 1 to 30, 2019 by including eligible health professionals in the hospital. Knowledge and attitude of TBIC were the outcome variables. We have used 70% as a cut-off to categorize the knowledge and attitude statuses. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the outcome variables. The odds ratio with its respective 95% confidence interval was used to measure the strength of association. The final significance was declared at a p-value of<0.05. Results The study found that 70.2% (95%CI: 63.8%, 76.6%) and 78.3% (95% CI: 72.3%, 84%) of the respondents had good knowledge and positive attitude regarding TBIC respectively. The current profession, job location, and history of TBIC training were significantly associated with the respondents' knowledge. Whereas, the knowledge status of the respondents was the only significant predictor of the attitude. Conclusion Although our study participants had satisfactory knowledge and attitude regarding TBIC to some extent, it needs due attention to achieve the target of End TB strategy. Thus, updating the health professionals through different skill-based TBIC training should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondimagegn Wondimu
- Mizan-Tepi University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Tewodros Yosef
- Mizan-Tepi University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Gebremedhin
- Jimma University, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Guo HY, Zhong QH, Zhou J, Zhao ZM, Zhang XL, Chen ZH, Qiu XC, Wu ZL. Risk of prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in health care workers-an idiographic meta-analysis from a Chinese perspective. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:2378-2392. [PMID: 34012586 PMCID: PMC8107561 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background China is one of the countries sharing the major burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world. Health care workers (HCWs) are subject to a high risk of occupational latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)-an asymptomatic state of TB disease. However, the heterogenic composition of healthcare professionals in terms of nature of their work leads to the inconsistency in predicting the prevalence of LTBI amongst them. Furthermore, the global statistics do not account for the analysis conducted within the Chinese population. Our study reflects a systemic and epidemiological meta-analysis to investigate the risk of contracting LTBI by the HCWs of China. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify studies reporting LTBI prevalence or incidence among HCWs and a control groups in China. Risk of infection, as well as subgroup analysis was calculated by pooled effect estimates. Review Manager 5.0 was used to perform the meta-analyses. Results Twenty studies containing 9,654 HCWs met the inclusion criteria. The average prevalence of LTBI among HCWs was 51.5%, ranging from 27.9-88.8%. HCWs had a higher risk of prevalence of LTBI than the control groups [odds ratio (OR), 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.46-2.16]. In the subgroup analysis, the prevalence of LTBI in HCWs with respect to the control groups was observed to be highest in Eastern China (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.35-3.11). Furthermore, the pooled OR for LTBI was 1.90 and 1.65 separately from the results of the tuberculin skin test (TST) and the interferon-gamma release assay. Lastly, upon comparing the HCWs with the control groups from the community and the nosocomial source, it was observed that the pooled OR favored for the prevalence of LTBI, which was primarily community-sourced (3.12 and 1.54). HCWs had an increased risk of prevalence of LTBI than the control groups, both in general hospitals and TB specific hospitals (pooled OR 2.4 and 1.57). Conclusions Risk of LTBI infection among HCWs is relatively high in China, especially in the eastern region, predisposed by the cumulative exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the community and the general hospitals. Overall, our data reflects an alarming risk posed to our HCWs, and calls for immediate reforms at the policy levels, so as to implement effective screening and treatment of affected HCWs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanhai Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Qian-Hong Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Foshan (Tuberculosis Control Center of Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Foshan Hospital of TCM, Foshan, China
| | - Zhi-Meng Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Foshan (Tuberculosis Control Center of Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Xi-Lin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Foshan (Tuberculosis Control Center of Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Zhen-Huang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanhai Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Xin-Cai Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanhai Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhi-Long Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Foshan (Tuberculosis Control Center of Foshan), Foshan, China
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Islam MS, Chughtai AA, Nazneen A, Chowdhury KIA, Islam MT, Tarannum S, Islam SMH, Banu S, Seale H. A tuberculin skin test survey among healthcare workers in two public tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243951. [PMID: 33332458 PMCID: PMC7745963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bangladesh, there is currently no data on the burden of latent TB infection (LTBI) amongst hospital healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of LTBI and compare the prevalence among HCWs in two public tertiary care hospitals. Between September 2018 and August 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two public tertiary care general hospitals. Using a survey and tuberculin skin test (TST), we assessed risk factors for LTBI, adjusting for known and plausible confounders. In addition, a facility assessment was undertaken to understand the implementation of relevant IPC measures. The prevalence of LTBI among HCWs was 42%. HCWs spent a median of 6 hours (SD = 1.76, IQR 2.00) per day and attended an average of 1.87 pulmonary TB patients per week. HCWs did not receive any TB IPC training, the wards lacked a symptom checklist to screen patients for TB, and no masks were available for coughing patients. Seventy-seven percent reportedly did not use any facial protection (masks or respirators) while caring for patients. In the multivariable model adjusting for hospital level clustering effect, TST positivity was significantly higher among HCWs aged 35-45 years (aOR1.36, 95% CI: 1.06-1.73) and with >3 years of service (aOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.62-1.72). HCWs working in the medicine ward had 3.65 (95% CI: 2.20-6.05) times, and HCWs in the gynecology and obstetrics ward had 2.46 (95% CI: 1.42-4.27) times higher odds of TST positivity compared to HCWs working in administrative areas. This study identified high prevalence of LTBI among HCWs. This may be due to the level of exposure to pulmonary TB patients, and/or limited use of personal protective equipment along with poor implementation of TB IPC in the hospitals. Considering the high prevalence of LTBI, we recommend the national TB program consider providing preventative therapy to the HCWs as the high-risk group, and implement TB IPC in the hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, Program for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Arifa Nazneen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Program for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Sayeeda Tarannum
- Infectious Diseases Division, Program for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Hasibul Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, Program for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayera Banu
- Infectious Diseases Division, Program for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Holly Seale
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Wardani HR, Mertaniasih NM, Soedarsono S. RISK FACTORS OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN HEALTHCARE WORKERS AT HOSPITALS IN JEMBER CITY INDONESIA. Afr J Infect Dis 2020; 15:34-40. [PMID: 33884356 PMCID: PMC8047285 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v15i1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Healthcare workers in Tuberculosis (TB) and non-TB units in hospitals have a high risk of experiencing Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI), because of exposure to droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study aims to prove LTBI incidence and risk factors to healthcare workers at the hospital in Jember City. Material and Methods: a cross-sectional study, from January to March 2020 in two hospitals in Jember City. Healthcare workers in the TB care and non-TB care unit were examined using Tuberculin skin test (TST) with a cut off ≥ 10 mm for positive LTBI. Chest x-ray and clinical examination to rule out active TB and a standardized questionnaire were also used. Results: 128 healthcare workers completed the questionnaires, clinical, tuberculin skin test (TST), and chest x-ray data. LTBI incidence of positive results 61.7% (n = 79). Contacts TB in the workplace (p value = 0.219; OR = 1.643; CI = 0.742-3.641) and a unit of work (p value = 0.102; OR = 0.760; CI = 0.559-1.031) has no relationship with LTBI. The profession (p value = 0.020; OR = 1.112; CI = 0.896-1.403), the duration of the work (p value = 0.039; OR = 2.984; CI = 1.067-8.342), and BCG immunization (p value =0.000; OR = 0.151; CI = 0.052-0.438) have important relationships with LTBI. Conclusion: TB infection with a high incidence, a risk of transmission to healthcare workers, and a relationship between occupational risk factors and LTBI among healthcare workers in Jember City, Indonesia have been established in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidah Retno Wardani
- Student of Master Program of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mayjen. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 47, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Ni Made Mertaniasih
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mayjen. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 47, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Soedarsono Soedarsono
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Jl. Mayjen. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 47, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
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Marimani M, AlOmar SY, Aldahmash B, Ahmad A, Stacey S, Duse A. Distinct epigenetic regulation in patients with multidrug-resistant TB-HIV co-infection and uninfected individuals. Mutat Res 2020; 821:111724. [PMID: 33070028 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an airborne pathogenic microorganism that causes tuberculosis (TB). This pathogen invades lung tissues causing pulmonary infections and disseminates into other host organs. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is employed to provide immune protection against TB; however, its efficacy is dependent on the age, immune status and geographic location of vaccinated individuals. Advanced diagnostic approaches such as GeneXpert MTB/RIF® and line probe assays (LPAs) have allowed rapid detection of drug-resistant, multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb strains. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, public and private health institutions are further burdened by the high prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and TB co-infections across different age groups. Epigenetic mechanisms have been widely exploited by Mtb and HIV to bypass the host's innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to microbial proliferation and disease manifestation. In the current study, we investigated the impact of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating target gene expression in healthy and patients co-infected with MDR TB-HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Marimani
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Suliman Yousef AlOmar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Aldahmash
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; Infectious Diseases, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Sarah Stacey
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Adriano Duse
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; Infectious Diseases, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
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Prihatiningsih S, Fajar JK, Tamara F, Mahendra AI, Rizqiansyah CY, Adianingsih OR, Suwandi T. Risk factors of tuberculosis infection among health care workers: A meta-analysis. Indian J Tuberc 2020; 67:121-129. [PMID: 32192605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Health care workers (HCWs) are globally known to have high risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection while risk factors of TB infections among HCWs are still inconclusive. OBJECTIVES To perform a meta-analysis in effort to identify risk factors of TB infection among HCWs. METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted between February and July 2019. Papers were searched in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of science and information of interest were extracted. The correlation and effect estimation were analyzed using random or fixed effect model. RESULTS A total of 12 studies consisting of 2871 cases and 15,673 controls were included and six risk factors were available for meta-analysis. Cumulative calculation found that age, working duration, and types of job were significant risk factor of TB infection while gender, active TB contact, and types of workplace were not associated significantly with TB infection among HCWs. Our pooled data revealed that decreased risk of TB infection was observed in age less than 30 years (age < 30 years vs. age ≥ 30 years) and working duration less than five years (working duration < 5 years vs. ≥5 years). Being more than 40 years, working more than 10 years, and being physicians increased the risk of TB infection significantly compared to age ≤40 years, working duration ≤10 years, and other job types, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis has identified the significant risk factors of TB infection among HCWs. Our results may be useful for establishing future TB prevention program among HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Septyani Prihatiningsih
- Division of Occupational Health and Safety, Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia.
| | - Jonny Karunia Fajar
- Rumah Sakit Islam Hasanah Muhammadiyah Mojokerto, 61313, Indonesia; Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
| | - Fredo Tamara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Aditya Indra Mahendra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Tjipto Suwandi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia
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