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Xu G, Hou B, Xue C, Xu Q, Qu L, Hao X, Liu Y, Wang D, Li Z, Jin X. Acute Retinal Necrosis Associated with Pseudorabies Virus Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024; 32:594-601. [PMID: 36863003 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2181188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze a case of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) associated with pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection and discusses the clinical characteristics of PRV-induced ARN (PRV-ARN). METHODS Case report and literature review of ocular features in PRV-ARN. RESULTS A 52-year-old female diagnosed with encephalitis presented with bilateral vision loss, mild anterior uveitis, vitreous opacity, occlusive retinal vasculitis, and retinal detachment in her left eye. The result of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) indicated that both cerebrospinal fluids and vitreous fluid tested positive for PRV. CONCLUSION PRV, a zoonosis, can infect both humans and mammals. Patients affected with PRV may experience severe encephalitis and oculopathy, and the infection has been associated with high mortality and disability. ARN is the most common ocular disease, which develops rapidly following encephalitis and is characterized by five figures: bilateral onset, rapid progression, severe visual impairment, poor response to systemic antiviral drugs, and an unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Xu
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoke Hou
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Xue
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Quangang Xu
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linghui Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 74th Army Group Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Hao
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dajiang Wang
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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Wang D, Chen D, Xu S, Wei F, Zhao H. Comparative proteomic analysis of PK-15 cells infected with wild-type strain and its EP0 gene-deleted mutant strain of pseudorabies virus. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e54. [PMID: 39083206 PMCID: PMC11291433 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.24069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE As one of the main etiologic agents of infectious diseases in pigs, pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections have caused enormous economic losses worldwide. EP0, one of the PRV early proteins (EP) plays a vital role in PRV infections, but the mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE This study examined the function of EP0 to provide a direction for its in-depth analysis. METHODS In this study, the EP0-deleted PRV mutant was obtained, and Tandem Mass Tag-based proteomic analysis was used to screen the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) quantitatively in EP0-deleted PRV- or wild-type PRV-infected porcine kidney 15 cells. RESULTS This study identified 7,391 DEPs, including 120 and 21 up-regulated and down-regulated DEPs, respectively. Western blot analysis confirmed the changes in the expression of the selected proteins, such as speckled protein 100. Comprehensive analysis revealed 141 DEPs involved in various biological processes and molecular functions, such as transcription regulator activity, biological regulation, and localization. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results holistically outlined the functions of EP0 during a PRV infection and might provide a direction for more detailed function studies of EP0 and the stimulation of lytic PRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Agroforestry and Medicine, The Open University of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Shengkui Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhao
- School of Modern Agriculture & Biotechnology, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China.
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Guo H, Liu Q, Yang D, Zhang H, Kuang Y, Li Y, Chen H, Wang X. Brincidofovir Effectively Inhibits Proliferation of Pseudorabies Virus by Disrupting Viral Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:464. [PMID: 38543829 PMCID: PMC10975951 DOI: 10.3390/v16030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies is an acute and febrile infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the family Herpesviridae. Currently, PRV is predominantly endemoepidemic and has caused significant economic losses among domestic pigs. Other animals have been proven to be susceptible to PRV, with a mortality rate of 100%. In addition, 30 human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and all patients have shown severe neurological symptoms and eventually died or developed various neurological sequelae. In these cases, broad-spectrum anti-herpesvirus drugs and integrated treatments were mostly applied. However, the inhibitory effect of the commonly used anti-herpesvirus drugs (e.g., acyclovir, etc.) against PRV were evaluated and found to be limited in this study. It is therefore urgent and important to develop drugs that are clinically effective against PRV infection. Here, we constructed a high-throughput method for screening antiviral drugs based on fluorescence-tagged PRV strains and multi-modal microplate readers that detect fluorescence intensity to account for virus proliferation. A total of 2104 small molecule drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were studied and validated by applying this screening model, and 104 drugs providing more than 75% inhibition of fluorescence intensity were selected. Furthermore, 10 drugs that could significantly inhibit PRV proliferation in vitro were strictly identified based on their cytopathic effects, virus titer, and viral gene expression, etc. Based on the determined 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), the selectivity index (SI) was calculated to be 26.3-3937.2 for these 10 drugs, indicating excellent drugability. The antiviral effects of the 10 drugs were then assessed in a mouse model. It was found that 10 mg/kg brincidofovir administered continuously for 5 days provided 100% protection in mice challenged with lethal doses of the human-origin PRV strain hSD-1/2019. Brincidofovir significantly attenuated symptoms and pathological changes in infected mice. Additionally, time-of-addition experiments confirmed that brincidofovir inhibited the proliferation of PRV mainly by interfering with the viral replication stage. Therefore, this study confirms that brincidofovir can significantly inhibit PRV both in vitro and in vivo and is expected to be an effective drug candidate for the clinical treatment of PRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Kuang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yafei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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Ma Z, Jiang C, Liu D, Gao Y, Bai J, Jiang P, Liu X. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of a quadruple gene-deleted pseudorabies virus variant as a vaccine candidate. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109931. [PMID: 38056181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since late 2011, the PRV variants have emerged in China, characterized by the increased virulence. The traditional attenuated vaccines have proven insufficient in providing complete protection, resulting in substantial economic losses to swine industry. In this study, a vaccine candidate strain, ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21, carrying the quadruple gene deletion was derived from the previously generated three gene-deleted virus ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK. As anticipated, piglets inoculated with ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21 exhibited normal body temperatures and showed no viral shedding, consistent with the observations from piglets treated with ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK. Importantly, a significant higher level of interferon induction was observed among piglets in the ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21 group compared to those in the ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK group. Upon challenge with the PRV variant ZJ01, piglets immunized with ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21 exhibited reduced viral shedding compared to the ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK group. Furthermore, piglets vaccinated with ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21 exhibited minimal pathological lesions in brain tissues, similar to those in the ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK group. These results underscore the potential of ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21 as a promising vaccine for controlling PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chenlong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Depeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanni Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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5
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Ye N, Feng W, Fu T, Tang D, Zeng Z, Wang B. Membrane fusion, potential threats, and natural antiviral drugs of pseudorabies virus. Vet Res 2023; 54:39. [PMID: 37131259 PMCID: PMC10152797 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) can infect several animals and causes severe economic losses in the swine industry. Recently, human encephalitis or endophthalmitis caused by PrV infection has been frequently reported in China. Thus, PrV can infect animals and is becoming a potential threat to human health. Although vaccines and drugs are the main strategies to prevent and treat PrV outbreaks, there is no specific drug, and the emergence of new PrV variants has reduced the effectiveness of classical vaccines. Therefore, it is challenging to eradicate PrV. In the present review, the membrane fusion process of PrV entering target cells, which is conducive to revealing new therapeutic and vaccine strategies for PrV, is presented and discussed. The current and potential PrV pathways of infection in humans are analyzed, and it is hypothesized that PrV may become a zoonotic agent. The efficacy of chemically synthesized drugs for treating PrV infections in animals and humans is unsatisfactory. In contrast, multiple extracts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have shown anti-PRV activity, exerting its effects in different phases of the PrV life-cycle and suggesting that TCM compounds may have great potential against PrV. Overall, this review provides insights into developing effective anti-PrV drugs and emphasizes that human PrV infection should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tiantian Fu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Deyuan Tang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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6
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Peng Z, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Wu B, Chen H, Wang X. Cytopathic and Genomic Characteristics of a Human-Originated Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:170. [PMID: 36680210 PMCID: PMC9862444 DOI: 10.3390/v15010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) generally infects pigs and threatens the pig industry. However, recently we have isolated a PRV strain designated hSD-1/2019 from infected humans. In this study, we compared the complete genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 with those of pig-originated PRV strains. Sequence alignments revealed that the genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 was highly homologous to those of the porcine PRV strains. Phylogenetic analyses found that hSD-1/2019 was the closest related to porcine PRV endemic strains in China, particularly the variant strains circulating recently. We also showed that the glycoproteins important for the multiplication and pathogenesis of hSD-1/2019 were highly similar to those of the pig endemic strains. Diversifying selection analyses revealed that hSD-1/2019 and pig variant strains are under diversifying selection. Recombination analysis indicated that hSD-1/2019 was a recombinant of several PRV variant strains and an earlier PRV classic strain. Finally, we found that both human and pig-originated PRV strains could induce cytopathic effects in cells from humans, pigs, and mice, but only the human PRV and pig-variant PRV formed large syncytia in human cell lines. The data presented in this study contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis for the pathogenesis of human PRV from a genomic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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Tan L, Zhou Y, Qiu Y, Lei L, Wang C, Zhu P, Duan D, Lei H, Yang L, Wang N, Yang Y, Yao J, Wang W, Wang A. Pseudorabies in pig industry of China: Epidemiology in pigs and practitioner awareness. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:973450. [PMID: 36213396 PMCID: PMC9536195 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.973450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is widely prevalent in China, which can transmit from pigs to other mammals. Moreover, a PRV variant isolated from an acute human encephalitis case was documented recently. It is imperative to investigate PRV epidemiology in pigs, the knowledge regarding pseudorabies (PR) and self-protection behaviors upon working among relevant practitioners including pig farmers, pig cutters, and pork salesman. In the present study, 18,812 pig serum samples and 1,634 tissue samples were collected from Hunan Province during the period of 2020 to 2021 for detecting the presence of PRV gE-special antibody and nucleic acids, respectively. Meanwhile, we conducted a questionnaire survey about PR among these practitioners in China. The results showed that nearly 9% (1,840/20,192) pigs from 161 collected sites (20.17%, 161/797) were seropositive for PRV-gE antibody. Though only 2.33% tissue samples were positive for PRV nucleic acids, all the representative PRV strains were variant. It was learned that most practitioners were frequently injured when working, the injured sites mainly included hand and foot. Among the three transmission routes of PRV, the aerosol transmission route was often overlooked. Moreover, the workers lacked self-protection awareness and were poor conscious about PRV and its potential threat to humans. All the results demonstrate that PRV remains widely spread in pig populations, while the potential threats of PRV in pig industry receive less attention, suggesting that targeted educational programs to these people should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- Hunan Sino-science Gene Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Yixing Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Xiangxi Prefecture Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Products Affairs Center, Xiangxi, China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Deyong Duan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Hongyu Lei
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Lincheng Yang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Yao
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Wei Wang
| | - Aibing Wang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
- PCB Biotechnology LLC, Rockville, MD, United States
- Aibing Wang
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The Effects of Oncolytic Pseudorabies Virus Vaccine Strain Inhibited the Growth of Colorectal Cancer HCT-8 Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182416. [PMID: 36139276 PMCID: PMC9495051 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising treatment approach for a variety of tumor forms. Although a number of studies have demonstrated that the pseudorabies virus (PRV) may be applied as an oncolytic carrier, the anti-colorectal cancer impact of the virus and the mechanism of its cytotoxic effect remain elusive. In this study, the replication capacity and cell activity of PRV attenuated live vaccines Bartha K61 and HB98 in HCT-8 cells in vitro were investigated. Next, the antitumor ability and safety were evaluated in a mouse model of HCT-8 tumor transplantation. Both PRV strains were able to suppress tumor growth and HB98 showed higher safety and efficiency than the Bartha K61 strain. Finally, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry examination were performed to investigate its possible cytotoxic mechanism. The results showed that PRV inhibited tumor proliferation both in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis. In summary, our study discovered for the first time that the live attenuated PRV has an oncolytic effect on HCT-8 cells with high efficacy and safety.
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9
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Pseudorabies Virus: From Pathogenesis to Prevention Strategies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081638. [PMID: 36016260 PMCID: PMC9414054 DOI: 10.3390/v14081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease (AD), is a highly infectious viral disease which is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). It has been nearly 200 years since the first PR case occurred. Currently, the virus can infect human beings and various mammals, including pigs, sheep, dogs, rabbits, rodents, cattle and cats, and among them, pigs are the only natural host of PRV infection. PRV is characterized by reproductive failure in pregnant sows, nervous disorders in newborn piglets, and respiratory distress in growing pigs, resulting in serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Due to the extensive application of the attenuated vaccine containing the Bartha-K61 strain, PR was well controlled. With the variation of PRV strain, PR re-emerged and rapidly spread in some countries, especially China. Although researchers have been committed to the design of diagnostic methods and the development of vaccines in recent years, PR is still an important infectious disease and is widely prevalent in the global pig industry. In this review, we introduce the structural composition and life cycle of PRV virions and then discuss the latest findings on PRV pathogenesis, following the molecular characteristic of PRV and the summary of existing diagnosis methods. Subsequently, we also focus on the latest clinical progress in the prevention and control of PRV infection via the development of vaccines, traditional herbal medicines and novel small RNAs. Lastly, we provide an outlook on PRV eradication.
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Deng J, Wu Z, Liu J, Ji Q, Ju C. The Role of Latency-Associated Transcripts in the Latent Infection of Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071379. [PMID: 35891360 PMCID: PMC9320458 DOI: 10.3390/v14071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can cause neurological, respiratory, and reproductive diseases in pigs and establish lifelong latent infection in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Latent infection is a typical feature of PRV, which brings great difficulties to the prevention, control, and eradication of pseudorabies. The integral mechanism of latent infection is still unclear. Latency-associated transcripts (LAT) gene is the only transcriptional region during latent infection of PRV which plays the key role in regulating viral latent infection and inhibiting apoptosis. Here, we review the characteristics of PRV latent infection and the transcriptional characteristics of the LAT gene. We also analyzed the function of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) produced by the LAT gene and its importance in latent infection. Furthermore, we provided possible strategies to solve the problem of latent infection of virulent PRV strains in the host. In short, the detailed mechanism of PRV latent infection needs to be further studied and elucidated.
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A Review of Pseudorabies Virus Variants: Genomics, Vaccination, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051003. [PMID: 35632745 PMCID: PMC9144770 DOI: 10.3390/v14051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease, has a broad host range including most mammals and avian species. In 2011, a PRV variant emerged in many Bartha K61-vaccinated pig herds in China and has attracted more and more attention due to its serious threat to domestic and wild animals, and even human beings. The PRV variant has been spreading in China for more than 10 years, and considerable research progresses about its molecular biology, pathogenesis, transmission, and host–virus interactions have been made. This review is mainly organized into four sections including outbreak and genomic evolution characteristics of PRV variants, progresses of PRV variant vaccine development, the pathogenicity and transmission of PRV variants among different species of animals, and the zoonotic potential of PRV variants. Considering PRV has caused a huge economic loss of animals and is a potential threat to public health, it is necessary to extensively explore the mechanisms involved in its replication, pathogenesis, and transmission in order to ultimately eradicate it in China.
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Xu L, Wei JF, Zhao J, Xu SY, Lee FQ, Nie MC, Xu ZW, Zhou YC, Zhu L. The Immunity Protection of Central Nervous System Induced by Pseudorabies Virus DelgI/gE/TK in Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862907. [PMID: 35401481 PMCID: PMC8990752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on a variant strain, we constructed a gE/gI/TK-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV). A total of 18 female mice were randomized to a vaccination group to receive PRV XJ delgE/gI/TK, a vehicle group to receive Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, and a mock group to confirm the protection of PRV delgE/gI/TK on the central nervous system in mice. Subsequently, the vaccination and vehicle groups were infected with PRV XJ. The mice in the vehicle group showed more severe neurological symptoms and higher viral loads than those in the vaccination group. The exudation of Evans blue and the expression of tight junction protein showed no difference in all groups. HE staining showed vacuolar neuronal degeneration in the vehicle group brain, but no tissue lesions were observed in the vaccination group. TNF-α, IL-6, and synuclein were upregulated in the brain of mice in the vehicle group, while those were inhibited among mice in the vaccination group. IFN-β, IFN-γ, ISG15, Mx1, and OAS1 showed no difference in the brain between the vaccination and vehicle groups. In addition, TNF-α and IL-6 were inhibited, and antiviral factors were increased in the intestine of the mice in the vaccination group compared to those in the vehicle group. Our study showed that PRV XJ delgE/gI/TK inhibited neurological damage and the inflammation of the intestine and brain induced by PRV and activated the innate immunity of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Feng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng-Qin Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min-Cai Nie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Proteomic Analysis of Vero Cells Infected with Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040755. [PMID: 35458485 PMCID: PMC9029783 DOI: 10.3390/v14040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1), known as pseudorabies virus (PRV), is one of the most devastating swine pathogens in China, particularly the sudden occurrence of PRV variants in 2011. The higher pathogenicity and cross-species transmission potential of the newly emerged variants caused not only colossal economic losses, but also threatened public health. To uncover the underlying pathogenesis of PRV variants, Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis was performed to quantitatively screen the differentially expressed cellular proteins in PRV-infected Vero cells. A total of 7072 proteins were identified and 960 proteins were significantly regulated: specifically 89 upregulated and 871 downregulated. To make it more credible, the expression of XRCC5 and XRCC6 was verified by western blot and RT-qPCR, and the results dovetailed with the proteomic data. The differentially expressed proteins were involved in various biological processes and signaling pathways, such as chaperonin-containing T-complex, NIK/NF-κB signaling pathway, DNA damage response, and negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle. Taken together, our data holistically outline the interactions between PRV and host cells, and our results may shed light on the pathogenesis of PRV variants and provide clues for pseudorabies prevention.
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Yan W, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhang H. Case Report: Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Human Encephalitis and Endophthalmitis Caused by Pseudorabies Virus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:753988. [PMID: 35096860 PMCID: PMC8795075 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.753988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of our study was to report a case of encephalitis and endophthalmitis caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), identified using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). CASE PRESENTATION A 54-year-old worker, from a swine slaughterhouse, developed signs of severe encephalitis, including fever, disturbance of consciousness, hypopnea, and status epilepticus, after finger injury at work. The PRV sequences were successfully identified from the blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and aqueous humor of the patient through mNGS, which was further verified using a Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSION Our case emphasizes the importance of mNGS in early diagnoses of infectious diseases, and gives a clue that PRV can spread across species and infect human. It is necessary to carry out a skin protection and education about disease prevention for people who have close contact with swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian Yan
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Ciarello FP, Moreno A, Miragliotta N, Antonino A, Fiasconaro M, Purpari G, Amato B, Ippolito D, Di Marco Lo Presti V. Aujeszky's disease in hunting dogs after the ingestion of wild boar raw meat in Sicily (Italy): clinical, diagnostic and phylogenetic features. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:27. [PMID: 34996475 PMCID: PMC8742332 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aujeszky's disease is caused by Suid Herpes Virus-1 and species belonging to the genus Sus scrofa are the main reservoir hosts. This virus, however, is capable of infecting and causing severe disease, with an almost constant fatal outcome in other species, both domestic and wild (carnivores, monogastric herbivores and ruminants). Moreover, the possibility of transmission to humans has been demonstrated. This study reports and describes the clinical, diagnostic, pathological and phylogenetic aspects of two cases of Aujeszky's disease in two hunting dogs following the ingestion of infected wild boar raw meat. These cases are contextualized in the province of Messina (Sicily), where a high prevalence of Aujeszky's disease has been recorded (average of 12,20% in the period 2010–2019) in farmed pig, and with evidence of spread to other species. A severe outbreak in cattle has recently been reported in these areas. Nevertheless, cases of Aujeszky's disease in dogs are rarely reported and this study represents the first well-documented report in this species in Sicily. Case presentation After a wild boar hunt, two dogs showed neurological symptoms and intense itching unresponsive to therapy. Diagnosis of Aujeszky's disease was made based on clinical suspicion, anamnestic information and confirmed by the isolation of the virus from the brain of both dogs. In addition, molecular typing, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Real-Time PCR products were performed. The sequences studied were placed in the Italian Clade 1 along with the sequences obtained from wild boars and hunting dogs from Italy and France. Conclusions The finding of this disease in non-natural hosts in Sicilian multi-host epidemiological contexts suggests that the risk of inter-species transmission is concrete and that attention should be paid to developing disease control programs in these territories. The data obtained from genome sequencing of the two SuHV-1 isolates contribute to the enrichment of the GenBank with unknown sequences and the phylogenetic analysis implementation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03138-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Pruiti Ciarello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- National Reference Center for Aujeszky's Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna " Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9 - 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Miragliotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aliberti Antonino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Fiasconaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Benedetta Amato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dorotea Ippolito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
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Yue L, Yi L, Fei T, MengWu T, Man L, LiQing W, YueLi Z, JiaLiang D, Hui B, JunYing H. Human Encephalitis Complicated With Ocular Symptoms Associated With Pseudorabies Virus Infection: A Case Report. Front Neurol 2022; 13:878007. [PMID: 35614923 PMCID: PMC9125146 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.878007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alpha herpesvirus found in many wild and domestic animals, and causes neurological diseases in humans. Several cases of PRV-induced human encephalitis accompanied with severe visual impairment have been reported. There is currently no effective treatment for severe visual impairment caused by PRV. We report a case of PRV encephalitis with severe visual impairment. The diagnosis and treatment experience of this patient is summarized to improve the awareness of clinicians. We present a 42-year-old man with PRV infection who was admitted due to intermittent fever for 5 days and unconsciousness for 1 day. He subsequently developed severe visual impairment during hospital stay. Empirical antiviral treatment with ganciclovir and sodium foscarnet was started on the day of admission and continued for > 50 days, which had significant treatment effect. Eye complications caused by PRV infection have been frequently reported in patients with PRV encephalitis. In this patient, based on the patient's condition, antiviral therapy was initiated on admission day, and according to the results of the next-generation sequencing of the cerebrospinal fluid, the duration of antiviral therapy was prolonged, which improved treatment efficacy and alleviated neurological symptoms and eye vision damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that describes partial restoration of acute vision loss associated with PRV infection after aggressive treatment. Our experience suggests that although prompt treatment cannot prevent the acute vision loss associated with PRV infection, timely anti-viral and anti-inflammatory treatment can alleviate ocular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Yi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yi
| | - Tong Fei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Tong Fei
| | - Tian MengWu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Man
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wang LiQing
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zou YueLi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Duan JiaLiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bu Hui
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - He JunYing
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Ying M, Hu X, Wang M, Cheng X, Zhao B, Tao Y. Vitritis and retinal vasculitis caused by pseudorabies virus. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211058990. [PMID: 34851760 PMCID: PMC8647242 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211058990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a herpesvirus of swine. PRV is also called suid herpesvirus 1
and is a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily within the family Herpesviridae. The
number of PRV cases worldwide is small, but in susceptible individuals, infection with
this virus has a poor prognosis. Therefore, it is urgent to improve our understanding of
this disease in clinical practice to avoid misdiagnosis and to identify optimal
treatments. We report a patient with PRV infection who was admitted to hospital with viral
encephalitis and subsequently developed intraocular infection. Because to the lack of
relevant clinical experience in the treatment of this disease, we carried out experimental
treatment with good therapeutic effect. This case provides a basis for clinical diagnosis
and treatment of patients with PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, 12411Henan University, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, 12411Henan University, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengli Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, 12411Henan University, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiangshu Cheng
- Department of Neurology, 12411Henan University, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, 12411Henan University, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Background Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1) is a type of neurotropic virus able to infect various species. However, the clinical cases of human SHV1 encephalitis are still rarely reported, and the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of human SHV1 encephalitis are still unclear. Methods In this study, we reported 2 cases of human encephalitis associated with SHV1 infection and reviewed the other 18 cases from the literatures. A total of 20 cases with human SHV1 encephalitis were summarized and re-analyzed. Results Nineteen of 20 patients had a history of swine-related occupational exposure before illness onset. All patients initially presented with influenza-like symptoms and then developed seizures, disturbed consciousness, and endophthalmitis. All patients with clinical outcome of modified Rankin Scale of 5 or 6 suffered from rapid progressive respiratory failure. The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated aseptic or viral infection. MRI findings of SHV1 encephalitis were prone to distribute in temporal-frontal and insular cortex, which was similar to the pattern of herpes simplex virus encephalitis, while some cases with involvements of gray matter nuclei had a high rate of mortality. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) revealed that all patients had unique SHV1 sequences with variable reads in the CSF. Conclusions The variant SHV1 can cause a new type of human viral encephalitis, characterized by acute, fulminating, and catastrophic central nervous system infection. Rapid progressive respiratory failure and extensive lesions of deep gray matter nuclei might be indicators to poor prognosis. No approved treatments for the encephalitis are available, but it is possible to diagnose encephalitis quickly by mNGS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10072-021-05633-0.
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Hu R, Wang L, Liu Q, Hua L, Huang X, Zhang Y, Fan J, Chen H, Song W, Liang W, Ding N, Li Z, Ding Z, Tang X, Peng Z, Wu B. Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus Clinical Isolates from Pigs in China between 2012 and 2017 in China. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071322. [PMID: 34372529 PMCID: PMC8310123 DOI: 10.3390/v13071322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an economically significant swine infectious agent. A PRV outbreak took place in China in 2011 with novel virulent variants. Although the association of viral genomic variability with pathogenicity is not fully confirmed, the knowledge concerning PRV genomic diversity and evolution is still limited. Here, we sequenced 54 genomes of novel PRV variants isolated in China from 2012 to 2017. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that China strains and US/Europe strains were classified into two separate genotypes. PRV strains isolated from 2012 to 2017 in China are highly related to each other and genetically close to classic China strains such as Ea, Fa, and SC. RDP analysis revealed 23 recombination events within novel PRV variants, indicating that recombination contributes significantly to the viral evolution. The selection pressure analysis indicated that most ORFs were under evolutionary constraint, and 19 amino acid residue sites in 15 ORFs were identified under positive selection. Additionally, 37 unique mutations were identified in 19 ORFs, which distinguish the novel variants from classic strains. Overall, our study suggested that novel PRV variants might evolve from classical PRV strains through point mutation and recombination mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Hongjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Wenbo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Wan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nengshui Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Xiamen 360000, China
| | - Zuohua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: (Z.P.); (B.W.)
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: (Z.P.); (B.W.)
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20
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Liu Q, Wang X, Chen H, Yan R, Li W, Wang X. Reply to Kitaura and Okamoto. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e693-e694. [PMID: 32909029 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruoqian Yan
- Henan Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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21
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Kitaura S, Okamoto K. Microbial-disease Correlation: Time to Focus on Post-Koch's Criteria? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e692. [PMID: 32909040 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitaura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Okamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Tan L, Yao J, Yang Y, Luo W, Yuan X, Yang L, Wang A. Current Status and Challenge of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in China. Virol Sin 2021; 36:588-607. [PMID: 33616892 PMCID: PMC7897889 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease, is a highly infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Without specific host tropism, PRV can infect a wide variety of mammals, including pig, sheep, cattle, etc., thereby causing severe clinical symptoms and acute death. PRV was firstly reported in China in 1950s, while outbreaks of emerging PRV variants have been documented in partial regions since 2011, leading to significant economic losses in swine industry. Although scientists have been devoting to the design of diagnostic approaches and the development of vaccines during the past years, PR remains a vital infectious disease widely prevalent in Chinese pig industry. Especially, its potential threat to human health has also attracted the worldwide attention. In this review, we will provide a summary of current understanding of PRV in China, mainly focusing on PRV history, the existing diagnosis methods, PRV prevalence in pig population and other susceptible mammals, molecular characteristics, and the available vaccines against its infection. Additionally, promising agents including traditional Chinese herbal medicines and novel inhibitors that may be employed to treat this viral infection, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yadi Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Huaihua Vocational and Technical College, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lingchen Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Aibing Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China.
- PCB Biotechnology LLC, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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23
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Human PRV Infection in China: An Alarm to Accelerate Eradication of PRV in Domestic Pigs. Virol Sin 2021; 36:823-828. [PMID: 33538947 PMCID: PMC8379330 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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24
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Liu H, Shi Z, Liu C, Wang P, Wang M, Wang S, Liu Z, Wei L, Sun Z, He X, Wang J. Implication of the Identification of an Earlier Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) Strain HLJ-2013 to the Evolution of Chinese PRVs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:612474. [PMID: 33384679 PMCID: PMC7769849 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.612474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies viruses (PRVs) pose a great threat to the pig industry of many countries around the world. Human infections with PRV have also been reported occasionally in China. Therefore, understanding the epidemiology and evolution of PRVs is of great importance for disease control in the pig populations and humans as well. In this study, we isolated a PRV designated HLJ-2013 from PRV-positive samples that had been collected in Heilongjiang, China, in 2013. The full genome sequence of the virus was determined to be ∼143 kbp in length using high-throughput sequencing. The genomic sequence identities between this isolate and 21 other previous PRV isolates ranged from 92.4% (with Bartha) to 97.3% (with SC). Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length genome sequences revealed that PRV HLJ-2013 clustered together with all the Chinese strains in one group belonging to Genotype II, but this virus occurred phylogenetically earlier than all the other Chinese PRV strains. Phylogenetic trees based on both protein-coding genes and non-coding regions revealed that HLJ-2013 probably obtained its genome sequences from three origins: a yet unknown parent virus, the European viruses, and the same ancestor of all Chinese PRVs. Recombination analysis showed that HLJ-2013-like virus possibly donated the main framework of the genome of the Chinese PRVs. HLJ-2013 exhibited cytopathic and growth characteristics similar to that of the Chinese PRV strains SC and HeN1, but its pathogenicity in mice was higher than that of SC and lower than that of HeN1. The identification of HLJ-2013 takes us one step closer to understanding the origin of PRVs in China and provides new knowledge about the evolution of PRVs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhibin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chunguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zaisi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenzhao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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25
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First Report of a Severe Outbreak of Aujeszky's Disease in Cattle in Sicily (Italy). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110954. [PMID: 33212860 PMCID: PMC7709038 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aujeszky’s disease in cattle is caused by Suid herpes virus 1. The natural infection has been reported worldwide in bovine species and it is related to direct and indirect contact with infected pigs, which represent the main reservoir of the virus. Here, it is reported the first documented outbreak of Aujeszky’s disease in cattle in Sicily (Italy). Severe itching and nonspecific neurological symptoms were the main reported clinical signs. No characteristic gross and histological features were reported other than cutaneous lesions caused by excessive pruritus and hyperaemia, haemorrhages and inflammation in the central nervous system. Diagnosis was confirmed by real time PCR and immunohistochemistry on the nervous tissue. The route of infection remained unknown, but serological data observed in pigs living in close cohabitation with cattle revealed a circulation of a wild strain of the virus in the area. This study contributes to a better knowledge of this disease in a non-conventional host and suggests the need to increase the prophylaxis control plans in specific breeding contexts.
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26
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Li H, Liang R, Pang Y, Shi L, Cui S, Lin W. Evidence for interspecies transmission route of pseudorabies virus via virally contaminated fomites. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108912. [PMID: 33160195 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a zoonotic agent with a wide host range, causing significant economic losses in animal husbandry and potential public health risk globally. The causative agent has recently gained attention due to the inter-species transmission among different species of animals, even human beings. Although PRV's prevalence is found in many species of animals, regardless of whether the strain involved is a vaccine, classical or variant, few lines of evidence for the viral transmission route are available. Here, we reported that viral contamination is associated with the inter-species transmission of PRV. We found that PRV contamination was widely distributed in the environment of pig farms, that viral distribution in the environment is associated with the implementation of biosecurity measures, and that PRV could transmit from pigs to dogs through virally contaminated fomites. Collectively, our findings provide a basis for understanding the ecology and transmission route of PRV and underscore the importance of implementing biosecurity measures to control this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yanling Pang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lijun Shi
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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27
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Tu L, Lian J, Pang Y, Liu C, Cui S, Lin W. Retrospective detection and phylogenetic analysis of pseudorabies virus in dogs in China. Arch Virol 2020; 166:91-100. [PMID: 33074409 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, has gained increased attention in China in recent years as a result of a recent outbreak of pseudorabies. The causative agent has a wide spectrum of hosts, including pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, bats, bears, and even some avian species. Although dog-related cases of pseudorabies have been reported regularly, many cases are overlooked, and few PRV strains are isolated because death occurs rapidly after PRV infection and veterinarians often do not test for PRV in dogs. Here, we performed a retrospective detection of PRV in dogs from July 2017 to December 2018. We found that PRV (including gE-deleted strains, classical strains, and variant strains) is prevalent in dogs regardless of season and region and that the epidemic PRV strains in dogs share high sequence similarity with gC and gE genes of swine epidemic strains and commercial vaccine strains. Collectively, our findings underscore the importance of PRV surveillance in dogs, which is beneficial for understanding the epidemiology of PRV in dogs and assists in efforts aimed at effectively controlling this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Lian
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Pang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Cun Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Xavier C, Boncquet Vieira M, Ferreira C, Tavares Ferreira J. Neuro-ophthalmological consequences of acute influenza A encephalitis in a genetically predisposed child. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/9/e235636. [PMID: 32928829 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-235636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute necrotising encephalopathy (ANE) is a rare disease that corresponds to a rapidly progressive encephalopathy induced by a viral infection. It is frequently associated with a mutation on the RAN-binding protein 2 (RANBP2) gene-ANE1. We present a case of a 5-year-old boy with a clinical picture of influenza aggravated to an acute encephalopathy picture after the 3rd day. Complementary examinations came back positive for the influenza A virus, and MRI showed aspects compatible with ANE. He was treated accordingly with subsequent improvement of the clinical picture. During ambulatory follow-up, a mutation was detected on the RANBP2 gene and, at the ophthalmological level, bilateral peripheral constriction on the campimetry and a significant reduction of bilateral peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer was reported. Our case contributes to the enrichment of the neuro-ophthalmological literature and expands the spectrum of sequelae of this rare entity in the Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Xavier
- Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Cristina Ferreira
- Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal.,Ophthalmology, Hospital CUF de Cascais, Cascais, Portugal.,Ophthalmology, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Tavares Ferreira
- Ophthalmology, Hospital CUF de Cascais, Cascais, Portugal .,Ophthalmology, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisboa, Portugal.,Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
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29
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Comparative Pathology of Pseudorabies in Different Naturally and Experimentally Infected Species-A Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080633. [PMID: 32759704 PMCID: PMC7460128 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus and the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease (AD). PRV infects a wide range of animal species including swine as the natural host as well as ruminants, carnivores, rodents and lagomorphs. In these species, except for the pig, PRV infection causes acute, severe disease, characterized by insatiable itching, and is always lethal. Horses, chickens and non-human primates have been shown to be largely resistant to PRV infection, while disease in humans is still controversial. PRV is a pantropic virus, which preferably invades neural tissue, but also infects epithelia of various organs, whereupon multisystemic lesions may result. Although AD is mainly associated with severe pruritus, also known as “mad itch”, there are notable differences regarding infection route, clinical signs, viral distribution and lesion patterns in different animal species. In this comprehensive review, we will present clinico-pathologic findings from different species, which have been either shown to be susceptible to PRV infection or have been tested experimentally.
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30
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Liu Q, Wang X, Xie C, Ding S, Yang H, Guo S, Li J, Qin L, Ban F, Wang D, Wang C, Feng L, Ma H, Wu B, Zhang L, Dong C, Xing L, Zhang J, Chen H, Yan R, Wang X, Li W. A novel human acute encephalitis caused by pseudorabies virus variant strain. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e3690-e3700. [PMID: 32667972 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a common pathogen in multiple animal species particularly in pigs. However, PRV infection in humans is rare and to the best of knowledge, PRV has never been isolated from human cases before. METHODS Four acute encephalitis cases in humans were confirmed as PRV infection based on clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected and applied for virus isolation. Etiological and genetic characteristics of this PRV human isolate were further determined. RESULTS The patients manifested respiratory dysfunction and acute neurological symptoms. The mNGS revealed PRV specific nucleotide sequences in patients' CSF samples (7-6198 reads and 0.2446%-80.58% coverage). The PRV envelope glycoprotein B antibody, glycoprotein E antibody, and neutralizing antibody were positively detected. For the first time, a PRV strain, designated hSD-1/2019, was isolated and identified from one CSF sample, and transmission electron microscopy revealed hSD-1/2019 had typical morphology similar to swine PRV. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated that hSD-1/2019 was genetically closest to those PRV variant strains currently circulating in pigs in China, and this strain showed similar etiological characteristics to Chinese PRV variant strains, while different from Chinese classical strain. Moreover, hSD-1/2019 showed high pathogenicity and induced acute neurological symptoms in pigs. CONCLUSIONS A PRV strain was isolated from an acute human encephalitis case. This isolate showed close phylogenetic relationships and similar etiological characteristics to Chinese PRV variant strains, implying the great risk of PRV transmission from pigs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Caihua Xie
- Henan Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shifang Ding
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongna Yang
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shibang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingzhi Qin
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fuguo Ban
- Henan Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Henan Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Henan Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lingxiao Feng
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haichang Ma
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Henan Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changxian Dong
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Binhai Genomics Institute, Tianjin Translational Genomics Center, BGI-Tianjin, BGI-Shenzhen, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruoqian Yan
- Henan Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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31
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Fan S, Yuan H, Liu L, Li H, Wang S, Zhao W, Wu Y, Wang P, Hu Y, Han J, Lyu Y, Zhang W, Chen P, Wu H, Gong Y, Ma Z, Li Y, Yu J, Qiao X, Li G, Zhao Y, Wang D, Ren H, Peng B, Cui L, Wang J, Guan H. Pseudorabies virus encephalitis in humans: a case series study. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:556-564. [PMID: 32572833 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is known to cause severe encephalitis in juvenile pigs and various non-native hosts; recent evidences suggest that PRV might cause encephalitis in humans. In a multicenter cohort study in China, next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was performed to detect pathogens in all patients with clinically suspected central nervous system infections. This study involved all the patients whose CSF samples were positive for PRV-DNA; their clinical features were evaluated, and species-specific PCR and serological tests were sequentially applied for validation. Among the 472 patients tested from June 1, 2016, to December 1, 2018, six were positive for PRV-DNA, which were partially validated by PCR and serological tests. Additionally, we retrospectively examined another case with similar clinical and neuroimaging appearance and detected the presence of PRV-DNA. These patients had similar clinical manifestations, including a rapid progression of panencephalitis, and similar neuroimaging features of symmetric lesions in the basal ganglia and bilateral hemispheres. Six of the patients were engaged in occupations connected with swine production. PRV infection should be suspected in patients with rapidly progressive panencephalitis and characteristic neuroimaging features, especially with exposure to swine.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- Basal Ganglia/diagnostic imaging
- Basal Ganglia/pathology
- Basal Ganglia/virology
- Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging
- Cerebrum/pathology
- Cerebrum/virology
- China
- DNA, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Encephalitis, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- Encephalitis, Viral/diagnosis
- Encephalitis, Viral/pathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/pathogenicity
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Meat/virology
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Pseudorabies/cerebrospinal fluid
- Pseudorabies/diagnosis
- Pseudorabies/pathology
- Pseudorabies/virology
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hongxun Yuan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hongfang Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weili Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Yihan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Baoding No.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Yafang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Lyu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglong Wu
- Tianjin Medical Laboratory, BGI-Tianjin, BGI-Shenzhen, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanping Gong
- Tianjin Medical Laboratory, BGI-Tianjin, BGI-Shenzhen, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenzi Ma
- Tianjin Medical Laboratory, BGI-Tianjin, BGI-Shenzhen, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - JiaoJiao Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Dexin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Ren
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Hongzhi Guan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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32
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Lyu C, Li WD, Peng JM, Cai XH. Identification of interaction domains in the pseudorabies virus ribonucleotide reductase large and small subunits. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108740. [PMID: 32605757 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alphaherpesviral ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is composed of large (pUL39, RR1) and small (pUL40, RR2) subunits. This enzyme can catalyze conversion of ribonucleotide to deoxynucleotide diphosphates that are further phosphorylated into deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTPs). The dNTPs are substrates for de novo viral DNA synthesis in infected host cells. The enzymatic activity of RNR depends on association between RR1 and RR2. However, the molecular basis underlying alphaherpesviral RNR complex formation is still largely unknown. In the current study, we investigated the pseudorabies virus (PRV) RNR interaction domains in pUL39 and pUL40. The interaction of pUL39 and pUL40 was identified by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and colocalization analyses. Furthermore, the interaction amino acid (aa) domains in pUL39 and pUL40 were mapped using a series of truncated proteins. Consequently, the 90-210 aa in pUL39 was identified to be responsible for the interaction with pUL40. In turn, the 66-152, 218-258 and 280-303 aa in pUL40 could interact with pUL39, respectively. Deletion of 90-210 aa in pUL39 completely abrogated the interaction with pUL40. Deletion of 66-152, 218-258 and 280-303 aa in pUL40 remarkably weakened the interaction with pUL39, whereas a weak interaction could still be observed. Amino acid sequence alignments showed that the interaction domains identified in PRV pUL39/pUL40 were relatively non-conserved among the selected RNR subunits in alphaherpesviruses HSV1, HSV2, HHV3(VZV), BHV1, EHV1 and DEV. However, they were relatively conserved among PRV, HSV1 and HSV2. Collectively, our findings provided some molecular targets for inhibition of pUL39-pUL40 interaction to antagonize viral replication in PRV infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No.678, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No.678, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jin-Mei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No.678, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No.678, Harbin 150069, China.
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Lyu C, Li WD, Wang SW, Peng JM, Yang YB, Tian ZJ, Cai XH. Host BAG3 Is Degraded by Pseudorabies Virus pUL56 C-Terminal 181L- 185L and Plays a Negative Regulation Role during Viral Lytic Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093148. [PMID: 32365661 PMCID: PMC7247713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl2-associated athanogene (BAG) 3, which is a chaperone-mediated selective autophagy protein, plays a pivotal role in modulating the life cycle of a wide variety of viruses. Both positive and negative modulations of viruses by BAG3 were reported. However, the effects of BAG3 on pseudorabies virus (PRV) remain unknown. To investigate whether BAG3 could modulate the PRV life cycle during a lytic infection, we first identified PRV protein UL56 (pUL56) as a novel BAG3 interactor by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization analyses. The overexpression of pUL56 induced a significant degradation of BAG3 at protein level via the lysosome pathway. The C-terminal mutations of 181L/A, 185L/A, or 181L/A-185L/A in pUL56 resulted in a deficiency in pUL56-induced BAG3 degradation. In addition, the pUL56 C-terminal mutants that lost Golgi retention abrogated pUL56-induced BAG3 degradation, which indicates a Golgi retention-dependent manner. Strikingly, BAG3 was not observed to be degraded in either wild-type or UL56-deleted PRV infected cells as compared to mock infected ones, whereas the additional two adjacent BAG3 cleaved products were found in the infected cells in a species-specific manner. Overexpression of BAG3 significantly suppressed PRV proliferation, while knockdown of BAG3 resulted in increased viral yields in HEK293T cells. Thus, these data indicated a negative regulation role of BAG3 during PRV lytic infection. Collectively, our findings revealed a novel molecular mechanism on host protein degradation induced by PRV pUL56. Moreover, we identified BAG3 as a host restricted protein during PRV lytic infection in cells.
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The Neuropathic Itch Caused by Pseudorabies Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040254. [PMID: 32244386 PMCID: PMC7238046 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus related to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). PRV is the causative agent of Aujeskzy’s disease in swine. PRV infects mucosal epithelium and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host where it can establish a quiescent, latent infection. While the natural host of PRV is the swine, a broad spectrum of mammals, including rodents, cats, dogs, and cattle can be infected. Since the nineteenth century, PRV infection is known to cause a severe acute neuropathy, the so called “mad itch” in non-natural hosts, but surprisingly not in swine. In the past, most scientific efforts have been directed to eradicating PRV from pig farms by the use of effective marker vaccines, but little attention has been given to the processes leading to the mad itch. The main objective of this review is to provide state-of-the-art information on the mechanisms governing PRV-induced neuropathic itch in non-natural hosts. We highlight similarities and key differences in the pathogenesis of PRV infections between non-natural hosts and pigs that might explain their distinctive clinical outcomes. Current knowledge on the neurobiology and possible explanations for the unstoppable itch experienced by PRV-infected animals is also reviewed. We summarize recent findings concerning PRV-induced neuroinflammatory responses in mice and address the relevance of this animal model to study other alphaherpesvirus-induced neuropathies, such as those observed for VZV infection.
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35
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Sehl J, Hölper JE, Klupp BG, Baumbach C, Teifke JP, Mettenleiter TC. An improved animal model for herpesvirus encephalitis in humans. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008445. [PMID: 32226043 PMCID: PMC7145201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviral encephalitis caused by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most devastating diseases in humans. Patients present with fever, mental status changes or seizures and when untreated, sequelae can be fatal. Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE) is characterized by mainly unilateral necrotizing inflammation effacing the frontal and mesiotemporal lobes with rare involvement of the brainstem. HSV-1 is hypothesized to invade the CNS via the trigeminal or olfactory nerve, but viral tropism and the exact route of infection remain unclear. Several mouse models for HSE have been developed, but they mimic natural infection only inadequately. The porcine alphaherpesvirus Pseudorabies virus (PrV) is closely related to HSV-1 and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). While pigs can control productive infection, it is lethal in other susceptible animals associated with severe pruritus leading to automutilation. Here, we describe the first mutant PrV establishing productive infection in mice that the animals are able to control. After intranasal inoculation with a PrV mutant lacking tegument protein pUL21 and pUS3 kinase activity (PrV-ΔUL21/US3Δkin), nearly all mice survived despite extensive infection of the central nervous system. Neuroinvasion mainly occurred along the trigeminal pathway. Whereas trigeminal first and second order neurons and autonomic ganglia were positive early after intranasal infection, PrV-specific antigen was mainly detectable in the frontal, mesiotemporal and parietal lobes at later times, accompanied by a long lasting lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis. Despite this extensive infection, mice showed only mild to moderate clinical signs, developed alopecic skin lesions, or remained asymptomatic. Interestingly, most mice exhibited abnormalities in behavior and activity levels including slow movements, akinesia and stargazing. In summary, clinical signs, distribution of viral antigen and inflammatory pattern show striking analogies to human encephalitis caused by HSV-1 or VZV not observed in other animal models of disease. In developed countries, more than 50% of humans are seropositive for the neurotropic Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and two to four million cases of Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) are reported per year worldwide. Primary infection with HSV-1 takes place via the skin or the oral mucosa followed by intraaxonal retrograde spread to sensory ganglia of the peripheral nervous system where HSV-1 usually establishes latency. Further spread to the central nervous system results in HSE, a necrotizing encephalitis effacing predominantly the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain. Mice infected with HSV-1 develop encephalitis, but do not show the typical lesions and exhibit high mortality rates. Here we demonstrate that mice infected with a mutant pseudorabies virus lacking the tegument protein pUL21 and an active viral kinase pUS3 were able to survive the productive infection but developed lymphohistiocytic encephalitis with viral antigen distribution, inflammation and associated behavioral changes comparable to HSE in humans. These striking analogies offer new perspectives to study herpesviral encephalitis in a suitable animal model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/genetics
- Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/metabolism
- Female
- Ganglia, Autonomic/metabolism
- Ganglia, Autonomic/pathology
- Ganglia, Autonomic/virology
- Herpes Simplex/genetics
- Herpes Simplex/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurons/virology
- Pseudorabies/genetics
- Pseudorabies/metabolism
- Pseudorabies/pathology
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sehl
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia E. Hölper
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G. Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christina Baumbach
- Department of Animal Health Diagnostics, Food Safety and Fishery in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jens P. Teifke
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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36
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Ou J, Cai S, Zheng F, Lu G, Zhang G. Human pseudorabies virus infection: A new threat in China. J Infect 2019; 80:578-606. [PMID: 31899282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyan Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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