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Ng HY, Liao Y, Zhang R, Chan KH, To WP, Hui CH, Seto WK, Leung WK, Hung IFN, Lam TTY, Cheung KS. The Predictive Value of Gut Microbiota Composition for Sustained Immunogenicity following Two Doses of CoronaVac. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2583. [PMID: 38473829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
CoronaVac immunogenicity decreases with time, and we aimed to investigate whether gut microbiota associate with longer-term immunogenicity of CoronaVac. This was a prospective cohort study recruiting two-dose CoronaVac recipients from three centres in Hong Kong. We collected blood samples at baseline and day 180 after the first dose and used chemiluminescence immunoassay to test for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing performed on baseline stool samples. The primary outcome was the NAb seroconversion rate (seropositivity defined as NAb ≥ 15AU/mL) at day 180. Linear discriminant analysis [LDA] effect size analysis was used to identify putative bacterial species and metabolic pathways. A univariate logistic regression model was used to derive the odds ratio (OR) of seropositivity with bacterial species. Of 119 CoronaVac recipients (median age: 53.4 years [IQR: 47.8-61.3]; male: 39 [32.8%]), only 8 (6.7%) remained seropositive at 6 months after vaccination. Bacteroides uniformis (log10LDA score = 4.39) and Bacteroides eggerthii (log10LDA score = 3.89) were significantly enriched in seropositive than seronegative participants. Seropositivity was associated with B. eggerthii (OR: 5.73; 95% CI: 1.32-29.55; p = 0.022) and B. uniformis with borderline significance (OR: 3.27; 95% CI: 0.73-14.72; p = 0.110). Additionally, B. uniformis was positively correlated with most enriched metabolic pathways in seropositive vaccinees, including the superpathway of adenosine nucleotide de novo biosynthesis I (log10LDA score = 2.88) and II (log10LDA score = 2.91), as well as pathways related to vitamin B biosynthesis, all of which are known to promote immune functions. In conclusion, certain gut bacterial species (B. eggerthii and B. uniformis) and metabolic pathways were associated with longer-term CoronaVac immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Yu Ng
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yunshi Liao
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Ruiqi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Wai-Pan To
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Him Hui
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Wai-Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Wai K Leung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan F N Hung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Tommy T Y Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Immunology & Infection Ltd., 17W Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Ltd., 19W Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks, Hong Kong
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Shing Cheung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
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Tsoi JYH, Cai J, Situ J, Lam WJ, Shun EHK, Leung JKY, Chen LL, Chan BPC, Yeung ML, Li X, Chan KH, Wong JSC, Kwan MYW, To KKW, Yuen KY, Sridhar S. Autoantibodies against angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) after COVID-19 infection or vaccination. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29313. [PMID: 38100626 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies against angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are frequently reported in patients during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with evidence for a pathogenic role in severe infection. However, little is known of the prevalence or clinical significance of ACE2 autoantibodies in late convalescence or following COVID-19 vaccination. In this study, we measured ACE2 autoantibodies in a cohort of 182 COVID-19 convalescent patients, 186 COVID-19 vaccine recipients, and 43 adolescents with post-mRNA vaccine myopericarditis using two ACE2 enzymatic immunoassays (EIAs). ACE2 IgM autoantibody EIA median optical densities (ODs) were lower in convalescent patients than pre-COVID-19 control samples with only 2/182 (1.1%) convalescents testing positive. Similarly, only 3/182 (1.6%) convalescent patients tested positive for ACE2 IgG, but patients with history of moderate-severe COVID-19 tended to have significantly higher median ODs than controls and mild COVID-19 patients. In contrast, ACE2 IgG antibodies were detected in 10/186 (5.4%) COVID-19 vaccine recipients after two doses of vaccination. Median ACE2 IgG EIA ODs of vaccine recipients were higher than controls irrespective of the vaccine platform used (inactivated or mRNA). ACE2 IgG ODs were not correlated with surrogate neutralizing antibody levels in vaccine recipients. ACE2 IgG levels peaked at day 56 post-first dose and declined within 12 months to baseline levels in vaccine recipients. Presence of ACE2 antibodies was not associated with adverse events following immunization including myopericarditis. One convalescent patient with ACE2 IgG developed Guillain-Barre syndrome, but causality was not established. ACE2 autoantibodies are observed in COVID-19 vaccine recipients and convalescent patients, but are likely innocuous.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yiu Hung Tsoi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianpiao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianwen Situ
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Winston Jim Lam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Estie Hon Kiu Shun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joy Ka Yi Leung
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Lei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Pui Chun Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Lung Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joshua Sung Chih Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mike Yat Wah Kwan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Kai Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Kittel M, Eichner R, Aida S, Bode A, Ast V, Kessler A, Neumaier M, Wölfel R, Haselmann V. Results of a European-Wide External Quality Assessment (EQA) Scheme for Serological Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (CoVimm)—Pitfalls of Routine Application. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081662. [PMID: 36016287 PMCID: PMC9412523 DOI: 10.3390/v14081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: During the last two years, a variety of assays for the serological detection of antibodies to the new SARS-CoV-2 virus have been launched and used as part of standard care in many laboratories. The pace with which these tests have been introduced into routine care emphasizes the importance of quality measures for analytical methods, particularly with regard to the implications of results for clinical and epidemiologic decisions. Accuracy, reliability and comparability of analytical test results are thus essential, and here external quality assessment (EQA) is the most important quality assurance tool. It allows us to achieve harmonization of test methods as a prerequisite for a high standard of performance for laboratory and analytical techniques and their interpretation. Methods: This EQA scheme consisted of pre-characterized clinical biospecimens dedicated to the analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG total antibodies and differentiation into spike protein-specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (anti-S-SARS-CoV-2) and nucleocapsid-specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (anti-N-SARS-CoV-2). Results: A total of 239 laboratories across Europe participated in this scheme, called CoVimm. In detail, 536 results for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, 431 results for anti-S-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, and 200 results for anti-N-SARS-CoV-2 IgG were reported. Based on the pre-defined thresholds, the success rates for the determination of anti-S-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and anti-N-SARS-CoV-2 IgG were 96% and 90%, respectively. Interestingly, only 64% of the participating laboratories successfully passed the EQA scheme for the determination of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Conclusions: This EQA revealed serious concerns regarding the reliability and appropriate use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays in routine care. In addition to the wide heterogeneity of different assays used by participating laboratories, a lack of standardization and harmonization is also evident. This is of particular importance for reliable and clinically meaningful interpretation of test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kittel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (M.K.); (R.E.); (S.A.); (V.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Romy Eichner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (M.K.); (R.E.); (S.A.); (V.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Sihem Aida
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (M.K.); (R.E.); (S.A.); (V.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Anna Bode
- Reference Institute for Bioanalytics, Stiftung für Pathobiochemie und Molekulare Diagnostik, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Volker Ast
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (M.K.); (R.E.); (S.A.); (V.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Anja Kessler
- Reference Institute for Bioanalytics, Stiftung für Pathobiochemie und Molekulare Diagnostik, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (M.K.); (R.E.); (S.A.); (V.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Haselmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (M.K.); (R.E.); (S.A.); (V.A.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Hibino M, Watanabe S, Kamada R, Tobe S, Maeda K, Horiuchi S, Kondo T. Antibody Responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine in Healthcare Workers in a General Hospital in Japan: A Comparison of Two Assays for Anti-spike Protein Immunoglobulin G. Intern Med 2022; 61:811-819. [PMID: 34980798 PMCID: PMC8987260 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8704-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study assessed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in Japanese healthcare workers. Methods In this prospective cohort study, participants received two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine on days 0 and 21 and provided blood for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing before the first vaccine and on days 21 and 35 after vaccination. Anti-spike protein immunoglobulin G (S-IgG) was measured using Abbott and Fujirebio chemiluminescent immunoassays. Patients One hundred healthcare workers (median age: 39 years old, interquartile range: 30-48 years old), including 6 who had been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and 3 individuals taking immunosuppressive drugs, participated in the study. Results The S-IgG antibody titers (AU/mL) measured using both the Abbott and Fujirebio assays increased significantly (p<0.001) over time, both with a prevalence of 100% at 35 days after the first vaccination. The multivariate log-normal linear regression analysis indicated the effect of immunosuppressant medication using both the Abbott (p=0.013) and Fujirebio (p=0.039) assays on S-IgG levels after complete vaccination. Pearson's correlation coefficient between the Abbott and Fujirebio S-IgG results in all 300 samples collected before and after vaccination and 50 positive controls from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 were 0.963 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.954-0.970, p<0.001] and 0.909 (95% CI: 0.845-0.948, p<0.001), respectively. Conclusion The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was effective at increasing S-IgG levels in Japanese immunocompetent healthcare workers. The Fujirebio S-IgG assay showed high diagnostic accuracy, using the Abbott S-IgG assay as the reference test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hibino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, Japan
| | - Riko Kamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, Japan
| | - Shunichi Tobe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazunari Maeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, Japan
| | - Shigeto Horiuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, Japan
| | - Tetsuri Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, Japan
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Hibino M, Watanabe S, Tobe S, Maeda K, Horiuchi S, Nishiguchi S, Iwase A, Uryu K, Kobayashi S, Kondo T. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike proteins in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study in Japan. Respir Investig 2022; 60:256-263. [PMID: 34924308 PMCID: PMC8639401 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many commercially available automated assays for assessing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immune responses; however, owing to insufficient data, their validities remain unknown. Here, we examined antibody responses during acute-phase COVID-19 using four assays that detect anti-spike protein IgM (S-IgM), anti-nucleocapsid protein IgG (N-IgG), anti-spike protein total Ig (S-total Ig), and anti-spike protein IgG (S-IgG). METHODS We measured antibody levels in 1154 serum samples collected from 286 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 by a gene amplification method between February and December 2020 in Japan. Sera from 860 healthcare workers were used as negative controls. RESULTS The antibody positivity rates increased on week 2, peaked, and then started to plateau by the beginning of week 3 after symptom onset. On week 1, there were some significant differences in seropositivity rates between assays (p = 0.032): 14.9% (11.0%-19.4%) for S-IgM and 8.9% (6.0%-12.7%) for N-IgG. The seropositivity for the S-total Ig (10.6% [7.3%-14.6%]) assay was considerably better than that for the S-IgG (6.9% [4.3%-10.4%]) assay, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.150). The levels of S-IgM antibodies and the three others peaked on weeks 3 and 5, respectively. All four assays showed high specificities (>99%). CONCLUSIONS All four assays had good specificities and were suitable for seropositivity detection after week 3 of symptom onset. Assays of IgM alone or total Ig (containing IgM) were better than those of IgG alone as an adjunct serological test for early-stage COVID-19 diagnosis, albeit the use of a serological assay alone is insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hibino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, 1-5-1 Tsujido Kandai, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0041, Japan.
| | - Shigehiro Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, 1-5-1 Tsujido Kandai, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0041, Japan
| | - Shunichi Tobe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, 1-5-1 Tsujido Kandai, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0041, Japan
| | - Kazunari Maeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, 1-5-1 Tsujido Kandai, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0041, Japan
| | - Shigeto Horiuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, 1-5-1 Tsujido Kandai, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0041, Japan
| | - Sho Nishiguchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1 Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8533, Japan
| | - Akihiko Iwase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chiba-Nishi General Hospital, 107-1 Kanegasaku, Matsudo, Chiba, 270-2251, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Uryu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yao Tokushukai General Hospital, 1-17 Wakakusa, Yao, Osaka, 581-0011, Japan
| | - Shuzo Kobayashi
- Department of Nephrology, and Kidney & Dialysis Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1 Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8533, Japan
| | - Tetsuri Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, 1-5-1 Tsujido Kandai, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0041, Japan
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Saglik I, Turkkan A, Turan C, Kara A, Akalin H, Ener B, Sahin A, Yesil E, Celebi S, Kazak E, Heper Y, Yilmaz E, Korkmaz MF, Ture E, Hacimustafaoglu M. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Six Immunoassays in Pediatric and Adult Patients 12 Weeks After COVID-19. Cureus 2022; 14:e22195. [PMID: 35308741 PMCID: PMC8924986 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific humoral immune persistence has been proposed to be affected by patients’ characteristics. Moreover, available conflicting assay results are needed to be settled through comparative research with defined clinical specimens. Methods This prospective study investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies among 43 adults and 34 children at a mean of 12 weeks after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms using six serological assays and compared their performance. We used two Euroimmun (Euroimmun, Luebeck, Germany), two automated Roche Elecsys (Basel, Switzerland), and two rapid immuno-chromatographic Ecotest (Matrix Diagnostics, Assure Tech. (Hangzhou) Co., L, China) assays to investigate SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Results The findings showed that the Roche Elecsys anti-S total test yielded the best positivity/sensitivity (children 94.1% and adults 93.0%; p = 0.877) while five immunoglobulin IgG targeting assays had similar positivity/sensitivity between children (88.2% to 94.1%) and adults (88.4% to 93.0%) (p > 0.05). Although IgM positivity was relatively low (p < 0.001), it was found in the majority of our pediatric and adult patients (67.6% and 86.0%, respectively; p = 0.098). SARS-CoV-2 S IgG titers were found to be higher among males in pediatric and adult groups compared to females (p = 0.027 and p = 0.041, respectively). Furthermore, we observed significantly higher antibody titers among pneumonia patients (p = 0.001). Conclusion Overall, we concluded SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistence over an average of 12 weeks after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. While automated Roche Elecsys total antibody assays yielded the best sensitivity (> 90%) and five assays targeting IgG had acceptable performance. Patients with pneumonia and males have higher antibody titers. The effect of antibody persistence on re-infections should be monitored in longitudinal studies.
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Sanada T, Honda T, Yasui F, Yamaji K, Munakata T, Yamamoto N, Kurano M, Matsumoto Y, Kohno R, Toyama S, Kishi Y, Horibe T, Kaneko Y, Kakegawa M, Fukui K, Kawamura T, Daming W, Qian C, Xia F, He F, Yamasaki S, Nishida A, Harada T, Higa M, Tokunaga Y, Takagi A, Itokawa M, Kodama T, Kohara M. Serologic Survey of IgG Against SARS-CoV-2 Among Hospital Visitors Without a History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Tokyo, 2020-2021. J Epidemiol 2022; 32:105-111. [PMID: 34776499 PMCID: PMC8761565 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20210324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is a densely populated city of >13 million people, so the population is at high risk of epidemic severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. A serologic survey of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG would provide valuable data for assessing the city's SARS-CoV-2 infection status. Therefore, this cross-sectional study estimated the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence in Tokyo. METHODS Leftover serum of 23,234 hospital visitors was tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using an iFlash 3000 chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer (Shenzhen YHLO Biotech, Shenzhen, China) with an iFlash-SARS-CoV-2 IgG kit (YHLO) and iFlash-SARS-CoV-2 IgG-S1 kit (YHLO). Serum samples with a positive result (≥10 AU/mL) in either of these assays were considered seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Participants were randomly selected from patients visiting 14 Tokyo hospitals between September 1, 2020 and March 31, 2021. No participants were diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and none exhibited COVID-19-related symptoms at the time of blood collection. RESULTS The overall anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence among all participants was 1.83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.66-2.01%). The seroprevalence in March 2021, the most recent month of this study, was 2.70% (95% CI, 2.16-3.34%). After adjusting for population age, sex, and region, the estimated seroprevalence in Tokyo was 3.40%, indicating that 470,778 individuals had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS The estimated number of individuals in Tokyo with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 3.9-fold higher than the number of confirmed cases. Our study enhances understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Tokyo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sanada
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yasui
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Yamaji
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Munakata
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, and, Graduate School of Medicine the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Kohno
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Toyama
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Kishi
- Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Horibe
- Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yudai Kaneko
- Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazushige Fukui
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wang Daming
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chungen Qian
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Fuzhen Xia
- Reagent R&D Center, Shenzhen YHLO Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Fan He
- Reagent R&D Center, Shenzhen YHLO Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Syudo Yamasaki
- Research Center for Social Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Research Center for Social Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Center for Medical Research Cooperation, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Higa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Tokunaga
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Takagi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanari Itokawa
- Schizophrenia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Ferrari D, Mangia A, Spanò MS, Zaffarano L, Viganò M, Di Resta C, Locatelli M, Ciceri F, De Vecchi E. Quantitative serological evaluation as a valuable tool in the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:2019-2026. [PMID: 34614550 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES After exceptional research efforts, several vaccines were developed against SARS-CoV-2 which sustains the pandemic COVID-19. The Comirnaty vaccine showed high efficacy in clinical trials and was the first to be approved for its distribution to the general population. We evaluated the immune response induced by the first vaccine dose in different sex/age groups and subjects with or without naturally present anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. METHODS As part of an Italian multicenter project (Covidiagnostix), serum samples from 4,290 health-professionals were serologically tested the day of the first vaccination dose, and 21 days later, using two different instrumentations (Siemens-Healthineers and Roche). RESULTS In total, 97% of samples showed the presence of specific antibodies 21 days after the vaccination dose; the percentage of non-responders increased with age in both genders. Remarkably, naturally seropositive individuals showed antibody persistence up to 11 months and an exceptionally higher vaccination response compared to subjects never infected by SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the importance of the serological test i) to identify naturally SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals and ii) to evaluate the antibody level elicited by the first vaccination dose. Both tests, highlighted differences in the immune response, when subjects were stratified by sex and age, and between naturally seropositive and seronegative subjects. The data obtained show how serological tests could play a crucial role in the triage of the population subjected to the vaccination campaign for COVID-19. The definition of suitable instrumentation-specific thresholds is needed to correctly follow eventually acquired post-vaccination immunity in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Mangia
- Liver Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Sestina Spanò
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Zaffarano
- Blood Bank Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Marco Viganò
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Ciceri
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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9
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Ferrari D, Clementi N, Criscuolo E, Ambrosi A, Corea F, Di Resta C, Tomaiuolo R, Mancini N, Locatelli M, Plebani M, Banfi G. Antibody Titer Kinetics and SARS-CoV-2 Infections Six Months after Administration with the BNT162b2 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111357. [PMID: 34835288 PMCID: PMC8620373 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies reporting the long-term humoral response after receiving the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine are important to drive future vaccination strategies. Yet, available literature is scarce. Covidiagnostix is a multicenter study designed to assess the antibody response in >1000 healthcare professionals (HCPs) who received the BNT162b2 vaccine. Methods: Serum was tested at time-0 (T0), before the first dose, T1, T2, and T3, respectively, 21, 42, and 180 days after T0. Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-protein were measured to assess SARS-CoV-2 infections, whereas antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein were measured to assess the vaccine response. Neutralization activity against the D614G, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 variants were also analyzed. Results: Six months post-vaccination HCPs showed an antibody titer decrease of approximately 70%, yet, the titer was still one order of magnitude higher than that of seropositive individuals before vaccination. We identified 12 post-vaccination infected HCPs. None showed severe symptoms. Interestingly, most of them showed titers at T2 above the neutralization thresholds obtained from the neutralization activity experiments. Conclusion: Vaccination induces a humoral response which is well detectable even six months post-vaccination. Vaccination prevents severe COVID-19 cases, yet post-vaccination infection is possible even in the presence of a high anti-S serum antibody titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale (CVSA) Department, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-906633; Fax: +39-0521-905151
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20158 Milan, Italy; (N.C.); (E.C.); (N.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Laboratory Medicine Service, 20158 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (C.D.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20158 Milan, Italy; (N.C.); (E.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Alessandro Ambrosi
- Surgery and Medicne Depertment, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20158 Milan, Italy; (A.A.); (R.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Francesca Corea
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Laboratory Medicine Service, 20158 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (C.D.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Chiara Di Resta
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Laboratory Medicine Service, 20158 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (C.D.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Rossella Tomaiuolo
- Surgery and Medicne Depertment, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20158 Milan, Italy; (A.A.); (R.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20158 Milan, Italy; (N.C.); (E.C.); (N.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Laboratory Medicine Service, 20158 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (C.D.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Locatelli
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Laboratory Medicine Service, 20158 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (C.D.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Padua University School of Medicine, 35100 Padua, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Surgery and Medicne Depertment, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20158 Milan, Italy; (A.A.); (R.T.); (G.B.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
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10
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Ferrari D, Clementi N, Spanò SM, Albitar-Nehme S, Ranno S, Colombini A, Criscuolo E, Di Resta C, Tomaiuolo R, Viganó M, Mancini N, De Vecchi E, Locatelli M, Mangia A, Perno CF, Banfi G. Harmonization of six quantitative SARS-CoV-2 serological assays using sera of vaccinated subjects. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 522:144-151. [PMID: 34425105 PMCID: PMC8378065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Vaccines, to limit SARS-CoV-2 infection, were produced and reliable assays are needed for their evaluation. The WHO produced an International-Standard (WHO-IS) to facilitate the standardization/comparison of serological methods. The WHO-IS, produced in limited amount, was never tested for reproducibility. This study aims at developing a reproducible and accessible working standard (WS) to complement the WHO-IS. Materials and methods Sera from vaccinated individuals were used to produce the WSs. The WHO-IS, the WSs and single serum samples (n = 48) were tested on 6 quantitative serological devices. Neutralization assays were performed for the 48 samples and compared with their antibody titers. Results The WS carry an antibody titer 20-fold higher than the WHO-IS. It was reproducible, showed both good linearity and insignificant intra- and inter-laboratory variability. However, the WSs behave differently from the WHO-IS. Analysis of the 48 samples showed that single correlation factors are not sufficient to harmonize results from different assays. Yet, all the devices predict neutralization activity based on the antibody titer. Conclusions A reproducible and highly concentrated WS, specific for IgG against SARS-CoV-2 Spike-glycoprotein was produced. Such characteristics make it particularly suited for the harmonization of commercially available assays and the consequent evaluation of post-vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- SCVSA Department, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy.
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20158 Milan, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20158 Milan, Italy
| | - Sestina Maria Spanò
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Sami Albitar-Nehme
- Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Ranno
- Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colombini
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20158 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Tomaiuolo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20158 Milan, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20158 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Viganó
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20158 Milan, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20158 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Mangia
- Liver Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, 20161 Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20158 Milan, Italy
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11
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Multicentre Performance Evaluation of the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoassay as an Aid in Determining Previous Exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:2381-2397. [PMID: 34368915 PMCID: PMC8349665 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We performed a multicentre evaluation of the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics), an assay utilising a recombinant protein representing the nucleocapsid (N) antigen, for the in vitro qualitative detection of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods Specificity was evaluated using serum/plasma samples from blood donors and routine diagnostic specimens collected before September 2019 (i.e., presumed negative for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies); sensitivity was evaluated using samples from patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Method comparison was performed versus commercially available assays. Results Overall specificity for the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay (n = 9575) was 99.85% (95% CI 99.75–99.92): blood donors (n = 6714; 99.82%), routine diagnostic specimens (n = 2861; 99.93%), pregnant women (n = 2256; 99.91%), paediatric samples (n = 205; 100.00%). The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay demonstrated significantly higher specificity versus LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG (99.71% vs. 98.48%), EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (100.00% vs. 94.87%), ADVIA Centaur SARS-CoV-2 Total (100.00% vs. 87.32%) and iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgM (100.00% vs. 99.58%) assays, and comparable specificity to ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgG (99.75% vs. 99.65%) and iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgG (100.00% vs. 100.00%) assays. Overall sensitivity for Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay samples drawn at least 14 days post-PCR confirmation (n = 219) was 93.61% (95% CI 89.51–96.46). No statistically significant differences in sensitivity were observed between the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay versus EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (90.32% vs. 95.16%) and ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgG (84.81% vs. 87.34%) assays. The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay showed significantly lower sensitivity versus ADVIA Centaur SARS-CoV-2 Total (85.19% vs. 95.06%) and iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgG (86.25% vs. 93.75%) assays, but significantly higher sensitivity versus the iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgM assay (86.25% vs. 33.75%). Conclusion The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay demonstrated very high specificity and high sensitivity in samples collected at least 14 days post-PCR confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting its use to aid in determination of previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40121-021-00504-9.
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12
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An enveloped virus-like particle vaccine expressing a stabilized prefusion form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicits highly potent immunity. Vaccine 2021; 39:4988-5001. [PMID: 34304928 PMCID: PMC8282453 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated enveloped virus-like particles (eVLPs) expressing various forms of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and several adjuvants in an effort to identify a highly potent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidate. eVLPs expressing a modified prefusion form of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were selected as they induced high antibody binding titers and neutralizing activity after a single injection in mice. Formulation of SARS-CoV-2 S eVLPs with aluminum phosphate resulted in balanced induction of IgG2 and IgG1 isotypes and antibody binding and neutralization titers were undiminished for more than 3 months after a single immunization. A single dose of this candidate, named VBI-2902a, protected Syrian golden hamsters from challenge with SARS-CoV-2 and supports the on-going clinical evaluation of VBI-2902a as a highly potent vaccine against COVID-19.
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13
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Ferrari D, Di Resta C, Tomaiuolo R, Sabetta E, Pontillo M, Motta A, Locatelli M. Long-term antibody persistence and exceptional vaccination response on previously SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. Vaccine 2021; 39:4256-4260. [PMID: 34147292 PMCID: PMC8196312 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first COVID-19 vaccines are being distributed to the general population. However, the shortage of doses is slowing down the goal of reaching herd immunity. The aim of the study was to verify whether previously SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects, a considerable portion of the population, should receive the same vaccination treatment of seronegative individuals. METHODS Health-professionals either recovered from COVID-19 or never infected by SARS-CoV-2 were serologically tested at different time-points right before, and several days after, vaccination. RESULTS Previously infected individuals showed humoral immune responses, 21 days after the first dose, that was approximately 10-folds higher than the seronegative group 21 days after the second dose. Seropositivity persists for at least 11 months. CONCLUSION During a shortage of COVID-19 vaccine doses, previously SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals should be dispensed from the vaccination campaign. When dose availability returns to normality, injection of a single dose for seropositive individuals should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- SCVSA Department, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy.
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