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Engoru S, Bajunirwe F, Izudi J. Malnutrition and unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment among people with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Uganda: A retrospective analysis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2024; 37:100477. [PMID: 39224115 PMCID: PMC11367710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2024.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a significant public health challenge to the control and successful eradication of TB globally. Suboptimal treatment outcomes are common among persons with MDR-TB necessitating a need to understand the contextual factors. Objective We determined the factors associated with unsuccessful TB treatment among persons with MDR-TB at a large TB Unit in Central Uganda. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records for all persons with MDR-TB at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital MDR-TB Clinic in Central Uganda. The patients were treated with either second-line, modified second-line, or individualized anti-TB regimens and completed treatment between January 2012 and October 2023. The primary outcome was unsuccessful TB treatment defined as death, treatment failure, or loss to follow-up and measured as a binary outcome. We used a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis to determine the factors independently associated with unsuccessful TB treatment at a 5 % statistical significance level. We reported the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and the 95 % confidence interval (CI). Measurements and results We analyzed data from 98 persons with MDR-TB who were aged 15-78 years (mean 36.4 ± 15.4 years). Of these, 40 (40.8 %) were cured, 25 (25.5 %) completed TB treatment, 1 (1.0 %) had treatment failure, 13 (13.3 %) died, and 19 (19.4 %) were lost to follow-up. Overall, 33 (33.7 %) participants had unsuccessful TB treatment which was associated with older age for a 1-year increase in age (aOR 1.05, 95 % CI 1.01-1.09), malnutrition-mid-upper arm circumference of <12.5 cm (aOR 2.99, 95 % CI 1.16-7.98), and previous TB treatment (aOR 0.28, 95 % CI 0.10-0.77). Conclusion Unsuccessful TB treatment is high among persons with MDR-TB at this TB Unit. It is more likely as age advances and when persons with MDR-TB have malnutrition, but less likely when they have been previously treated for TB. Therefore, interventions to improve treatment outcomes may be beneficial for persons with MDR-TB who are older, malnourished, and those newly diagnosed with the disease. For example, routine nutritional assessment and counseling, including nutritional support for malnourished persons with MDR-TB may be needed to optimize their TB treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Engoru
- Institute of Public Health and Management, Clarke International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Jonathan Izudi
- Institute of Public Health and Management, Clarke International University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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Korotych O, Achar J, Gurbanova E, Hovhannesyan A, Lomtadze N, Ciobanu A, Skrahina A, Dravniece G, Kuksa L, Rich M, Khachatryan N, Germanovych M, Kadyrov A, Terleieva I, Akhundova I, Adenov M, Durdyeva M, Kiria N, Parpieva N, Yatskevich N, Jumayev R, Nurov R, Diktanas S, Vilc V, Migliori GB, Yedilbayev A. Effectiveness and safety of modified fully oral 9-month treatment regimens for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:1151-1161. [PMID: 38880112 PMCID: PMC11424498 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2020, WHO guidelines prioritised the use of a standard fully oral short treatment regimen (STR) consisting of bedaquiline, levofloxacin or moxifloxacin, ethionamide, ethambutol, high-dose isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and clofazimine for the management of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis. A high prevalence of resistance to constituent drugs precluded its widespread use by countries in the WHO European region. We evaluated three 9-month fully oral modified STRs (mSTRs) in which ethionamide, ethambutol, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide were replaced by linezolid, cycloserine, or delamanid (or a combination). METHODS This multicountry, prospective, single-arm, cohort study examined the effectiveness and safety of mSTRs for fluoroquinolone-susceptible, rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in 13 countries in the WHO European region during 2020-23. We enrolled adults and children of all ages with bacteriologically confirmed rifampicin-resistant, fluoroquinolone-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis, and children (aged 0-18 years) with clinically diagnosed disease and a confirmed contact with rifampicin-resistant, fluoroquinolone-susceptible tuberculosis. Participants aged 6 years or older received one of two regimens: bedaquiline, linezolid, levofloxacin, clofazimine, and cycloserine; or bedaquiline, linezolid, levofloxacin, clofazimine, and delamanid. Children younger than 6 years received delamanid, linezolid, levofloxacin, and clofazimine. Participants were followed up for 12 months after successful treatment completion to detect recurrence and death. The primary outcome was the cumulative probability of not having an unsuccessful study outcome (defined as treatment failure, on-treatment loss to follow-up, death, or recurrence) before 22 months of study follow-up. The primary safety outcome was the incidence of each adverse event of interest (peripheral neuropathy, optic neuritis, myelosuppression, hepatitis, prolonged QT interval, hypokalaemia, and acute kidney injury) of grade 3 or higher severity during the treatment course. FINDINGS Between Aug 28, 2020 and May 26, 2021, 7272 patients were screened and 2636 were included in the treatment cohort. 1966 (74·6%) were male, 670 (25·4%) were female, and median age was 43 years (IQR 33-53). Treatment success was recorded for 2181 (82·7%) participants. The cumulative probability of not having an unsuccessful study outcome 22 months after treatment initiation was 79% (95% CI 78-81). Increasing age (adjusted hazard ratio 2·61 [95% CI 1·70-4·04] for people aged >64 years vs 35-44 years), HIV-positive status (1·53 [1·16-2·01]), presence of bilateral cavities (1·68 [1·29-2·19]), smoking history (1·34 [1·05-1·71]), baseline anaemia (1·46 [1·15-1·86]), unemployment (1·37 [1·04-1·80]), elevated baseline liver enzymes (1·40 [1·13-1·73]), and excessive alcohol use (1·47 [1·14-1·89]) were positively associated with unsuccessful study outcomes. In the safety cohort of 2813 participants who received at least one dose, 301 adverse events of interest were recorded in 252 (9·0%) participants with the most frequent being myelosuppression (139 [4·9%] participants, 157 [52·2%] events). INTERPRETATION The high treatment success and good safety results indicate considerable potential for the use of mSTRs in programmatic conditions, especially for individuals not eligible for the current WHO-recommended 6-month regimen and in settings with a need for alternative options. FUNDING The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; United States Agency for International Development; Government of Germany; and WHO. TRANSLATION For the Russian translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Korotych
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Environment, and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jay Achar
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department for Science and Innovation-National Research Fund Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Arax Hovhannesyan
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Environment, and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nino Lomtadze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia; The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ana Ciobanu
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Environment, and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alena Skrahina
- The Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Liga Kuksa
- TB and Lung Disease Clinic, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Michael Rich
- Partners In Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Naira Khachatryan
- National Center of Pulmonology of the Ministry of Health of Armenia, Abovyan, Armenia
| | - Myroslava Germanovych
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Environment, and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; State Institution "Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Abdullat Kadyrov
- National Center of Phthisiology, Ministry of Health of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Iana Terleieva
- State Institution "Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Irada Akhundova
- Scientific Research Institute of Lung Diseases, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Malik Adenov
- National Scientific Center of Phthisiopulmonology of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Nana Kiria
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nargiza Parpieva
- Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Phthisiology And Pulmonology, Ministry of Health, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Natalia Yatskevich
- The Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Rovshen Jumayev
- National Tuberculosis Treatment and Prevention Center, Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
| | - Rustam Nurov
- Republican Center for Protection of the Population from Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Population, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Saulius Diktanas
- Republican Klaipeda Hospital, Tuberculosis Branch, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Valentina Vilc
- The Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Giovanni Battista Migliori
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Tradate, Italy
| | - Askar Yedilbayev
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Environment, and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chakhaia T, Blumberg HM, Kempker RR, Luo R, Dzidzikashvili N, Chincharauli M, Tukvadze N, Avaliani Z, Stauber C, Magee MJ. Lack of weight gain and increased mortality during and after treatment among adults with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Georgia, 2009-2020. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.05.24311499. [PMID: 39148852 PMCID: PMC11326334 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.05.24311499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Background While low body mass index (BMI) is associated with poor tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes, the impact of weight gain during TB treatment is unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed if lack of weight gain is associated with all-cause mortality during and after TB treatment. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study among adults with newly diagnosed multi- or extensively drug-resistant (M/XDR) pulmonary TB in Georgia between 2009-2020. The exposure was a change in BMI during the first 3-6 months of TB treatment. All-cause mortality during and after TB treatment was assessed using the National Death Registry. We used competing-risk Cox proportional hazard models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) between BMI change and all-cause mortality. Results Among 720 adult participants, 21% had low BMI (<18.5 kg/m2) at treatment initiation and 9% died either during (n=16) or after treatment (n=50). During the first 3-6 months of TB treatment, 17% lost weight and 14% had no weight change. Among 479 adults with normal baseline BMI ( ≥18.5-24.9 kg/m2), weight loss was associated with an increased risk of death during TB treatment (aHR=5.25; 95%CI: 1.31-21.10). Among 149 adults with a low baseline BMI, no change in BMI was associated with increased post-TB treatment mortality (aHR=4.99; 95%CI: 1.25-19.94). Conclusions Weight loss during TB treatment (among those with normal baseline BMI) or no weight gain (among those with low baseline BMI) was associated with increased rates of all-cause mortality. Our findings suggest that scaling up weight management interventions among those with M/XDR TB may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsira Chakhaia
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | - Ruiyan Luo
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Nestan Tukvadze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
| | - Zaza Avaliani
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Hu S, Guo J, Chen Z, Gong F, Yu Q. Nutritional Indices Predict All Cause Mortality in Patients with Multi-/Rifampicin-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:3253-3263. [PMID: 39104459 PMCID: PMC11298562 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s457146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) with high mortality remains a public health crisis and health security threat. This study aimed to explore the predictive value of nutritional indices for all-cause mortality (ACM) in MDR/RR-TB patients. Methods We retrospectively recruited MDR/RR-TB patients between January 2015 and December 2021, randomly assigning them to training and validation cohorts. Patients were divided into high nutritional risk groups (HNRGs) and low nutritional risk groups (LNRGs) based on the optimal cut-off value obtained from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of the hemoglobin-albumin-lymphocyte-platelet (HALP) score, prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score. In the training cohort, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Log rank tests were used to compare overall survival (OS) between the groups. Cox risk proportion regression analyses were used to explore the risk factors of ACM in patients with MDR/RR-TB. The predictive performance of ACM was assessed using area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity of ROC analyses. Results A total of 524 MDR/RR-TB patients, with 255 in the training cohort and 269 in the validation cohort, were included. Survival analyses in the training cohort revealed significantly lower OS in the HNRGs compared to the LNRGs. After adjusting for covariates, multivariate analysis identified low HALP score, low PNI and high CONUT score were independent risk factors for ACM in MDR/RR-TB patients. ROC analyses demonstrated good predictive performance for ACM with AUCs of 0.765, 0.783, 0.807, and 0.811 for HALP score, PNI, CONUT score, and their combination, respectively. Similar results were observed in the validation set. Conclusion HALP score, PNI, and CONUT scores could effectively predict ACM in patients with MDR/RR-TB. Hence, routine screening for malnutrition should be given more attention in clinical practice to identify MDR/RR-TB patients at higher risk of mortality and provide them with nutritional support to reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengling Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
- Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinqiang Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengyun Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
- Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
- Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
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Mahapatra A, Thiruvengadam K, Nair D, Padmapriyadarsini C, Thomas B, Pati S, Bulliyya G, Das D, Chowdhury J, Bang A, Swaminathan S. Effectiveness of food supplement on treatment outcomes and quality of life in pulmonary tuberculosis: Phased implementation approach. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305855. [PMID: 39012889 PMCID: PMC11251611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By encouraging treatment adherence and lowering mortality, dietary supplements can serve as adjuvant therapy for the success of medical interventions. We determined the effect of locally accessible food supplements on treatment outcomes, and health-related quality of life in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis initiating anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) in Odisha, India. METHOD Between September 2017 and December 2018, implementation research in patients with newly diagnosed sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis initiating ATT in five districts of the tribal belt of Odisha, offered food supplements along with ATT in a phased manner. Clinical symptoms, anthropometry, sputum for M. tuberculosis (M. tb), health-related quality of life and return to normal function were assessed periodically, and favourable treatment outcome (cure or treatment completed) was measured at the end of treatment. The effect of the food supplement on unfavorable outcomes (treatment failure, death, or lost-to-follow-up) was modelled using mixed-effects Poisson regression to determine the risk factors. RESULTS Among the 761 participants enrolled, 614 participants received the food supplement and 147 did not receive the food supplement. Among the 614 participants in the supplement group, 537 (87%) had a favorable outcome and among the 147 participants in the no-supplement group, 113 (77%) had a favorable outcome (p = 0.0017). Higher age (>55 years) [aRR = 2.1(95% CI: 1.1-3.8)], male gender [aRR = 1.7(95% CI: 1.2-2.9)], and smear grading ≥2+ [aRR = 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1-2.2)] were associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. Nutritional status, quality of life and lung health showed significant improvement from baseline in the supplement group. CONCLUSION Improvement in the nutritional status of the patient can be considered a predictor of treatment success rates. Early food supplementation has a positive impact on the nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dina Nair
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Beena Thomas
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Gandham Bulliyya
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Dasarathi Das
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Wagnew F, Alene KA, Kelly M, Gray D. Undernutrition increases the risk of unsuccessful treatment outcomes of patients with tuberculosis in Ethiopia: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Infect 2024; 89:106175. [PMID: 38729526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While undernutrition has been identified as a common risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), its impact on treatment outcomes has yet to be investigated in high TB burden and low-income countries such as Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of undernutrition on treatment outcomes among patients with TB in northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from different hospitals in northwest Ethiopia, for the period from July 2017 to August 2023. A Cox proportional hazard model was performed to determine the effect of undernutrition on TB treatment outcomes, which were defined as a composite of death, treatment failure, or loss to follow-up. RESULTS A total of 602 patients with TB were included in the analysis. Of these, 367 (60.9%) were male, and 344 (57.1%) were undernourished. Upon completion of the follow-up period, 65 (10.8%) adults with TB had unsuccessful treatment outcomes. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients with undernutrition had a two times higher risk of experiencing unsuccessful treatment outcomes compared to well-nourished patients (AHR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.6). In addition, patients residing in rural areas (AHR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.7, 5.4), having a history of prior TB treatment (AHR: 2.2, 95%CI: 1.1, 4.1), and the presence of diabetes comorbidity (AHR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 5.2) were at higher risk of unsuccessful treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Undernutrition increases the risk of unsuccessful treatment outcomes in Ethiopia. This finding suggests that nutritional support during TB treatment can improve successful treatment outcomes in high TB burden and low-income countries such as Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasil Wagnew
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Geospatial and Tuberculosis Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Geospatial and Tuberculosis Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew Kelly
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Darren Gray
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Izudi J, Bajunirwe F, Cattamanchi A. Negative effects of undernutrition on sputum smear conversion and treatment success among retreatment cases in Uganda: A quasi-experimental study. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2024; 35:100422. [PMID: 38434999 PMCID: PMC10907175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2024.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale The causal relationship between undernutrition and response to anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment and TB treatment outcomes among people with retreatment TB is understudied. Objective To evaluate the effect of undernutrition on treatment success and sputum smear conversion among people with retreatment drug-susceptible TB in Kampala, Uganda. Methods We conducted a quasi-experimental study utilizing propensity score weighting among people with retreatment drug-susceptible TB aged ≥ 15 years treated between 2012 and 2022 in Kampala. The primary exposure was undernutrition assessed using the mid-upper arm circumference at the time of TB diagnosis. The primary outcome was treatment success defined as cure or treatment completion at month 6. Sputum smear conversion was the secondary outcome and was measured as a change in sputum smear status from positive to negative at months 2, 5, and 6. We estimated the causal effect of undernutrition on the outcomes using a propensity-score weighted modified Poisson regression model with robust error variance. Measurements and main results Of the 605 participants, 432 (71.4 %) were male, 215 (35.5 %) were aged 25-34 years, 427 (70.6 %) had bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB, 133 (22.0 %) were undernourished and 398 (65.8 %) achieved treatment success. Of participants with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB, 232 (59.0 %), 327 (59.3 %), and 360 (97.6 %) achieved sputum smear conversion at months 2, 5, and 6, respectively. Undernutrition reduced treatment success (RR 0.42, 95 % CI 0.32-0.55) as well as sputum smear conversion at months 2 (RR 0.45, 95 % CI 0.42-0.49) and 5 (RR 0.46, 95 % CI 0.43-0.51) but not month 6 (RR 0.99, 95 % CI 0.97-1.02). Conclusion Undernutrition negatively impacts treatment outcomes. Therefore, nutritional assessment should be an integral component of TB care, with nutritional counseling and support offered to those undernourished to optimize their TB treatment response and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Izudi
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Uganda
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Ayenew B, Belay DM, Gashaw Y, Gimja W, Gardie Y. WHO's end of TB targets: unachievable by 2035 without addressing under nutrition, forced displacement, and homelessness: trend analysis from 2015 to 2022. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:961. [PMID: 38575958 PMCID: PMC10996214 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, despite the World Health Organization (WHO) actively working towards its eradication through various initiatives and programs. Undernutrition, forced displacement, and homelessness worsen TB's burden and challenge control efforts; however, there is still no adequate research that shows the trend of these underlying factors to attain the WHO's ambitious TB targets. So, this study aims to analyze the trend analysis of these underlying factors worldwide from 2015 to 2022 and their impact on the feasibility and implications of reaching the End TB targets by 2035. We utilized international databases, including UNHCR, FAO, and WHO reports, as secondary data sources. Data were extracted chronologically from 2015 to 2022 to illustrate trends in undernutrition, forced displacement, and homelessness on a global level.This trend analysis reveals that undernutrition, forced displacement, and homelessness have worsened over time. Undernutrition rose from 8.4 to 9.8% globally between 2015 and 2021, affecting 22.7 million additional individuals each year. In 2022, undernutrition affected 735 million people globally. Africa (21.9%) and Asia (10.6%) had the highest rates, while Western Europe and North America had lower rates than the global average: 3.4% and 2.5%, respectively.Similarly, the global rate of forced displacement increased from 65.1 million people in 2015 to 108.4 million in 2022, a 21% increase from 2021. This means that an extra 19 million people were displaced in 2021. Globally, homelessness, affecting 1.6 billion people, has worsened over time. Despite being a highly vulnerable group to TB, homeless individuals are often neglected in TB control efforts. Our findings underscore the critical importance of addressing undernutrition, forced displacement, and homelessness in achieving the World Health Organization's ambitious End TB targets by 2035, as highlighted through trend analysis from 2015 to 2022. Implementing policies focusing on nutrition, stable housing, and the challenges faced by displaced populations is imperative for progress toward a TB-free world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Ayenew
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia.
| | - Dawit Misganaw Belay
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia
| | - Yegoraw Gashaw
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimu Gimja
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Gardie
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia
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Wenlu Y, Xia Z, Chuntao W, Qiaolin Y, Xujue X, Rong Y, Dan S, Xi Y, Bin W. Time to sputum culture conversion and its associated factors among drug-resistant tuberculosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:169. [PMID: 38326758 PMCID: PMC10848338 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the sputum culture conversion time of DR-TB patients and its related factors. METHODS PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, CNKI, Wan Fang, CBM and VIP databases were electronically searched to collect studies on sputum culture conversion time in patients with DR-TB. Meta-analysis was performed by using the R 4.3.0 version and Stata 16 software. RESULTS A total of 45 studies involving 17373 patients were included. Meta-analysis results showed that the pooled median time to sputum culture conversion was 68.57 days (IQR 61.01,76.12). The median time of sputum culture conversion in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis was different in different WHO regions, countries with different levels of development and different treatment schemes. And female (aHR = 0.59,95%CI: s0.46,0.76), alcohol history (aHR = 0.70,95%CI:0.50,0.98), smoking history (aHR = 0.58,95%CI:0.38,0.88), history of SLD use (aHR = 0.64,95%CI:0.47,0.87), BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 (aHR = 0.69,95%CI:0.60,0.80), lung cavity (aHR = 0.70,95%CI:0.52,0.94), sputum smear grading at baseline (Positive) (aHR = 0.56,95%CI:0.36,0.87), (grade 1+) (aHR = 0.87,95%CI:0.77,0.99), (grade 2+) (aHR = 0.81,95%CI:0.69,0.95), (grade 3+) (aHR = 0.71,95%CI:0.61,0.84) were the related factor of sputum culture conversion time in patients with DR-TB. CONCLUSION Patients with DR-TB in Europe or countries with high level of economic development have earlier sputum culture conversion, and the application of bedaquiline can make patients have shorter sputum culture conversion time. Female, alcohol history, smoking history, history of SLD use, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, lung cavity, sputum smear grading at baseline (Positive, grade 1+, grade 2+, grade 3+) may be risk factors for longer sputum culture conversion time. This systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO, the registration number is CRD42023438746.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wenlu
- Nursing Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhao Xia
- Nursing Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wu Chuntao
- Nursing Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Qiaolin
- Nursing Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Xujue
- Nursing Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Rong
- Nursing Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Su Dan
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Xi
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wan Bin
- Nursing Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Wagnew F, Alene KA, Kelly M, Gray D. Impacts of body weight change on treatment outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Northwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:508. [PMID: 38177234 PMCID: PMC10767082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Measuring body weight during therapy has received insufficient attention in poor resource settings like Ethiopia. We aimed to investigate the association between weight change during therapy and treatment outcomes among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in northwest Ethiopia. This retrospective cohort study analysed data from patients with MDR-TB admitted between May 2015 to February 2022 at four treatment facilities in Northwest Ethiopia. We used the joint model (JM) to determine the association between weight change during therapy and treatment outcomes for patients with MDR-TB. A total of 419 patients with MDR-TB were included in the analysis. Of these, 265 (63.3%) were male, and 255 (60.9%) were undernourished. Weight increase over time was associated with a decrease in unsuccessful treatment outcomes (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94 to 0.98). In addition, patients with undernutrition (AHR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.97), HIV (AHR:1.79, 95% CI: 1.04 to 3.06), and clinical complications such as pneumothorax (AHR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.67) were associated with unsuccessful treatment outcomes. The JM showed a significant inverse association between weight gain and unsuccessful MDR-TB treatment outcomes. Therefore, weight gain may be used as a surrogate marker for good TB treatment response in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasil Wagnew
- College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
- Geospatial and Tuberculosis Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Geospatial and Tuberculosis Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew Kelly
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Darren Gray
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Faye LM, Hosu MC, Iruedo J, Vasaikar S, Nokoyo KA, Tsuro U, Apalata T. Treatment Outcomes and Associated Factors among Tuberculosis Patients from Selected Rural Eastern Cape Hospitals: An Ambidirectional Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37368733 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential metric for determining the efficacy of tuberculosis (TB) control programs is the evaluation of TB treatment outcomes; this study was conducted to investigate treatment outcomes and associated factors among tuberculosis patients in rural areas of Eastern Cape, South Africa. Assessing treatment outcomes is fundamental to facilitating the End TB Strategy's set target. Clinic records from 457 patients with DR-TB were examined for data collection while 101 patients were followed up prospectively. Data were analyzed using Stata version 17.0. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated to check the association between variables. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the 427 participants, 65.8% had successful treatment whilst 34.2% had unsuccessful TB treatment. A total of 61.2% and 39% of the HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants had a successful TB treatment whilst 66% and 34% of both HIV-negative and positive participants had unsuccessful TB treatment. From the 101 patients that were followed up, smokers took longer to have treatment outcomes compared to non-smokers. In the study with HIV/TB co-infection, men predominated. HIV and tuberculosis co-infection made therapy difficult with unfavorable effects on TB management. The treatment success rate (65.8%) was lower than the WHO threshold standard with a high proportion of patients being lost to the follow up. The co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV resulted in undesirable treatment outcomes. Strengthening TB surveillance and control is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindiwe M Faye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Walter Sisulu University and National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Private Bag X5117, Mthatha 5099, South Africa
| | - Mojisola C Hosu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Walter Sisulu University and National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Private Bag X5117, Mthatha 5099, South Africa
| | - Joshua Iruedo
- Department of Family Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X5117, Mthatha 5099, South Africa
| | - Sandeep Vasaikar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Walter Sisulu University and National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Private Bag X5117, Mthatha 5099, South Africa
| | - Kolisa A Nokoyo
- Wits School of Public Health, 27 St Andrew Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Urgent Tsuro
- Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X5117, Mthatha 5099, South Africa
| | - Teke Apalata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Walter Sisulu University and National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Private Bag X5117, Mthatha 5099, South Africa
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