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Dong Z, Sun Y, Cao Q, Liu H, Liu Y, Cao Q, Wei H, Song C, Gou H, Xue H. Prevalence and Biological Characteristics of Listeria Species Isolated from Livestock and Poultry Meat in Gansu Province, China. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:11-20. [PMID: 36929888 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a widespread foodborne pathogen contaminating foods during their production or processing stages. Fresh meat is susceptible to such contamination if it is not properly preserved. Our study was conducted to reveal the level of contamination and prevalence of Listeria spp. present in livestock and poultry meat from Gansu province. A total of 1,387 samples were collected from five cities in Gansu Province according to standard sampling procedures, of which 174 samples (12.5%) were positive for Listeria species. Among them, 14 isolates of L. monocytogenes (1.0%), 150 isolates of Listeria innocua (10.8%), and ten isolates of Listeria welshimeri (0.7%) were identified by conventional bacteriological and molecular identification methods. All isolates were subjected to serological assays, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, growth curve assays, determination of biofilm-forming capacity, and cluster analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Four predominant serotypes of L. monocytogenes were identified, including 1/2a (35.7%, 5/14), 1/2b (14.3%, 2/14), 1/2c (42.9%, 6/14), and 4b (7.1%, 1/14). All L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to tetracycline and cefoxitin. Most L. innocua isolates (63.6%, 14/22) and L. welshimeri (40%, 4/10) were resistant to tetracycline. The high biofilm-forming ability was observed among 1/2c and 1/2a serotype isolates. The cluster analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a close genetic relationship between the three Listeria species. This study fills the gap in the knowledge of livestock and poultry meat that carry Listeria in slaughterhouses and markets in Gansu Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Dong
- 1College of Veterinary Medical, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- 1College of Veterinary Medical, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- 2Highway Animal and Plant Joint Epidemic Prevention and Quarantine Station, Hami, China
| | - Qing Cao
- 1College of Veterinary Medical, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- 3Lanzhou Animal's Sanitation Inspection, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- 1College of Veterinary Medical, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qihang Cao
- 1College of Veterinary Medical, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huilin Wei
- 1College of Veterinary Medical, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Song
- 1College of Veterinary Medical, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huitian Gou
- 1College of Veterinary Medical, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huiwen Xue
- 1College of Veterinary Medical, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Claxton ML, Hudson LK, Bryan DW, Denes TG. Soil Collected from a Single Great Smoky Mountains Trail Contains a Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0143122. [PMID: 36519851 PMCID: PMC9927250 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01431-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen, and other Listeria spp. are present in natural environments. Isolating and characterizing strains from natural reservoirs can provide insight into the prevalence and diversity of Listeria spp. in these environments, elucidate their contribution to contamination of agricultural and food processing environments and food products, and lead to the discovery of novel species. In this study, we evaluated the diversity of Listeria spp. isolated from soil in a small region of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the most biodiverse national park in the U.S. National Park system. Of the 17 Listeria isolates recovered, whole-genome sequencing revealed that 14 were distinct strains. The strains represented a diversity of Listeria species (L. monocytogenes [n = 9], L. cossartiae subsp. cossartiae [n = 1], L. marthii [n = 1], L. booriae [n = 1], and a potentially novel Listeria sp. [n = 2]), as well as a diversity of sequence types based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core genome MLST, including many novel designations. The isolates were not closely related (≥99.99% average nucleotide identity) to any isolates in public databases (NCBI, PATRIC), which also indicated novelty. The Listeria samples isolated in this study were collected from high-elevation sites near a creek that ultimately leads to the Mississippi River; thus, Listeria present in this natural environment could potentially travel downstream to a large region that includes portions of nine southeastern and midwestern U.S. states. This study provides insight into the diversity of Listeria spp. in the Great Smoky Mountains and indicates that this environment is a reservoir of novel Listeria spp. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause serious systemic illness that, although rare, usually results in hospitalization and has a relatively high mortality rate compared to other foodborne pathogens. Identification of novel and diverse Listeria spp. can provide insights into the genomic evolution, ecology, and evolution and variance of pathogenicity of this genus, especially in natural environments. Comparing L. monocytogenes and Listeria spp. isolates from natural environments, such as those recovered in this study, to contamination and/or outbreak strains may provide more information about the original natural sources of these strains and the pathways and mechanisms that lead to contamination of food products and agricultural or food processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Claxton
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lauren K. Hudson
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel W. Bryan
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas G. Denes
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Cardenas-Alvarez MX, Restrepo-Montoya D, Bergholz TM. Genome-Wide Association Study of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Causing Three Different Clinical Outcomes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1934. [PMID: 36296210 PMCID: PMC9610272 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity in virulence potential of L. monocytogenes subgroups have been associated with genetic elements that could provide advantages in certain environments to invade, multiply, and survive within a host. The presence of gene mutations has been found to be related to attenuated phenotypes, while the presence of groups of genes, such as pathogenicity islands (PI), has been associated with hypervirulent or stress-resistant clones. We evaluated 232 whole genome sequences from invasive listeriosis cases in human and ruminants from the US and Europe to identify genomic elements associated with strains causing three clinical outcomes: central nervous system (CNS) infections, maternal-neonatal (MN) infections, and systemic infections (SI). Phylogenetic relationships and virulence-associated genes were evaluated, and a gene-based and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) were conducted in order to identify loci associated with the different clinical outcomes. The orthologous results indicated that genes of phage phiX174, transfer RNAs, and type I restriction-modification (RM) system genes along with SNPs in loci involved in environmental adaptation such as rpoB and a phosphotransferase system (PTS) were associated with one or more clinical outcomes. Detection of phenotype-specific candidate loci represents an approach that could narrow the group of genetic elements to be evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa M. Bergholz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Virulence Characteristics and Distribution of the Pathogen Listeria ivanovii in the Environment and in Food. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081679. [PMID: 36014096 PMCID: PMC9414773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria ivanovii and L. monocytogenes, are the only pathogenic species of the genus Listeria and share many virulence factors and mechanisms of pathogenicity. L. ivanovii shows host tropism towards small ruminants and rodents and much lower virulence for humans compared to L. monocytogenes. However, severe infections caused by L. ivanovii, resulting in bacteremia, abortion and stillbirth, occasionally occurred in immunocompromised persons and in pregnant women, while in immunocompetent hosts L. ivanovii can cause gastroenteritis. In this review, the updated knowledge on virulence aspects and distribution of L. ivanovii in the environment and in food is summarized. Recent research on its virulence characters at genome level gave indications on how pathogenicity evolved in this bacterial species. As for L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii infections occurred after the ingestion of contaminated food, so an overview of reports regarding its distribution in food products was carried out to obtain indications on the categories of foods exposed to contamination by L. ivanovii. It was found that a wide variety of food products can be a source of this microorganism and that, like L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii is able to persist in the food production environment. Studies on its ability to grow in enrichment and isolation media suggested that its occurrence in nature might be underestimated. Moreover, virulence varies among strains for differences in virulence character regulation, presence/absence of genetic regions and the possible instability of a Listeria pathogenicity genomic island, LIPI-2, which is unique to L. ivanovii. We can conclude that L. ivanovii, as a possible pathogen for animals and humans, requires more focused investigations regarding its occurrence in the environment and in food and on intra-species variability of pathogenic potential.
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D'Onofrio F, Visciano P, Krasteva I, Torresi M, Tittarelli M, Pomilio F, Iannetti L, Di Febo T, Paparella A, Schirone M, Luciani M. Immunoproteome profiling of Listeria monocytogenes under mild acid and salt stress conditions. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2200082. [PMID: 35916071 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the main foodborne pathogens worldwide. Although its response to stress conditions has been extensively studied, it is still present in the food processing environments and is a concern for consumers. To investigate how this microorganism adapts its proteome in mild stress conditions, a combined proteomics and bioinformatics approach was used to characterize the immunogenic protein profile of an ST7 strain that caused severe listeriosis outbreaks in central Italy. Extracted proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting using positive sera against L. monocytogenes and nLC-ESI-MS/MS, and all data were examined by five software to predict subcellular localization. Two hundred and twenty-six proteins were extracted from the bands of interest, 58 of which were classified as potential immunogenic antigens. Compared to control cells grown under optimal conditions, six proteins, some of which under-described, were expressed under mild acid and salt stress conditions and/or at 12°C. In particular, adaptation and shaping of the proteome mainly involved cell motility at 12°C without acid and salt stress, whereas the combination of the same temperature with mild acid and salt stress induced a response concerning carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative stress and DNA repair. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033519. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica D'Onofrio
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Pierina Visciano
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Ivanka Krasteva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Marina Torresi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Manuela Tittarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Luigi Iannetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Febo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Antonello Paparella
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Maria Schirone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Mirella Luciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
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Conner KN, Burke JT, Ravi J, Hardy JW. Novel internalin P homologs in Listeria. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35904424 PMCID: PMC9455699 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a bacterial pathogen that causes listeriosis in immunocompromised individuals, particularly pregnant women. Several virulence factors support the intracellular lifecycle of Lm and facilitate cell-to-cell spread, allowing it to occupy multiple niches within the host and cross-protective barriers, including the placenta. One family of virulence factors, internalins, contributes to Lm pathogenicity by inducing specific uptake and conferring tissue tropism. Over 25 internalins have been identified thus far, but only a few have been extensively studied. Internalins contain leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains that enable protein-protein interactions, allowing Lm to bind host proteins. Notably, other Listeria species express internalins but cannot colonize human hosts, prompting questions regarding the evolution of internalins within the genus Listeria. Internalin P (InlP) promotes placental colonization through interaction with the host protein afadin. Although prior studies of InlP have begun to elucidate its role in Lm pathogenesis, there remains a lack of information regarding homologs in other Listeria species. Here, we have used a computational evolutionary approach to identify InlP homologs in additional Listeria species. We found that Listeria ivanovii londoniensis (Liv) and Listeria seeligeri (Ls) encode InlP homologs. We also found InlP-like homologs in Listeria innocua and the recently identified species Listeria costaricensis. All newly identified homologs lack the full-length LRR6 and LRR7 domains found in Lm’s InlP. These findings are informative regarding the evolution of one key Lm virulence factor, InlP, and serve as a springboard for future evolutionary studies of Lm pathogenesis as well as mechanistic studies of Listeria internalins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla N Conner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joseph T Burke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Genomics and Molecular Genetics Undergraduate Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Janani Ravi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Health Artificial Intelligence, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan W Hardy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Zhao Q, Hu P, Li Q, Zhang S, Li H, Chang J, Jiang Q, Zheng Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Ren H, Lu S. Prevalence and transmission characteristics of Listeria species from ruminants in farm and slaughtering environments in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:356-364. [PMID: 33560938 PMCID: PMC7928038 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1888658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen, and is ubiquitously distributed in the natural environment. Cattle and sheep, as natural hosts, can transmit L. monocytogenes to related meat and dairy products. In this study, the prevalence, distribution, and transmission characteristics of Listeria were analysed by investigating 5214 samples of cattle and sheep in farm and slaughtering environments in China. A low contamination incidence of L. monocytogenes (0.5%, 20/4430) was observed in farm environment, but there was a high contamination incidence in slaughtering environment (9.4%, 74/784). The incidence of L. innocua in cattle and sheep farm and slaughtering environments is more common and significantly higher (9.7%, 508/5214) than that of L. monocytogenes (1.8%, 94/5214). The distinct molecular and genetic characteristics of Listeria by PFGE and MLST indicated that L. monocytogenes and L. innocua were gradually transmitted from the farm and slaughtering environments to end products, such as beef and mutton along the slaughtering chain. The ST7, ST9, ST91, and ST155 found in our study were associated with the human listeriosis cases in China. In addition, the findings of virulence markers (inlC, inlJ, LIPI-3, LIPI-4, and ECIII) concerned with the pathogenesis of human listeriosis and antibiotics resistance of L. monocytogenes in this study implies a potential public health risk. This study fills the gap in the epidemiology of beef cattle and sheep that carry Listeria in farm and slaughtering environments in major cattle and sheep producing areas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiujie Jiang
- Jilin Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Double First-class Discipline of Human-animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Louha S, Meinersmann RJ, Glenn TC. Whole genome genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium in a diverse collection of Listeria monocytogenes isolates. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0242297. [PMID: 33630832 PMCID: PMC7906370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed whole-genome multi-locus sequence typing for 2554 genes in a large and heterogenous panel of 180 Listeria monocytogenes strains having diverse geographical and temporal origins. The subtyping data was used for characterizing genetic variation and evaluating patterns of linkage disequilibrium in the pan-genome of L. monocytogenes. Our analysis revealed the presence of strong linkage disequilibrium in L. monocytogenes, with ~99% of genes showing significant non-random associations with a large majority of other genes in the genome. Twenty-seven loci having lower levels of association with other genes were considered to be potential “hot spots” for horizontal gene transfer (i.e., recombination via conjugation, transduction, and/or transformation). The patterns of linkage disequilibrium in L. monocytogenes suggest limited exchange of foreign genetic material in the genome and can be used as a tool for identifying new recombinant strains. This can help understand processes contributing to the diversification and evolution of this pathogenic bacteria, thereby facilitating development of effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnali Louha
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard J. Meinersmann
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Travis C. Glenn
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Cardiotropic Isolates of Listeria monocytogenes with Enhanced Vertical Transmission Dependent upon the Bacterial Surface Protein InlB. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00321-20. [PMID: 33139387 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00321-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative Gram-positive intracellular bacterium that is capable of causing serious invasive infections in pregnant women, resulting in abortion, still-birth, and disseminated fetal infection. Previously, a clinical L. monocytogenes isolate, 07PF0776, was identified as having an enhanced ability to target cardiac tissue. This tissue tropism appeared to correlate with amino acid variations found within internalin B (InlB), a bacterial surface protein associated with host cell invasion. Given that the mammalian receptor bound by InlB, Met, is abundantly expressed by placental tissue, we assessed isolate 07PF0776 for its ability to be transmitted from mother to fetus. Pregnant Swiss Webster mice were infected on gestational day E13 via tail vein injection with the standard isolate 10403S, a noncardiotropic strain, or 07PF0776, the cardiac isolate. Pregnant mice infected with 07PF0776 exhibited significantly enhanced transmission of L. monocytogenes to placentas and fetuses compared to 10403S. Both bacterial burdens and the frequency of placental and fetal infection were increased in mice infected with the cardiac isolate. Strain 07PF0776 also exhibited an enhanced ability to invade Jar human trophoblast tissue culture cells in comparison to 10403S, and was found to have increased levels of InlB associated with the bacterial cell surface. Overexpression of surface InlB via genetic manipulation was sufficient to confer enhanced invasion of the placenta and fetus to both 10403S and 07PF0776. These data support a central role for surface InlB in promoting vertical transmission of L. monocytogenes.
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Chen Y, Chen M, Wang J, Wu Q, Cheng J, Zhang J, Sun Q, Xue L, Zeng H, Lei T, Pang R, Ye Q, Wu S, Zhang S, Wu H, Li W, Kou X. Heterogeneity, Characteristics, and Public Health Implications of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Foods and Pasteurized Milk in China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:642. [PMID: 32351479 PMCID: PMC7174501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen with a high mortality rate in humans. This study aimed to identify the pathogenic potential of L. monocytogenes isolated from ready-to-eat (RTE) foods and pasteurized milk in China on the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Approximately 7.7% (44/570) samples tested positive for L. monocytogenes among 10.8% (39/360) RTE and 2.4% (5/210) pasteurized milk samples, of which 77.3% (34/44) had < 10 MPN/g, 18.2% (8/44) had 10-110 MPN/g, and 4.5% (2/44) had > 110 MPN/g. A total of 48 strains (43 from RTE foods and five from milk samples) of L. monocytogenes were isolated from 44 positive samples. PCR-serogroup analysis revealed that the most prevalent serogroup was II.2 (1/2b-3b-7), accounting for 52.1% (25/48) of the total, followed by serogroup I.1 (1/2a-3a) accounting for 33.3% (16/48), serogroup I.2 (1/2c-3c) accounting for 12.5% (6/48), and serogroup II.1 (4b-4d-4e) accounting for 2.1%. All isolates were grouped into 11 sequence types (STs) belonging to 10 clonal complexes (CCs) and one singleton (ST619) via multi-locus sequence typing. The most prevalent ST was ST87 (29.2%), followed by ST8 (22.9%), and ST9 (12.5%). Virulence genes determination showed that all isolates harbored eight virulence genes belonging to Listeria pathogenicity islands 1 (LIPI-1) (prfA, actA, hly, mpl, plcA, plcB, and iap) and inlB. Approximately 85.4% isolates carried full-length inlA, whereas seven isolates had premature stop codons in inlA, six of which belonged to ST9 and one to ST5. Furthermore, LLS (encoded by llsX gene, representing LIPI-3) displays bactericidal activity and modifies the host microbiota during infection. LIPI-4 enhances neural and placental tropisms of L. monocytogenes. Results showed that six (12.5%) isolates harbored the llsX gene, and they belonged to ST1/CC1, ST3/CC3, and ST619. Approximately 31.3% (15/48) isolates (belonging to ST87/CC87 and ST619) harbored ptsA (representing LIPI-4), indicating the potential risk of this pathogen. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that > 95% isolates were susceptible to 16 antimicrobials; however, 60.4 and 22.9% isolates were intermediately resistant to streptomycin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The results show that several isolates harbor LIPI-3 and LIPI-4 genes, which may be a possible transmission route for Listeria infections in consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetao Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianheng Cheng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifan Sun
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Pang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Infinitus (China) Company, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Kou
- Infinitus (China) Company, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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11
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Prates DDF, Haubert L, Würfel S, Cavicchioli VQ, Nero LA, Silva WP. Listeria monocytogenesin dairy plants in Southern Brazil: Occurrence, virulence potential, and genetic diversity. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise da Fontoura Prates
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu MacielUniversidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Louise Haubert
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu MacielUniversidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Simone Würfel
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu MacielUniversidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Valéria Q. Cavicchioli
- Departamento de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Luís A. Nero
- Departamento de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Wladimir Padilha Silva
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu MacielUniversidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento TecnológicoUniversidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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12
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Abstract
Bacterial metabolism represents the biochemical space that bacteria can manipulate to produce energy, reducing equivalents and building blocks for replication. Gram-positive pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes, show remarkable flexibility, which allows for exploitation of diverse biological niches from the soil to the intracytosolic space. Although the human host represents a potentially rich source for nutrient acquisition, competition for nutrients with the host and hostile host defenses can constrain bacterial metabolism by various mechanisms, including nutrient sequestration. Here, we review metabolism in the model Gram-positive bacterium, L. monocytogenes, and highlight pathways that enable the replication, survival, and virulence of this bacterial pathogen.
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13
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Day JB, Hammack TS. Bio-Plex suspension array immuno-detection of Listeria monocytogenes from cantaloupe and packaged salad using virulence protein inducing activated charcoal enrichment media. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103225. [PMID: 31421770 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis in humans, is a Gram-positive bacterium that is contracted via the ingestion of contaminated foods. Two of the largest outbreaks of listeriosis occurred following consumption of tainted cantaloupe and packaged salads. Molecular methods and immuno-based techniques for detection of L. monocytogenes in these food matrices can be difficult due to the presence of assay inhibiting elements. In this study, we utilized a novel enrichment media containing activated charcoal as the key ingredient that induces hyperactive expression and secretion of L. monocytogenes virulence proteins. The Bio-Plex suspension array system, based on Luminex xMAP technology, was subsequently employed to specifically detect accumulated L. monocytogenes secreted and membrane bound proteins via paramagnetic microsphere-antibody complexes. Cantaloupe and packaged salad samples were treated with a dilution series of L. monocytogenes and incubated in activated charcoal media following a short pre-enrichment step in Buffered Listeria Enrichment Broth. Secreted L. monocytogenes lysteriolysin O was captured using magnetic microsphere-antibody conjugates and measured using the Bio-Ple×200 analyzer. As few as 100 CFU/g of L. monocytogenes was detected from both spiked cantaloupe and packaged salad samples. In addition, antibody conjugated microspheres targeting a membrane protein present on both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Listeria species was used to identify as few as 100 CFU/g of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species in cantaloupe and packaged salad. This method presumptively identifies L. monocytogenes from cantaloupe and packaged salad in less than 24 h and non-pathogenic Listeria species within 22 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Day
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - T S Hammack
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, USA
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14
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Elhag M, Abubaker M, Ahmad NM, Haroon EM, Alaagib RM, Abd albagi SO, Hassan MA. Immunoinformatics Prediction of Epitope Based Peptide Vaccine Against Listeria Monocytogenes Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase Protein.. [DOI: 10.1101/649111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractListeria Monocytogenesrepresents an important food-borne pathogen worldwide that can cause life-threatening listeriosis disease especially in pregnant women, fetuses, elderly people, and immuno-compromised individuals with high mortality rates. Moreover, no vaccine against it exists. This study predicts an effective epitope-based vaccine against Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate Aldolase (FBA) enzyme of Listeria Monocytogenes using immunoinformatics approaches. The sequences were retrieved from NCBI and several prediction tests were conducted to analyze possible epitopes for B-cell, T-cell MHC class I and II. 3D structure of the promising epitopes was obtained. Two epitopes showed high binding affinity for B-cells, while four epitopes showed high binding affinity for MHCI and MHCII. The results were promising to formulate a vaccine with more than 98% population coverage. We hope that these promising epitopes serves as a preventive measure for the disease in the future and recommend invivo and invitro studies.
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15
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Pirone-Davies C, Chen Y, Pightling A, Ryan G, Wang Y, Yao K, Hoffmann M, Allard MW. Genes significantly associated with lineage II food isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:708. [PMID: 30253738 PMCID: PMC6157050 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Listeria monocytogenes is a widespread foodborne pathogen that can cause listeriosis, a potentially fatal infection. L. monocytogenes is subdivided into four phylogenetic lineages, with the highest incidence of listeriosis occurring within lineage I followed by lineage II. Strains of L. monocytogenes differ in their phenotypic characteristics, including virulence. However, the genetic bases for these observed differences are not well understood, and current efforts to monitor L. monocytogenes in food consider all strains to be equally virulent. We use a comparative genomics approach to identify genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 174 clinical and food isolates of L. monocytogenes that potentially contribute to virulence or the capacity to adapt to food environments. Results No SNPs are significantly associated with food or clinical isolates. No genes are significantly associated with food or clinical isolates from lineage I, but eight genes consisting of multiple homologues are associated with lineage II food isolates. These include three genes which encode hypothetical proteins, the cadmium resistance genes cadA and cadC, the multi-drug resistance gene ebrB, a quaternary ammonium compound resistance gene qac, and a regulatory gene. All eight genes are plasmid-borne, and most closed L. monocytogenes plasmids carry at least five of the genes (24/27). In addition, plasmids are more frequently associated with lineage II food isolates than with lineage II clinical isolates. Conclusions We identify eight genes that are significantly associated with food isolates in lineage II. Interestingly, the eight genes are virtually absent in lineage II outbreak isolates, are composed of homologues which show a nonrandom distribution among lineage I serotypes, and the sequences are highly conserved across 27 closed Listeria plasmids. The functions of these genes should be explored further and will contribute to our understanding of how L. monocytogenes adapts to the host and food environments. Moreover, these genes may also be useful as markers for risk assessment models of either pathogenicity or the ability to proliferate in food and the food processing environment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5074-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary Pirone-Davies
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Arthur Pightling
- Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gina Ryan
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kuan Yao
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Marc W Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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16
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Catabolic activity and biofilm formation of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes strains. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-018-1169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Ngueng Feze I, Dalpé G, Song L, Farber J, Goodridge L, Levesque RC, Joly Y. For the Safety of Fresh Produce: Regulatory Considerations for Canada on the Use of Whole Genome Sequencing to Subtype Salmonella. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Vertical Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes: Probing the Balance between Protection from Pathogens and Fetal Tolerance. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020052. [PMID: 29799503 PMCID: PMC6027155 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection of the developing fetus from pathogens is one of the many critical roles of the placenta. Listeria monocytogenes is one of a select number of pathogens that can cross the placental barrier and cause significant harm to the fetus, leading to spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm labor, and disseminated neonate infection despite antibiotic treatment. Such severe outcomes serve to highlight the importance of understanding how L. monocytogenes mediates infiltration of the placental barrier. Here, we review what is currently known regarding vertical transmission of L. monocytogenes as a result of cell culture and animal models of infection. In vitro cell culture and organ models have been useful for the identification of L. monocytogenes virulence factors that contribute to placental invasion. Examples include members of the Internalin family of bacterial surface proteins such as Interalin (Inl)A, InlB, and InlP that promote invasion of cells at the maternal-fetal interface. A number of animal models have been used to interrogate L. monocytogenes vertical transmission, including mice, guinea pigs, gerbils, and non-human primates; each of these models has advantages while still not providing a comprehensive understanding of L. monocytogenes invasion of the human placenta and/or fetus. These models do, however, allow for the molecular investigation of the balance between fetal tolerance and immune protection from L. monocytogenes during pregnancy.
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19
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Kim SW, Haendiges J, Keller EN, Myers R, Kim A, Lombard JE, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS, Haley BJ. Genetic diversity and virulence profiles of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from bulk tank milk, milk filters, and milking equipment from dairies in the United States (2002 to 2014). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197053. [PMID: 29742151 PMCID: PMC5942804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unpasteurized dairy products are known to occasionally harbor Listeria monocytogenes and have been implicated in recent listeriosis outbreaks and numerous sporadic cases of listeriosis. However, the diversity and virulence profiles of L. monocytogenes isolates recovered from these products have not been fully described. Here we report a genomic analysis of 121 L. monocytogenes isolates recovered from milk, milk filters, and milking equipment collected from bovine dairy farms in 19 states over a 12-year period. In a multi-virulence-locus sequence typing (MVLST) analysis, 59 Virulence Types (VT) were identified, of which 25% were Epidemic Clones I, II, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, or X, and 31 were novel VT. In a multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, 60 Sequence Types (ST) of 56 Clonal Complexes (CC) were identified. Within lineage I, CC5 and CC1 were among the most abundant, and within lineage II, CC7 and CC37 were the most abundant. Multiple CCs previously associated with central nervous system and maternal-neonatal infections were identified. A genomic analysis identified variable distribution of virulence markers, Listeria pathogenicity islands (LIPI) -1, -3, and -4, and stress survival island-1 (SSI-1). Of these, 14 virulence markers, including LIPI-3 and -4 were more frequently detected in one lineage (I or II) than the other. LIPI-3 and LIPI-4 were identified in 68% and 28% of lineage I CCs, respectively. Results of this analysis indicate that there is a high level of genetic diversity among the L. monocytogenes present in bulk tank milk in the United States with some strains being more frequently detected than others, and some being similar to those that have been isolated from previous non-dairy related outbreaks. Results of this study also demonstrate significant number of strains isolated from dairy farms encode virulence markers associated with severe human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Julie Haendiges
- Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Eric N. Keller
- Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert Myers
- Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Alexander Kim
- Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Lombard
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Jo Ann S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Bradd J. Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Bergholz TM, Shah MK, Burall LS, Rakic-Martinez M, Datta AR. Genomic and phenotypic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes clonal complexes associated with human listeriosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3475-3485. [PMID: 29500754 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen of significant concern in many ready to eat foods due to its ability to survive and multiply even under significant environmental stresses. Listeriosis in humans is a concern, especially to high-risk populations such as those who are immunocompromised or pregnant, due to the high rates of morbidity and mortality. Whole genome sequencing has become a routine part of assessing L. monocytogenes isolated from patients, and the frequency of different genetic subtypes associated with listeriosis is now being reported. The recent abundance of genome sequences for L. monocytogenes has provided a wealth of information regarding the variation in core and accessory genomic elements. Newly described accessory genomic regions have been linked to greater virulence capabilities as well as greater resistance to environmental stressors such as sanitizers commonly used in food processing facilities. This review will provide a summary of our current understanding of stress response and virulence phenotypes of L. monocytogenes, within the context of the genetic diversity of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Bergholz
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 130A Van Es, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.
| | - Manoj K Shah
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 130A Van Es, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Laurel S Burall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Mira Rakic-Martinez
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Atin R Datta
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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21
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Westerhold LE, Bridges LC, Shaikh SR, Zeczycki TN. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Acetyl-CoA Activation of Staphylococcus aureus Pyruvate Carboxylase. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3492-3506. [PMID: 28617592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric regulation of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity is pivotal to maintaining metabolic homeostasis. In contrast, dysregulated PC activity contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, rendering PC a possible target for allosteric therapeutic development. Recent research efforts have focused on demarcating the role of acetyl-CoA, one of the most potent activators of PC, in coordinating catalytic events within the multifunctional enzyme. Herein, we report a kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of acetyl-CoA activation of the Staphylococcus aureus PC (SaPC)-catalyzed carboxylation of pyruvate to identify novel means by which acetyl-CoA synchronizes catalytic events within the PC tetramer. Kinetic and linked-function analysis, or thermodynamic linkage analysis, indicates that the substrates of the biotin carboxylase and carboxyl transferase domain are energetically coupled in the presence of acetyl-CoA. In contrast, both kinetic and energetic coupling between the two domains is lost in the absence of acetyl-CoA, suggesting a functional role for acetyl-CoA in facilitating the long-range transmission of substrate-induced conformational changes within the PC tetramer. Interestingly, thermodynamic activation parameters for the SaPC-catalyzed carboxylation of pyruvate are largely independent of acetyl-CoA. Our results also reveal the possibility that global conformational changes give rise to observed species-specific thermodynamic activation parameters. Taken together, our kinetic and thermodynamic results provide a possible allosteric mechanism by which acetyl-CoA coordinates catalysis within the PC tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Westerhold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - Lance C Bridges
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Sciences, Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Arkansas Colleges of Health Education , Ft. Smith, Arkansas 72916, United States
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - Tonya N Zeczycki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
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22
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Wang Y, Lu L, Lan R, Salazar JK, Liu J, Xu J, Ye C. Isolation and characterization of Listeria species from rodents in natural environments in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e44. [PMID: 28588285 PMCID: PMC5520306 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Listeria is ubiquitous in a variety of environments and can be isolated from a wide range of animal hosts. Rodents are capable of carrying pathogenic bacteria in their intestines, such as Listeria, and can disseminate those pathogens into the natural environment and to where human activity occurs. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria spp. isolated from wild rodents found in natural environments in China. We collected 341 intestinal fecal samples of rodents from five different regions of China, all representing different rodent habitats. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the Listeria spp. isolates obtained were firstly assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Thirty-one samples were positive for Listeria spp., of which 11 were positive for Listeria monocytogenes and seven were positive for Listeria ivanovii. Other species identified include Listeria innocua, Listeria fleischmannii and Listeria floridensis. All Listeria spp. isolates were sensitive to the majority of the antimicrobials tested, but largely resistant to oxacillin (94.1%) and cefuroxime (70.6%). All L. monocytogenes isolates were further characterized by serotyping, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). L. monocytogenes strains were grouped into three serotypes, five sequence types and five pulsotypes (PTs) by serotyping, MLST and PFGE, respectively. Almost half of the isolates (five of 11) belonged to serotype 1/2b, ST87 and PT1. This study determined that Listeria is carried in the intestinal tracts of wild rodents from multiple regions at a low rate, filling an epidemiological data gap on Listeria in natural environments in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joelle K Salazar
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Changyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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23
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Braga V, Vázquez S, Vico V, Pastorino V, Mota MI, Legnani M, Schelotto F, Lancibidad G, Varela G. Prevalence and serotype distribution of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from foods in Montevideo-Uruguay. Braz J Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28629969 PMCID: PMC5628299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in foods obtained in retail shops and food industries located in Montevideo-Uruguay, and to identify the serogroups of the obtained isolates. Three-thousand one-hundred and seventy-five food samples (frozen, deli meats, ready-to-eat and cheese) were analyzed. The obtained isolates were serogrouped by multiplex PCR and serotyped by conventional procedure. Genetic comparisons were performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis on a sub-set of isolates belonging to the same serotype successively recovered from the same establishment. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 11.2% of samples. The highest prevalence was observed in frozen foods (38%), followed by cheese (10%). 1/2b and 4b were the most frequently identified serotypes. In six of 236 analyzed establishments we successively recovered L. monocytogenes isolates belonging to the same serotype. Most of them corresponded to serotype 1/2b. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles suggest that at least 33% of L. monocytogenes 1/2b isolates are genetically related and that may remain viable for prolonged periods. The observed prevalence of L. monocytogenes was lower than reported in neighboring countries. Our findings highlight the role that frozen foods may play in the spread of this pathogen, and the relevance of serotypes 1/2b and 4b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Braga
- Laboratorio de Bromatología - Intendencia de Montevideo, Isla de Flores 1323, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología - Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sylvia Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Bromatología - Intendencia de Montevideo, Isla de Flores 1323, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Vico
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología - Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Pastorino
- Laboratorio de Bromatología - Intendencia de Montevideo, Isla de Flores 1323, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Inés Mota
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología - Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcela Legnani
- Laboratorio de Bromatología - Intendencia de Montevideo, Isla de Flores 1323, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Felipe Schelotto
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología - Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Lancibidad
- Laboratorio de Bromatología - Intendencia de Montevideo, Isla de Flores 1323, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Varela
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología - Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase, a Novel Immunogenic Surface Protein on Listeria Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160544. [PMID: 27489951 PMCID: PMC4973958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous food-borne pathogen, and its presence in food or production facilities highlights the importance of surveillance. Increased understanding of the surface exposed antigens on Listeria would provide potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In the present work, using mass spectrometry and genetic cloning, we show that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) class II in Listeria species is the antigen target of the previously described mAb-3F8. Western and dot blot assays confirmed that the mAb-3F8 could distinguish all tested Listeria species from close-related bacteria. Localization studies indicated that FBA is present in every fraction of Listeria cells, including supernatant and the cell wall, setting Listeria spp. as one of the few bacteria described to have this protein on their cell surface. Epitope mapping using ORFeome display and a peptide membrane revealed a 14-amino acid peptide as the potential mAb-3F8 epitope. The target epitope in FBA allowed distinguishing Listeria spp. from closely-related bacteria, and was identified as part of the active site in the dimeric enzyme. However, its function in cell surface seems not to be host cell adhesion-related. Western and dot blot assays further demonstrated that mAb-3F8 together with anti-InlA mAb-2D12 could differentiate pathogenic from non-pathogenic Listeria isolated from artificially contaminated cheese. In summary, we report FBA as a novel immunogenic surface target useful for the detection of Listeria genus.
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Gunnell MK, Robison RA, Adams BJ. Natural Selection in Virulence Genes of Francisella tularensis. J Mol Evol 2016; 82:264-78. [PMID: 27177502 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-016-9743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental tenet of evolution is that alleles that are under negative selection are often deleterious and confer no evolutionary advantage. Negatively selected alleles are removed from the gene pool and are eventually extinguished from the population. Conversely, alleles under positive selection do confer an evolutionary advantage and lead to an increase in the overall fitness of the organism. These alleles increase in frequency until they eventually become fixed in the population. Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic pathogen and a potential biothreat agent. The most virulent type of F. tularensis, Type A, is distributed across North America with Type A.I occurring mainly in the east and Type A.II appearing mainly in the west. F. tularensis is thought to be a genome in decay (losing genes) because of the relatively large number of pseudogenes present in its genome. We hypothesized that the observed frequency of gene loss/pseudogenes may be an artifact of evolution in response to a changing environment, and that genes involved in virulence should be under strong positive selection. To test this hypothesis, we sequenced and compared whole genomes of Type A.I and A.II isolates. We analyzed a subset of virulence and housekeeping genes from several F. tularensis subspecies genomes to ascertain the presence and extent of positive selection. Eleven previously identified virulence genes were screened for positive selection along with 10 housekeeping genes. Analyses of selection yielded one housekeeping gene and 7 virulence genes which showed significant evidence of positive selection at loci implicated in cell surface structures and membrane proteins, metabolism and biosynthesis, transcription, translation and cell separation, and substrate binding and transport. Our results suggest that while the loss of functional genes through disuse could be accelerated by negative selection, the genome decay in Francisella could also be the byproduct of adaptive evolution driven by complex interactions between host, pathogen, and thier environment, as evidenced by several of its virulence genes which are undergoing strong, positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Gunnell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA. .,Microbiology Branch, Life Sciences Division, Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT, 84022, USA.
| | - Richard A Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Byron J Adams
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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Uncovering Listeria monocytogenes hypervirulence by harnessing its biodiversity. Nat Genet 2016; 48:308-313. [PMID: 26829754 PMCID: PMC4768348 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbial pathogenesis studies are typically performed with reference strains, thereby overlooking microbial intra-species virulence heterogeneity. Here we integrated human epidemiological and clinical data with bacterial population genomics to harness the biodiversity of the model foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and decipher the basis of its neural and placental tropisms. Taking advantage of the clonal structure of this bacterial species, we identify clones epidemiologically associated with either food or human central nervous system (CNS) and maternal-neonatal (MN) listeriosis. The latter are also most prevalent in patients without immunosuppressive comorbidities. Strikingly, CNS and MN clones are hypervirulent in a humanized mouse model of listeriosis. By integrating epidemiological data and comparative genomics, we uncovered multiple novel putative virulence factors and demonstrated experimentally the contribution of the first gene cluster mediating Listeria monocytogenes neural and placental tropisms. This study illustrates the exceptional power of harnessing microbial biodiversity to identify clinically relevant microbial virulence attributes.
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27
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Rapid detection and differentiation of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria species in deli meats by a new multiplex PCR method. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Wehner S, Mannala GK, Qing X, Madhugiri R, Chakraborty T, Mraheil MA, Hain T, Marz M. Detection of very long antisense transcripts by whole transcriptome RNA-Seq analysis of Listeria monocytogenes by semiconductor sequencing technology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108639. [PMID: 25286309 PMCID: PMC4186813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a severe food-borne infection characterised by abortion, septicaemia, or meningoencephalitis. L. monocytogenes causes outbreaks of febrile gastroenteritis and accounts for community-acquired bacterial meningitis in humans. Listeriosis has one of the highest mortality rates (up to 30%) of all food-borne infections. This human pathogenic bacterium is an important model organism for biomedical research to investigate cell-mediated immunity. L. monocytogenes is also one of the best characterised bacterial systems for the molecular analysis of intracellular parasitism. Recently several transcriptomic studies have also made the ubiquitous distributed bacterium as a model to understand mechanisms of gene regulation from the environment to the infected host on the level of mRNA and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). We have used semiconductor sequencing technology for RNA-seq to investigate the repertoire of listerial ncRNAs under extra- and intracellular growth conditions. Furthermore, we applied a new bioinformatic analysis pipeline for detection, comparative genomics and structural conservation to identify ncRNAs. With this work, in total, 741 ncRNA locations of potential ncRNA candidates are now known for L. monocytogenes, of which 611 ncRNA candidates were identified by RNA-seq. 441 transcribed ncRNAs have never been described before. Among these, we identified novel long non-coding antisense RNAs with a length of up to 5,400 nt e.g. opposite to genes coding for internalins, methylases or a high-affinity potassium uptake system, namely the kdpABC operon, which were confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. RNA-seq, comparative genomics and structural conservation of L. monocytogenes ncRNAs illustrate that this human pathogen uses a large number and repertoire of ncRNA including novel long antisense RNAs, which could be important for intracellular survival within the infected eukaryotic host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wehner
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gopala K. Mannala
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Xiaoxing Qing
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ramakanth Madhugiri
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mobarak A. Mraheil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail: (TH); (MM)
| | - Manja Marz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (TH); (MM)
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29
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Montel MC, Buchin S, Mallet A, Delbes-Paus C, Vuitton DA, Desmasures N, Berthier F. Traditional cheeses: rich and diverse microbiota with associated benefits. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 177:136-54. [PMID: 24642348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The risks and benefits of traditional cheeses, mainly raw milk cheeses, are rarely set out objectively, whence the recurrent confused debate over their pros and cons. This review starts by emphasizing the particularities of the microbiota in traditional cheeses. It then describes the sensory, hygiene, and possible health benefits associated with traditional cheeses. The microbial diversity underlying the benefits of raw milk cheese depends on both the milk microbiota and on traditional practices, including inoculation practices. Traditional know-how from farming to cheese processing helps to maintain both the richness of the microbiota in individual cheeses and the diversity between cheeses throughout processing. All in all more than 400 species of lactic acid bacteria, Gram and catalase-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds have been detected in raw milk. This biodiversity decreases in cheese cores, where a small number of lactic acid bacteria species are numerically dominant, but persists on the cheese surfaces, which harbour numerous species of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Diversity between cheeses is due particularly to wide variations in the dynamics of the same species in different cheeses. Flavour is more intense and rich in raw milk cheeses than in processed ones. This is mainly because an abundant native microbiota can express in raw milk cheeses, which is not the case in cheeses made from pasteurized or microfiltered milk. Compared to commercial strains, indigenous lactic acid bacteria isolated from milk/cheese, and surface bacteria and yeasts isolated from traditional brines, were associated with more complex volatile profiles and higher scores for some sensorial attributes. The ability of traditional cheeses to combat pathogens is related more to native antipathogenic strains or microbial consortia than to natural non-microbial inhibitor(s) from milk. Quite different native microbiota can protect against Listeria monocytogenes in cheeses (in both core and surface) and on the wooden surfaces of traditional equipment. The inhibition seems to be associated with their qualitative and quantitative composition rather than with their degree of diversity. The inhibitory mechanisms are not well elucidated. Both cross-sectional and cohort studies have evidenced a strong association of raw-milk consumption with protection against allergic/atopic diseases; further studies are needed to determine whether such association extends to traditional raw-milk cheese consumption. In the future, the use of meta-omics methods should help to decipher how traditional cheese ecosystems form and function, opening the way to new methods of risk-benefit management from farm to ripened cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solange Buchin
- INRA, UR342 Technologie et Analyses Laitières, F-39801 Poligny, France
| | - Adrien Mallet
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, ABTE, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Céline Delbes-Paus
- INRA, Unité Recherches Fromagères, 20 Côte de Reyne, F-15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- UNICAEN, ABTE, F-14032 Caen, France; EA3181/Université de Franche-Comté, 25030, Besançon, France
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30
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Callon C, Retureau E, Didienne R, Montel MC. Microbial biodiversity in cheese consortia and comparative Listeria growth on surfaces of uncooked pressed cheeses. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 174:98-109. [PMID: 24463156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study set out to determine how changes in the microbial diversity of a complex antilisterial consortium from the surface of St-Nectaire cheese modify its antilisterial activities. On the basis of the microbial composition of a natural complex consortium named TR15 (Truefood consortium 15), three new consortia of different species and strain compositions were defined: TR15-SC (58 isolates from TR15 collection), TR15-M (pools of isolates from selective counting media) and TR15-BHI (pools of isolates from BHI medium). Their antilisterial activities on the surfaces of uncooked pressed cheese made with pasteurised milk were compared with the activity of complex consortium TR15 and a control cheese inoculated only with starter culture (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii). The natural consortium TR15 was the most inhibitory, followed by reconstituted consortium TR15-BHI. The dynamics of the cheese rind microbial flora were monitored by counting on media and by isolate identification using 16S rDNA sequencing and direct 16S rDNA Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism analysis. The combination of these methods showed that rind with natural consortium TR15 had greater microbial diversity and different microbial dynamics than cheese rinds with reconstituted consortia. Cheese rind with the natural consortium showed higher citrate consumption and the highest concentrations of lactic and acetic acids, connected with high levels of lactic acid bacteria such as Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Vagococcus fluvialis, Enterococcus gilvus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Brochothrix thermosphacta and Lactococcus lactis, ripening bacteria such as Arthrobacter nicotianae/arilaitensis, and Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas psychrophila and Enterobacter spp.). The highest L. monocytogenes count was on rind with TR15-M and was positively associated with the highest pH value, high succinic and citric acid contents, and the highest levels of Marinilactibacillus psychrotolerans and Gram positive catalase positive bacteria represented by Staphylococcus vitulinus, Brevibacterium linens, Microbacterium gubbeenense and Brachybacterium tyrofermentans. The results show that the species composition of consortium is more important than the number of species. It is likely that inhibition mechanisms differ from one consortium to another; investigating gene expression will be an effective way to elucidate microbial interactions in cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Callon
- INRA, URF 545 Fromagères, 20 Côte de Reyne, 15000 Aurillac, France.
| | - Emilie Retureau
- INRA, URF 545 Fromagères, 20 Côte de Reyne, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Robert Didienne
- INRA, URF 545 Fromagères, 20 Côte de Reyne, 15000 Aurillac, France
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31
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Klumpp J, Loessner MJ. Listeria phages: Genomes, evolution, and application. BACTERIOPHAGE 2013; 3:e26861. [PMID: 24251077 PMCID: PMC3827098 DOI: 10.4161/bact.26861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Listeria is an important foodborne pathogen and the causative agent of Listeriosis, a potentially fatal infection. Several hundred Listeria bacteriophages have been described over the past decades, but only few have actually been characterized in some detail, and genome sequences are available for less than twenty of them. We here present an overview of what is currently known about Listeria phage genomics, their role in host evolution and pathogenicity, and their various applications in biotechnology and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Klumpp
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health; ETH Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health; ETH Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Quereda JJ, Pucciarelli MG, Botello-Morte L, Calvo E, Carvalho F, Bouchier C, Vieira A, Mariscotti JF, Chakraborty T, Cossart P, Hain T, Cabanes D, García-Del Portillo F. Occurrence of mutations impairing sigma factor B (SigB) function upon inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes genes encoding surface proteins. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:1328-1339. [PMID: 23657685 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.067744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Listeria contain the largest family of LPXTG surface proteins covalently anchored to the peptidoglycan. The extent to which these proteins may function or be regulated cooperatively is at present unknown. Because of their unique cellular location, we reasoned that distinct LPXTG proteins could act as elements contributing to cell wall homeostasis or influencing the stability of other surface proteins bound to peptidoglycan. To test this hypothesis, we used proteomics to analyse mutants of the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes lacking distinct LPXTG proteins implicated in pathogen-host interactions, such as InlA, InlF, InlG, InlH, InlJ, LapB and Vip. Changes in the cell wall proteome were found in inlG and vip mutants, which exhibited reduced levels of the LPXTG proteins InlH, Lmo0610, Lmo0880 and Lmo2085, all regulated by the stress-related sigma factor SigB. The ultimate basis of this alteration was uncovered by genome sequencing, which revealed that these inlG and vip mutants carried loss-of-function mutations in the rsbS, rsbU and rsbV genes encoding regulatory proteins that control SigB activity. Attempts to recapitulate this negative selection of SigB in a large series of new inlG or vip mutants constructed for this purpose were, however, unsuccessful. These results indicate that inadvertent secondary mutations affecting SigB functionality can randomly arise in L. monocytogenes when using common genetic procedures or during subculturing. Testing of SigB activity could be therefore valuable when manipulating genetically L. monocytogenes prior to any subsequent phenotypic analysis. This test may be even more justified when generating deletions affecting cell envelope components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Quereda
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Graciela Pucciarelli
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CBMSO-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Botello-Morte
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Filipe Carvalho
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Christiane Bouchier
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme PF1 Génomique, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Ana Vieira
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Javier F Mariscotti
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, D-35392, Germany
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U604, Institut Pasteur, and the Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) USC2020, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, D-35392, Germany
| | - Didier Cabanes
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Optimized Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis assay and its complementarity with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing for Listeria monocytogenes clone identification and surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1868-80. [PMID: 23576539 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00606-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations of the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes are genetically structured into a small number of major clonal groups, some of which have been implicated in multiple outbreaks. The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate an optimized multilocus variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) subtyping scheme for strain discrimination and clonal group identification. We evaluated 18 VNTR loci and combined the 11 best ones into two multiplexed PCR assays (MLVA-11). A collection of 255 isolates representing the diversity of clonal groups within phylogenetic lineages I and II, including representatives of epidemic clones, were analyzed by MLVA-11, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). MLVA-11 had less discriminatory power than PFGE, except for some clones, and was unable to distinguish some epidemiologically unrelated isolates. Yet it distinguished all major MLST clones and therefore constitutes a rapid method to identify epidemiologically relevant clonal groups. Given its high reproducibility and high throughput, MLVA represents a very attractive first-line screening method to alleviate the PFGE workload in outbreak investigations and listeriosis surveillance.
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Lang Halter E, Neuhaus K, Scherer S. Listeria weihenstephanensis sp. nov., isolated from the water plant Lemna trisulca taken from a freshwater pond. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:641-647. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.036830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic position and phenotypic characteristics of two non-spore-forming bacilli similar to members of the genus
Listeria
were studied. The Gram-reaction-positive, slightly motile, facultatively anaerobic strains were isolated from the water plant Lemna trisulca sampled from a freshwater pond in Bavaria, Germany. Although no identification was possible employing the API
Listeria
test (bioMérieux), 16S rRNA sequence analysis confirmed a close phylogenetic similarity to
Listeria rocourtiae
DSM 22097T (99.0 % sequence similarity) and a more distant relationship to other
Listeria
species (96.0 % to
Listeria monocytogenes
DSM 20600T and 95.0 % similarity to
Listeria grayi
DSM 20601T). DNA–DNA hybridization analysis between the isolates and
Listeria rocourtiae
DSM 22097T yielded a similarity of 22.5 %. Analysis of partial sequences of sigB, prs, recA and HSP60 were studied and compared with those of other members of the genus
Listeria
and
Brochothrix thermosphacta
DSM 20171T supporting the relationships indicated by 16S rRNA gene sequences. The studied isolates were non-haemolytic and were not associated with cases of human or animal disease. While the results demonstrate that the strains belong to the genus
Listeria
, phenotypic and genotypic differences from
Listeria rocourtiae
DSM 22097T suggest that the strains represent a novel species for which the name Listeria weihenstephanensis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is WS 4560T ( = DSM 24698T = LMG 26374T), with WS 4615 ( = DSM 24699 = LMG 26375) as a second strain of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Lang Halter
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Department für Grundlagen der Biowissenschaften, WZW, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, D-85354 München, Germany
| | - Klaus Neuhaus
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Department für Grundlagen der Biowissenschaften, WZW, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, D-85354 München, Germany
| | - Siegfried Scherer
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Department für Grundlagen der Biowissenschaften, WZW, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, D-85354 München, Germany
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Hain T, Ghai R, Billion A, Kuenne CT, Steinweg C, Izar B, Mohamed W, Mraheil MA, Domann E, Schaffrath S, Kärst U, Goesmann A, Oehm S, Pühler A, Merkl R, Vorwerk S, Glaser P, Garrido P, Rusniok C, Buchrieser C, Goebel W, Chakraborty T. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of lineages I, II, and III strains of Listeria monocytogenes. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:144. [PMID: 22530965 PMCID: PMC3464598 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that causes infections with a high-mortality rate and has served as an invaluable model for intracellular parasitism. Here, we report complete genome sequences for two L. monocytogenes strains belonging to serotype 4a (L99) and 4b (CLIP80459), and transcriptomes of representative strains from lineages I, II, and III, thereby permitting in-depth comparison of genome- and transcriptome -based data from three lineages of L. monocytogenes. Lineage III, represented by the 4a L99 genome is known to contain strains less virulent for humans. Results The genome analysis of the weakly pathogenic L99 serotype 4a provides extensive evidence of virulence gene decay, including loss of several important surface proteins. The 4b CLIP80459 genome, unlike the previously sequenced 4b F2365 genome harbours an intact inlB invasion gene. These lineage I strains are characterized by the lack of prophage genes, as they share only a single prophage locus with other L. monocytogenes genomes 1/2a EGD-e and 4a L99. Comparative transcriptome analysis during intracellular growth uncovered adaptive expression level differences in lineages I, II and III of Listeria, notable amongst which was a strong intracellular induction of flagellar genes in strain 4a L99 compared to the other lineages. Furthermore, extensive differences between strains are manifest at levels of metabolic flux control and phosphorylated sugar uptake. Intriguingly, prophage gene expression was found to be a hallmark of intracellular gene expression. Deletion mutants in the single shared prophage locus of lineage II strain EGD-e 1/2a, the lma operon, revealed severe attenuation of virulence in a murine infection model. Conclusion Comparative genomics and transcriptome analysis of L. monocytogenes strains from three lineages implicate prophage genes in intracellular adaptation and indicate that gene loss and decay may have led to the emergence of attenuated lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen, D-35392, Germany
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Konosonoka IH, Jemeljanovs A, Osmane B, Ikauniece D, Gulbe G. Incidence of Listeria spp. in Dairy Cows Feed and Raw Milk in Latvia. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:435187. [PMID: 23738125 PMCID: PMC3658541 DOI: 10.5402/2012/435187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feed is a risk factor for poisoning the farm environment thus also fresh milk with pathogenic microorganisms of Listeria genus species. Listeria ivanovii, Listeria innocua, and Listeria seeligeri were isolated from 9.2%, but Listeria monocytogenes from 20.0% of feed samples. Most often different fodders (9.3%) and silage (4.7%) were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria genus species were isolated more often from feed prepared and used in organic dairy farm than from that used in conventional dairy farm, correspondingly 44.4% and 18.3%. No Listeria monocytogenes was found in bulk milk samples of organic dairy farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Konosonoka
- Scientific Institute of Biotechnology and Veterinary Medicine (SIGRA), Latvia University of Agriculture, Instituta street No. 1, 2150 Sigulda, Latvia
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Ruminant rhombencephalitis-associated Listeria monocytogenes alleles linked to a multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis complex. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8325-35. [PMID: 21984240 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06507-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is among the most important food-borne pathogens and is well adapted to persist in the environment. To gain insight into the genetic relatedness and potential virulence of L. monocytogenes strains causing central nervous system (CNS) infections, we used multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) to subtype 183 L. monocytogenes isolates, most from ruminant rhombencephalitis and some from human patients, food, and the environment. Allelic-profile-based comparisons grouped L. monocytogenes strains mainly into three clonal complexes and linked single-locus variants (SLVs). Clonal complex A essentially consisted of isolates from human and ruminant brain samples. All but one rhombencephalitis isolate from cattle were located in clonal complex A. In contrast, food and environmental isolates mainly clustered into clonal complex C, and none was classified as clonal complex A. Isolates of the two main clonal complexes (A and C) obtained by MLVA were analyzed by PCR for the presence of 11 virulence-associated genes (prfA, actA, inlA, inlB, inlC, inlD, inlE, inlF, inlG, inlJ, and inlC2H). Virulence gene analysis revealed significant differences in the actA, inlF, inlG, and inlJ allelic profiles between clinical isolates (complex A) and nonclinical isolates (complex C). The association of particular alleles of actA, inlF, and newly described alleles of inlJ with isolates from CNS infections (particularly rhombencephalitis) suggests that these virulence genes participate in neurovirulence of L. monocytogenes. The overall absence of inlG in clinical complex A and its presence in complex C isolates suggests that the InlG protein is more relevant for the survival of L. monocytogenes in the environment.
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Sammarco ML, Vitullo M, Tamburro M, Pontello M, Ripabelli G. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of Listeria monocytogenes by Experion™ automated microfluidic electrophoresis. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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García-del Portillo F, Calvo E, D'Orazio V, Pucciarelli MG. Association of ActA to peptidoglycan revealed by cell wall proteomics of intracellular Listeria monocytogenes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34675-89. [PMID: 21846725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.230441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular bacterial pathogen that colonizes the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Recent transcriptomic studies have revealed that intracellular L. monocytogenes alter expression of genes encoding envelope components. However, no comparative global analysis of this cell wall remodeling process is yet known at the protein level. Here, we used high resolution mass spectrometry to define the cell wall proteome of L. monocytogenes growing inside epithelial cells. When compared with extracellular bacteria growing in a nutrient-rich medium, a major difference found in the proteome was the presence of the actin assembly-inducing protein ActA in peptidoglycan purified from intracellular bacteria. ActA was also identified in the peptidoglycan of extracellular bacteria growing in a chemically defined minimal medium. In this condition, ActA maintains its membrane anchoring domain and promotes efficient bacterial entry into nonphagocytic host cells. Unexpectedly, Internalin-A, which mediates entry of extracellular L. monocytogenes into eukaryotic cells, was identified at late infection times (6 h) as an abundant protein in the cell wall of intracellular bacteria. Other surface proteins covalently bound to the peptidoglycan, as Lmo0514 and Lmo2085, were detected exclusively in intracellular and extracellular bacteria, respectively. Altogether, these data provide the first insights into the changes occurring at the protein level in the L. monocytogenes cell wall as the pathogen transits from the extracellular environment to an intracytosolic lifestyle inside eukaryotic cells. Some of these changes include alterations in the relative amount and the mode of association of certain surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco García-del Portillo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Identification and Role of Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs in Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5070-9. [PMID: 21954346 PMCID: PMC3179153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12085070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial regulatory non-coding RNAs control numerous mRNA targets that direct a plethora of biological processes, such as the adaption to environmental changes, growth and virulence. Recently developed high-throughput techniques, such as genomic tiling arrays and RNA-Seq have allowed investigating prokaryotic cis- and trans-acting regulatory RNAs, including sRNAs, asRNAs, untranslated regions (UTR) and riboswitches. As a result, we obtained a more comprehensive view on the complexity and plasticity of the prokaryotic genome biology. Listeria monocytogenes was utilized as a model system for intracellular pathogenic bacteria in several studies, which revealed the presence of about 180 regulatory RNAs in the listerial genome. A regulatory role of non-coding RNAs in survival, virulence and adaptation mechanisms of L. monocytogenes was confirmed in subsequent experiments, thus, providing insight into a multifaceted modulatory function of RNA/mRNA interference. In this review, we discuss the identification of regulatory RNAs by high-throughput techniques and in their functional role in L. monocytogenes.
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Velge P, Roche SM. Variability of Listeria monocytogenes virulence: a result of the evolution between saprophytism and virulence? Future Microbiol 2011; 5:1799-821. [PMID: 21155663 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Listeria consists of eight species but only two are pathogenic. Human listeriosis due to Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne disease. L. monocytogenes is widespread in the environment living as a saprophyte, but is also capable of making the transition into a pathogen following its ingestion by susceptible humans or animals. It is now known that many distinct strains of L. monocytogenes differ in their virulence and epidemic potential. Unfortunately, there is currently no standard definition of virulence levels and no complete comprehensive overview of the evolution of Listeria species and L. monocytogenes strains taking into account the presence of both epidemic and low-virulence strains. This article focuses on the methods and genes allowing us to determine the pathogenic potential of Listeria strains, and the evolution of Listeria virulence. The presence of variable levels of virulence within L. monocytogenes has important consequences on detection of Listeria strains and risk analysis but also on our comprehension of how certain pathogens will behave in a population over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Velge
- INRA de tours, UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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42
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Anti-Listeria activities of Galleria mellonella hemolymph proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4237-40. [PMID: 21531838 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02435-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the use of antimicrobial hemolymph proteins from the model host Galleria mellonella as an inhibitor for various Listeria strains, providing a novel source for antilisterial therapeutics. We also have shown that specific virulence-associated genes known to mediate antimicrobial resistance of Listeria in mammalian models indicated a similar function in Galleria.
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Mraheil MA, Billion A, Kuenne C, Pischimarov J, Kreikemeyer B, Engelmann S, Hartke A, Giard JC, Rupnik M, Vorwerk S, Beier M, Retey J, Hartsch T, Jacob A, Cemič F, Hemberger J, Chakraborty T, Hain T. Comparative genome-wide analysis of small RNAs of major Gram-positive pathogens: from identification to application. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 3:658-76. [PMID: 21255362 PMCID: PMC3815340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, the number of drug- and multi-drug-resistant microbial strains has increased rapidly. Therefore, the need to identify innovative approaches for development of novel anti-infectives and new therapeutic targets is of high priority in global health care. The detection of small RNAs (sRNAs) in bacteria has attracted considerable attention as an emerging class of new gene expression regulators. Several experimental technologies to predict sRNA have been established for the Gram-negative model organism Escherichia coli. In many respects, sRNA screens in this model system have set a blueprint for the global and functional identification of sRNAs for Gram-positive microbes, but the functional role of sRNAs in colonization and pathogenicity for Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium difficile is almost completely unknown. Here, we report the current knowledge about the sRNAs of these socioeconomically relevant Gram-positive pathogens, overview the state-of-the-art high-throughput sRNA screening methods and summarize bioinformatics approaches for genome-wide sRNA identification and target prediction. Finally, we discuss the use of modified peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as a novel tool to inactivate potential sRNA and their applications in rapid and specific detection of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobarak A Mraheil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 107, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Mraheil MA, Billion A, Mohamed W, Mukherjee K, Kuenne C, Pischimarov J, Krawitz C, Retey J, Hartsch T, Chakraborty T, Hain T. The intracellular sRNA transcriptome of Listeria monocytogenes during growth in macrophages. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:4235-48. [PMID: 21278422 PMCID: PMC3105390 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are widespread effectors of post-transcriptional gene regulation in bacteria. Currently extensive information exists on the sRNAs of Listeria monocytogenes expressed during growth in extracellular environments. We used deep sequencing of cDNAs obtained from fractioned RNA (<500 nt) isolated from extracellularly growing bacteria and from L. monocytogenes infected macrophages to catalog the sRNA repertoire during intracellular bacterial growth. Here, we report on the discovery of 150 putative regulatory RNAs of which 71 have not been previously described. A total of 29 regulatory RNAs, including small non-coding antisense RNAs, are specifically expressed intracellularly. We validated highly expressed sRNAs by northern blotting and demonstrated by the construction and characterization of isogenic mutants of rli31, rli33-1 and rli50* for intracellular expressed sRNA candidates, that their expression is required for efficient growth of bacteria in macrophages. All three mutants were attenuated when assessed for growth in mouse and insect models of infection. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the presence of lineage specific sRNA candidates and the absence of sRNA loci in genomes of naturally occurring infection-attenuated bacteria, with additional loss in non-pathogenic listerial genomes. Our analyses reveal extensive sRNA expression as an important feature of bacterial regulation during intracellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobarak A Mraheil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 107, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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den Bakker HC, Cummings CA, Ferreira V, Vatta P, Orsi RH, Degoricija L, Barker M, Petrauskene O, Furtado MR, Wiedmann M. Comparative genomics of the bacterial genus Listeria: Genome evolution is characterized by limited gene acquisition and limited gene loss. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:688. [PMID: 21126366 PMCID: PMC3019230 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bacterial genus Listeria contains pathogenic and non-pathogenic species, including the pathogens L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii, both of which carry homologous virulence gene clusters such as the prfA cluster and clusters of internalin genes. Initial evidence for multiple deletions of the prfA cluster during the evolution of Listeria indicates that this genus provides an interesting model for studying the evolution of virulence and also presents practical challenges with regard to definition of pathogenic strains. Results To better understand genome evolution and evolution of virulence characteristics in Listeria, we used a next generation sequencing approach to generate draft genomes for seven strains representing Listeria species or clades for which genome sequences were not available. Comparative analyses of these draft genomes and six publicly available genomes, which together represent the main Listeria species, showed evidence for (i) a pangenome with 2,032 core and 2,918 accessory genes identified to date, (ii) a critical role of gene loss events in transition of Listeria species from facultative pathogen to saprotroph, even though a consistent pattern of gene loss seemed to be absent, and a number of isolates representing non-pathogenic species still carried some virulence associated genes, and (iii) divergence of modern pathogenic and non-pathogenic Listeria species and strains, most likely circa 47 million years ago, from a pathogenic common ancestor that contained key virulence genes. Conclusions Genome evolution in Listeria involved limited gene loss and acquisition as supported by (i) a relatively high coverage of the predicted pan-genome by the observed pan-genome, (ii) conserved genome size (between 2.8 and 3.2 Mb), and (iii) a highly syntenic genome. Limited gene loss in Listeria did include loss of virulence associated genes, likely associated with multiple transitions to a saprotrophic lifestyle. The genus Listeria thus provides an example of a group of bacteria that appears to evolve through a loss of virulence rather than acquisition of virulence characteristics. While Listeria includes a number of species-like clades, many of these putative species include clades or strains with atypical virulence associated characteristics. This information will allow for the development of genetic and genomic criteria for pathogenic strains, including development of assays that specifically detect pathogenic Listeria strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk C den Bakker
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Schauer K, Geginat G, Liang C, Goebel W, Dandekar T, Fuchs TM. Deciphering the intracellular metabolism of Listeria monocytogenes by mutant screening and modelling. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:573. [PMID: 20955543 PMCID: PMC3091722 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes resides and proliferates within the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. While the virulence factors essentially contributing to this step of the infection cycle are well characterized, the set of listerial genes contributing to intracellular replication remains to be defined on a genome-wide level. Results A comprehensive library of L. monocytogenes strain EGD knockout mutants was constructed upon insertion-duplication mutagenesis, and 1491 mutants were tested for their phenotypes in rich medium and in a Caco-2 cell culture assay. Following sequencing of the plasmid insertion site, 141 different genes required for invasion of and replication in Caco-2 cells were identified. Ten in-frame deletion mutants were constructed that confirmed the data. The genes with known functions are mainly involved in cellular processes including transport, in the intermediary metabolism of sugars, nucleotides and lipids, and in information pathways such as regulatory functions. No function could be ascribed to 18 genes, and a counterpart of eight genes is missing in the apathogenic species L. innocua. Mice infection studies revealed the in vivo requirement of IspE (Lmo0190) involved in mevalonate synthesis, and of the novel ABC transporter Lmo0135-0137 associated with cysteine transport. Based on the data of this genome-scale screening, an extreme pathway and elementary mode analysis was applied that demonstrates the critical role of glycerol and purine metabolism, of fucose utilization, and of the synthesis of glutathione, aspartate semialdehyde, serine and branched chain amino acids during intracellular replication of L. monocytogenes. Conclusion The combination of a genetic screening and a modelling approach revealed that a series of transporters help L. monocytogenes to overcome a putative lack of nutrients within cells, and that a high metabolic flexibility contributes to the intracellular replication of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Schauer
- Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung (ZIEL), Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, Freising, Germany
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Davis JA, Jackson CR. Comparative antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua, and L. welshimeri. Microb Drug Resist 2010; 15:27-32. [PMID: 19216646 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study compared antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria innocua, L. welshimeri, and L. monocytogenes isolated from various sources. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a microbroth procedure with Sensititre minimum inhibitory concentration plates containing 18 antimicrobials. Resistant isolates were analyzed for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes using PCR. The majority of L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to oxacillin (99%, 89/90) and ceftriaxone (72%, 65/90), while few isolates were resistant to clindamycin (21%, 19/90) and ciprofloxacin (2%, 2/90). When selected sources of L. monocytogenes are compared, resistance to ceftriaxone, clindamycin, and oxacillin ranged from 27% to 86%, 7% to 43%, and 96% to 100%, respectively. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (6%, 2/34), quinupristin/dalfopristin (7%, 1/14), and tetracycline (7%, 1/15) was observed with L. monocytogenes isolated from food, animal, and environmental sources, respectively. All L. welshimeri isolates (6/6) were resistant to streptomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, oxacillin, penicillin, and clindamycin, while most isolates (67%, 4/6) were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. All L. innocua isolates (4/4) were resistant to oxacillin and penicillin, whereas 75% (3/4) of isolates were resistant to tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and clindamycin. Resistant isolates were negative for aadA, strA-B, sul I-II, penA, vat(A-E), vga(A-B), and vgb(A-B). However, tetM was detected among tetracycline-resistant isolates. L. welshimeri was resistant to more of the tested antimicrobials than the other two Listeria species tested, but resistance was not attributed to selected resistance genes. These data demonstrate the variability in resistance among Listeria species. However, the human pathogen L. monocytogenes appears to be the least resistant among the tested species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie A Davis
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Piñeiro C, Cañas B, Carrera M. The role of proteomics in the study of the influence of climate change on seafood products. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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49
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Jiang L, Olesen I, Andersen T, Fang W, Jespersen L. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in simulated gastrointestinal system and transcriptional profiling of stress- and adhesion-related genes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:267-74. [PMID: 19899961 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Food ingestion is the major route of exposure to the important human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. An in vitro gastrointestinal model was used to (1) compare the survival rates of L. monocytogenes strains of serotypes 1/2a, 1/2c, and 4b; and (2) examine the transcription of stress- and adhesion-related genes after exposure to the conditions similar to those encountered in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. None of the L. monocytogenes strains investigated could survive in the gastric juice at pH 2.5 or 3.0. Their survival increased at higher pH (3.5 and 4.0) in the gastric stress. Relative survival of L. monocytogenes serotypes 4b and 1/2a strains were higher than that of serotype 1/2c, suggesting that pathogenicity might be related to the viability in the gastrointestinal tract. The transcription levels of prfA and the general stress-related genes clpC, clpE, and clpP were upregulated after passing through the simulated gastrointestinal tract, whereas that of the adhesion-related gene ami was downregulated. Taken together, this study revealed that L. monocytogenes strains enhanced the expression of stress-related genes and decreased the transcription of adhesion-related gene in order to survive in the diverse microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Jiang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- M Begley
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; ,
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