1
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Addo SO, Mensah GI, Mosi L, Abrahams AOD, Addo KK. Genetic diversity and drug resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Ghana and their associated host immune responses. IJID REGIONS 2022; 4:75-84. [PMID: 35813561 PMCID: PMC9263986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Pleural TB and TB lymphadenitis are the most common forms of extrapulmonary TB in Ghana. M. tb sub-lineage Cameroon is associated with decreased serum IL-1β, IL-17A, and IFN-α. A significant association was observed between age and M. tb complex lineages. Generally, M. bovis contributes minimally to human extrapulmonary TB in Ghana.
Objectives This study sought to determine the genetic diversity and drug resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates from extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) patients in Ghana, and their associated immune responses. Methods Spoligotyping was performed on 102 MTBC isolates from EPTB patients. Lineages/sub-lineages were assigned by comparing spoligotyping patterns primarily with the SITVIT2 database and subsequently with the TB-Lineage online tool for unknown isolates in SITVIT2. Drug susceptibility testing was performed using MGIT (BD BACTEC 960), Lowenstein-Jensen media (indirect proportion method), and GenoType MTBDRplus/MTBDRsl assays. Differential cytokine levels in the serum of 20 EPTB patients infected with MTBC lineage 4 were determined using the Luminex multiplex immunoassay. Results Around 95% (97/102) of isolates were Mycobacterium tuberculosis, predominantly lineage 4 (95%; 92/97). Of the lineage 4 isolates, the majority were sub-lineage Cameroon (37%, 34/92). Prevalence was significantly higher in the 15–34 years age group among EPTB patients infected with lineage 4 strains (p = 0.024). Fifteen isolates were resistant to at least one anti-TB drug tested. Decreased levels of IL-1β, IL-17A, and IFN-α were observed in individuals infected with Cameroon sub-lineages compared with other lineage 4 sub-lineages. Conclusions Our study confirms Cameroon (SIT61) as the most common spoligotype causing human EPTB in Ghana, and that it is associated with decreased serum IL-1β, IL-17A, and IFN-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ofori Addo
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Corresponding Author: Samuel Ofori Addo, Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana. Tel: (+233) 242 763 796.
| | - Gloria Ivy Mensah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Lydia Mosi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Afua Owusua Darkwah Abrahams
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Kwasi Addo
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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2
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Brandenburg J, Heyckendorf J, Marwitz F, Zehethofer N, Linnemann L, Gisch N, Karaköse H, Reimann M, Kranzer K, Kalsdorf B, Sanchez-Carballo P, Weinkauf M, Scholz V, Malm S, Homolka S, Gaede KI, Herzmann C, Schaible UE, Hölscher C, Reiling N, Schwudke D. Tuberculostearic Acid-Containing Phosphatidylinositols as Markers of Bacterial Burden in Tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1303-1315. [PMID: 35763439 PMCID: PMC9274766 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
One-fourth of the
global human population is estimated to be infected
with strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Using
lipidomic approaches, we show that tuberculostearic acid (TSA)-containing
phosphatidylinositols (PIs) are molecular markers for infection with
clinically relevant MTBC strains and signify bacterial burden. For
the most abundant lipid marker, detection limits of ∼102 colony forming units (CFUs) and ∼103 CFUs
for bacterial and cell culture systems were determined, respectively.
We developed a targeted lipid assay, which can be performed within
a day including sample preparation—roughly 30-fold faster than
in conventional methods based on bacterial culture. This indirect
and culture-free detection approach allowed us to determine pathogen
loads in infected murine macrophages, human neutrophils, and murine
lung tissue. These marker lipids inferred from mycobacterial PIs were
found in higher levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of TB
patients compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, in a small cohort
of drug-susceptible TB patients, elevated levels of these molecular
markers were detected at the start of therapy and declined upon successful
anti-TB treatment. Thus, the concentration of TSA-containing PIs can
be used as a correlate for the mycobacterial burden in experimental
models and in vitro systems and may prospectively also provide a clinically
relevant tool to monitor TB severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Brandenburg
- Division of Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Jan Heyckendorf
- Division of Clinical Infectious Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Clinical Tuberculosis Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Franziska Marwitz
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Nicole Zehethofer
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Lara Linnemann
- Division of Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Hande Karaköse
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Maja Reimann
- Division of Clinical Infectious Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Clinical Tuberculosis Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Barbara Kalsdorf
- Division of Clinical Infectious Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Clinical Tuberculosis Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Patricia Sanchez-Carballo
- Division of Clinical Infectious Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Clinical Tuberculosis Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Michael Weinkauf
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Verena Scholz
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Sven Malm
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Susanne Homolka
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Karoline I Gaede
- BioMaterialBank Nord, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Herzmann
- Center for Clinical Studies, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,Division of Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,Division of Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Division of Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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3
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Brandenburg J, Marwitz S, Tazoll SC, Waldow F, Kalsdorf B, Vierbuchen T, Scholzen T, Gross A, Goldenbaum S, Hölscher A, Hein M, Linnemann L, Reimann M, Kispert A, Leitges M, Rupp J, Lange C, Niemann S, Behrends J, Goldmann T, Heine H, Schaible UE, Hölscher C, Schwudke D, Reiling N. WNT6/ACC2-induced storage of triacylglycerols in macrophages is exploited by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e141833. [PMID: 34255743 DOI: 10.1172/jci141833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of emerging drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), host-directed adjunct therapies are urgently needed to improve treatment outcomes with currently available anti-TB therapies. One approach is to interfere with the formation of lipid-laden "foamy" macrophages in the host, as they provide a nutrient-rich host cell environment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Here, we provide evidence that Wnt family member 6 (WNT6), a ligand of the evolutionarily conserved Wingless/Integrase 1 (WNT) signaling pathway, promotes foam cell formation by regulating key lipid metabolic genes including acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) during pulmonary TB. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrated that lack of functional WNT6 or ACC2 significantly reduced intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) levels and Mtb survival in macrophages. Moreover, treatment of Mtb-infected mice with a combination of a pharmacological ACC2 inhibitor and the anti-TB drug isoniazid (INH) reduced lung TAG and cytokine levels, as well as lung weights, compared with treatment with INH alone. This combination also reduced Mtb bacterial numbers and the size of mononuclear cell infiltrates in livers of infected mice. In summary, our findings demonstrate that Mtb exploits WNT6/ACC2-induced storage of TAGs in macrophages to facilitate its intracellular survival, a finding that opens new perspectives for host-directed adjunctive treatment of pulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Brandenburg
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Marwitz
- Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Simone C Tazoll
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Franziska Waldow
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Bioanalytical Chemistry
| | - Barbara Kalsdorf
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Clinical Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | - Annette Gross
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Svenja Goldenbaum
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | - Lara Linnemann
- Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Leitges
- Division of BioMedical Sciences/Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Jan Rupp
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and
| | - Christoph Lange
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Clinical Infectious Diseases.,Respiratory Medicine & International Health, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stefan Niemann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Goldmann
- Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich E Schaible
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Infection Immunology, and
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany.,Bioanalytical Chemistry
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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RNA Sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Impact on TB Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010067. [PMID: 32033104 PMCID: PMC7158685 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still an important global threat and although the causing organism has been discovered long ago, effective prevention strategies are lacking. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a unique pathogen with a complex host interaction. Understanding the immune responses upon infection with MTB is crucial for the development of new vaccination strategies and therapeutic targets for TB. Recently, it has been proposed that sensing bacterial nucleic acid in antigen-presenting cells via intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a central mechanism for initiating an effective host immune response. Here, we summarize key findings of the impact of mycobacterial RNA sensing for innate and adaptive host immunity after MTB infection, with emphasis on endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytosolic sensors such as NLRP3 and RLRs, modulating T-cell differentiation through IL-12, IL-21, and type I interferons. Ultimately, these immunological pathways may impact immune memory and TB vaccine efficacy. The novel findings described here may change our current understanding of the host response to MTB and potentially impact clinical research, as well as future vaccination design. In this review, the current state of the art is summarized, and an outlook is given on how progress can be made.
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5
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Verçoza BR, Bernardo RR, Pentón-Madrigal A, Sinnecker JP, Rodrigues JC, S de Oliveira LA. Therapeutic potential of low-cost nanocarriers produced by green synthesis: macrophage uptake of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2293-2313. [PMID: 31414612 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The primary goal of this work was to synthesize low-cost superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with the aid of coconut water and evaluate the ability of macrophages to internalize them. Our motivation was to determine potential therapeutic applications in drug-delivery systems associated with magnetic hyperthermia. Materials & methods: We used the following characterization techniques: x-ray and electron diffractions, electron microscopy, spectrometry and magnetometry. Results: The synthesized SPIONs, roughly 4 nm in diameter, were internalized by macrophages, likely via endocytic/phagocytic pathways. They were randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm and mainly located in membrane-bound compartments. Conclusion: Nanoparticles presented an elevated intrinsic loss power value and were not cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Thus, we suggest that low-cost SPIONs have great therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno Rf Verçoza
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-170, Brazil
| | - Robson R Bernardo
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Nanotecnologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Arbélio Pentón-Madrigal
- Facultad de Física, IMRE, Universidad de La Habana, San Lazaro y L, C. Habana, CP 10400, Cuba
| | - João P Sinnecker
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-180, Brazil
| | - Juliany Cf Rodrigues
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-170, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto S de Oliveira
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Nanotecnologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
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6
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Hohman LS, Peters NC. CD4 + T Cell-Mediated Immunity against the Phagosomal Pathogen Leishmania: Implications for Vaccination. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:423-435. [PMID: 31080088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The generation of an efficacious vaccine that elicits protective CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity has been elusive. The lack of a vaccine against the Leishmania parasite is particularly perplexing as infected individuals acquire life-long immunity to reinfection. Experimental observations suggest that the relationship between immunological memory and protection against Leishmania is not straightforward and that a new paradigm is required to inform vaccine design. These observations include: (i) induction of Th1 memory is a component of protective immunity, but is not sufficient; (ii) memory T cells may be protective only if they generate circulating effector cells prior to, not after, challenge; and (iii) the low-dose/high-inflammation conditions of physiological vector transmission compromises vaccine efficacy. Understanding the implications of these observations is likely key to efficacious vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S Hohman
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Nathan C Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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7
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Abhishek S, Saikia UN, Gupta A, Bansal R, Gupta V, Singh N, Laal S, Verma I. Transcriptional Profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an in vitro Model of Intraocular Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:330. [PMID: 30333960 PMCID: PMC6175983 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB), an extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis of the eye, has unique and varied clinical presentations with poorly understood pathogenesis. As it is a significant cause of inflammation and visual morbidity, particularly in TB endemic countries, it is essential to study the pathogenesis of IOTB. Clinical and histopathologic studies suggest the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Methods: A human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cell line was infected with a virulent strain of M. tuberculosis (H37Rv). Electron microscopy and colony forming units (CFU) assay were performed to monitor the M. tuberculosis adherence, invasion, and intracellular replication, whereas confocal microscopy was done to study its intracellular fate in the RPE cells. To understand the pathogenesis, the transcriptional profile of M. tuberculosis in ARPE-19 cells was studied by whole genome microarray. Three upregulated M. tuberculosis transcripts were also examined in human IOTB vitreous samples. Results: Scanning electron micrographs of the infected ARPE-19 cells indicated adherence of bacilli, which were further observed to be internalized as monitored by transmission electron microscopy. The CFU assay showed that 22.7 and 8.4% of the initial inoculum of bacilli adhered and invaded the ARPE-19 cells, respectively, with an increase in fold CFU from 1 dpi (0.84) to 5dpi (6.58). The intracellular bacilli were co-localized with lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) and LAMP-2 in ARPE-19 cells. The transcriptome study of intracellular bacilli showed that most of the upregulated transcripts correspond to the genes encoding the proteins involved in the processes such as adherence (e.g., Rv1759c and Rv1026), invasion (e.g., Rv1971 and Rv0169), virulence (e.g., Rv2844 and Rv0775), and intracellular survival (e.g., Rv1884c and Rv2450c) as well as regulators of various metabolic pathways. Two of the upregulated transcripts (Rv1971, Rv1230c) were also present in the vitreous samples of the IOTB patients. Conclusions:M. tuberculosis is phagocytosed by RPE cells and utilizes these cells for intracellular multiplication with the involvement of late endosomal/lysosomal compartments and alters its transcriptional profile plausibly for its intracellular adaptation and survival. The findings of the present study could be important to understanding the molecular pathogenesis of IOTB with a potential role in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for IOTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Abhishek
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Uma Nahar Saikia
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amod Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Reema Bansal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nirbhai Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, United States
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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8
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Ronacher K, Sinha R, Cestari M. IL-22: An Underestimated Player in Natural Resistance to Tuberculosis? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2209. [PMID: 30319650 PMCID: PMC6167461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of individuals latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) develop active tuberculosis (TB) during their lifetime. Although it is well recognized that T-helper 1 immune responses are crucial for containing latent TB infection, the full array of host factors conferring protective immunity from TB progression are not completely understood. IL-22 is produced by cells of the innate and adaptive immune system including innate lymphoid cells, and natural killer cells as well as T lymphocytes (Th1, Th17, and Th22) and binds to its cognate receptor, the IL-22R1, which is expressed on non-hematopoietic cells such as lung epithelial cells. However, recent studies suggest that Mtb induces expression of the IL-22R1 on infected macrophages and multiple studies have indicated a protective role of IL-22 in respiratory tract infections. Reduced concentrations of circulating IL-22 in active TB compared to latent TB and decreased percentages of Mtb-specific IL-22 producing T cells in TB patients compared to controls designate this cytokine as a key player in TB immunology. More recently, it has been shown that in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and TB co-morbidity serum IL-22 concentrations are further reduced compared to TB patients without co-morbidities. However, whether a causative link between low IL-22 and increased susceptibility to TB and disease severity of TB exists remains to be established. This review summarizes the contribution of IL-22, a potentially under-appreciated key player in natural resistance to TB, at the interface between the immune response to Mtb and the lung epithelium.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Resistance/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/microbiology
- Humans
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Latent Tuberculosis/blood
- Latent Tuberculosis/immunology
- Latent Tuberculosis/microbiology
- Lung/cytology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/cytology
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/blood
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ronacher
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Infection, Immunity and Metabolism Group, Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute and The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Roma Sinha
- Infection, Immunity and Metabolism Group, Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute and The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle Cestari
- Infection, Immunity and Metabolism Group, Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute and The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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