1
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Ollivier S, Tarquis L, Fanuel M, Li A, Durand J, Laville E, Potocki-Veronese G, Ropartz D, Rogniaux H. Anomeric Retention of Carbohydrates in Multistage Cyclic Ion Mobility (IMS n): De Novo Structural Elucidation of Enzymatically Produced Mannosides. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6254-6261. [PMID: 33829764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are complex structures that still challenge analysts today because of their different levels of isomerism, notably the anomerism of the glycosidic bond. It has been shown recently that anomerism is preserved upon gas-phase fragmentation and that high-resolution ion mobility (IMS) can distinguish anomers. However, these concepts have yet to be applied to complex biological products. We have used high-resolution IMS on a cyclic device to characterize the reaction products of Uhgb_MS, a novel mannoside synthase of the GH130 family. We designed a so-called IMSn sequence consisting of (i) separating and isolating specific IMS peaks, (ii) ejecting ions to a pre-array store cell depending on their arrival time, (iii) inducing collisional activation upon reinjection, and (iv) performing multistage IMS analysis of the fragments. First, we applied IMS2 sequences to purely linked α1,2- and β1,2-mannooligosaccharides, which provided us with reference drift times for fragments of known conformation. Then, we performed IMSn analyses of enzymatically produced mannosides and, by comparison with the references, we succeeded in determining the intrachain anomerism of a α1,2-mannotriose and a mix-linked β/α1,2-mannotetraose-a first for a crude biological medium. Our results show that the anomerism of glycosides is maintained through multiple stages of collisional fragmentation, and that standalone high-resolution IMS and IMSn can be used to characterize the intrachain anomerism in tri- and tetrasaccharides in a biological medium. This is also the first evidence that a single carbohydrate-active enzyme can synthesize both α- and β-glycosidic linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ollivier
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Tarquis
- TBI, CNRS, INRA, INSAT, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Ao Li
- TBI, CNRS, INRA, INSAT, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Durand
- TBI, CNRS, INRA, INSAT, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Laville
- TBI, CNRS, INRA, INSAT, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | - David Ropartz
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
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3
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Pepi LE, Amster IJ. Electron-Activated Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e83. [PMID: 33798269 PMCID: PMC8034365 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides found in a variety of organisms. GAGs contribute to biochemical pathway regulation, cell signaling, and disease progression. GAG sequence information is imperative for determining structure-function relationships. Recent advances in electron-activation techniques paired with high-resolution mass spectrometry allow for full sequencing of GAG structures. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) are two electron-activation methods that have been utilized for GAG characterization. Both methods produce an abundance of informative glycosidic and cross-ring fragment ions without producing a high degree of sulfate decomposition. Here, we provide detailed protocols for using EDD and NETD to sequence GAG chains. In addition to protocols directly involving performing these MS/MS methods, protocols include sample preparation, method development, internal calibration, and data analysis. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of glycosaminoglycan samples Basic Protocol 2: FTICR method development Basic Protocol 3: Internal calibration with NaTFA Basic Protocol 4: Electron Detachment Dissociation (EDD) of GAG samples Basic Protocol 5: Negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) of GAG samples Basic Protocol 6: Analysis of MS/MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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4
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Pepi LE, Sanderson P, Stickney M, Amster IJ. Developments in Mass Spectrometry for Glycosaminoglycan Analysis: A Review. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100025. [PMID: 32938749 PMCID: PMC8724624 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r120.002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers recent developments in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis via mass spectrometry (MS). GAGs participate in a variety of biological functions, including cellular communication, wound healing, and anticoagulation, and are important targets for structural characterization. GAGs exhibit a diverse range of structural features due to the variety of O- and N-sulfation modifications and uronic acid C-5 epimerization that can occur, making their analysis a challenging target. Mass spectrometry approaches to the structure assignment of GAGs have been widely investigated, and new methodologies remain the subject of development. Advances in sample preparation, tandem MS techniques (MS/MS), online separations, and automated analysis software have advanced the field of GAG analysis. These recent developments have led to remarkable improvements in the precision and time efficiency for the structural characterization of GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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5
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Pepi LE, Sasiene ZJ, Mendis PM, Jackson GP, Amster IJ. Structural Characterization of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans Using Charge-Transfer Dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2143-2153. [PMID: 32820910 PMCID: PMC8045215 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) participate in a broad range of physiological processes, and their structures are of interest to researchers in structural biology and medicine. Although they are abundant in tissues and extracellular matrices, their structural heterogeneity makes them challenging analytes. Mass spectrometry, and more specifically, tandem mass spectrometry, is particularly well suited for their analysis. Many tandem mass spectrometry techniques have been examined for their suitability toward the structural characterization of GAGs. Threshold activation methods such as collision-induced dissociation (CID) produce mainly glycosidic cleavages and do not yield a broad range of structurally informative cross-ring fragments. Considerable research efforts have been directed at finding other means of dissociating gas-phase GAG ions to produce more comprehensive structural information. Here, we compare the structural information on GAGs obtained by charge-transfer dissociation (CTD) and electron detachment dissociation (EDD). EDD has previously been applied to GAGs and is known to produce both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages in similar abundance. CTD has not previously been used to analyze GAGs but has been shown to produce abundant cross-ring cleavages and no sulfate loss when applied to another class of sulfated carbohydrates like algal polysaccharides. In contrast to EDD, which is restricted to FTICR mass spectrometers, CTD can be implemented on other platforms, such as ion trap mass spectrometers (ITMS). Here, we show the capability of CTD-ITMS to produce structurally significant details of the sites of modification in both heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) standards ranging in length from degree of polymerization (dp) 4 to dp6. EDD and CTD both yield more structural information than CID and yield similar fractional abundances to one another for glycosidic fragments, cross-ring fragments, and neutral losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Praneeth M Mendis
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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6
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Duan J, Pepi L, Amster IJ. A Scoring Algorithm for the Automated Analysis of Glycosaminoglycan MS/MS Data. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2692-2703. [PMID: 31673949 PMCID: PMC6917907 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in major biological functions is numerous and diverse, yet structural characterization of them by mass spectrometric techniques proves to be challenging. Characterization of GAG structure from tandem mass spectrometry is a tedious and time-consuming process but one that can be automated in a database-independent, high-throughput fashion through the assistance of software implementing a genetic algorithm (J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 29, 1802-1911, 2018). This work presents the manner in which this data is interpreted by the software, specifically addressing the development of a scoring algorithm. The significance of glycosidic and cross-ring fragment ions and the implications that specific fragments provide for assigning the positions of modifications are discussed. The scoring algorithm is tested for statistical merit using the widely accepted expectation value as the criterion for quality. Using MS/MS data for well-characterized standards, this scoring approach is shown to assign the correct structure, with a low likelihood (1 in 1012 chances) that the assigned structure matches the data due to random chance. The integrated software that automates the structure assignment is called Glycosaminoglycan-Unambiguous Identification Technology (G-UNIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lauren Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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7
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Guo Q, Reinhold VN. Advancing MSn spatial resolution and documentation for glycosaminoglycans by sulfate-isotope exchange. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5033-5045. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Klein DR, Leach FE, Amster IJ, Brodbelt JS. Structural Characterization of Glycosaminoglycan Carbohydrates Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6019-6026. [PMID: 30932467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by mass spectrometry has long been a formidable analytical challenge owing to their high structural variability and the propensity for sulfate decomposition upon activation with low-energy ion activation methods. While derivatization and complexation workflows have aimed to generate informative spectra using low-energy ion activation methods, alternative ion activation methods present the opportunity to obtain informative spectra from native GAG structures. Both electron- and photon-based activation methods, including electron detachment dissociation (EDD), negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD), and extreme ultraviolet photon activation, have been explored previously to overcome the limitations associated with low-energy activation methods for GAGs and other sulfated oligosaccharides. Further, implementation of such methods on high-resolution mass spectrometers has aided the interpretation of the complex spectra generated. Here, we explore ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) implemented on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer as another option for structural characterization of GAGs. UVPD spectra for both dermatan and heparan sulfate structures display extensive fragmentation including both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages with the extent of sulfate retention comparable to that observed by EDD and NETD. In addition, the relatively short activation time of UVPD makes it promising for higher throughput analysis of GAGs in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Klein
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Franklin E Leach
- Department of Environmental Health Science , The University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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9
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Duan J, Jonathan Amster I. An Automated, High-Throughput Method for Interpreting the Tandem Mass Spectra of Glycosaminoglycans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1802-1811. [PMID: 29790112 PMCID: PMC6087482 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The biological interactions between glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and other biomolecules are heavily influenced by structural features of the glycan. The structure of GAGs can be assigned using tandem mass spectrometry (MS2), but analysis of these data, to date, requires manually interpretation, a slow process that presents a bottleneck to the broader deployment of this approach to solving biologically relevant problems. Automated interpretation remains a challenge, as GAG biosynthesis is not template-driven, and therefore, one cannot predict structures from genomic data, as is done with proteins. The lack of a structure database, a consequence of the non-template biosynthesis, requires a de novo approach to interpretation of the mass spectral data. We propose a model for rapid, high-throughput GAG analysis by using an approach in which candidate structures are scored for the likelihood that they would produce the features observed in the mass spectrum. To make this approach tractable, a genetic algorithm is used to greatly reduce the search-space of isomeric structures that are considered. The time required for analysis is significantly reduced compared to an approach in which every possible isomer is considered and scored. The model is coded in a software package using the MATLAB environment. This approach was tested on tandem mass spectrometry data for long-chain, moderately sulfated chondroitin sulfate oligomers that were derived from the proteoglycan bikunin. The bikunin data was previously interpreted manually. Our approach examines glycosidic fragments to localize SO3 modifications to specific residues and yields the same structures reported in literature, only much more quickly. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30606, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30606, USA.
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10
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Leach FE, Riley NM, Westphall MS, Coon JJ, Amster IJ. Negative Electron Transfer Dissociation Sequencing of Increasingly Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides on an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1844-1854. [PMID: 28589488 PMCID: PMC5711533 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural characterization of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates remains an important target for analytical chemists attributable to challenges introduced by the natural complexity of these mixtures and the defined need for molecular-level details to elucidate biological structure-function relationships. Tandem mass spectrometry has proven to be the most powerful technique for this purpose. Previously, electron detachment dissociation (EDD), in comparison to other methods of ion activation, has been shown to provide the largest number of useful cleavages for de novo sequencing of GAG oligosaccharides, but such experiments are restricted to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers (FTICR-MS). Negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) provides similar fragmentation results, and can be achieved on any mass spectrometry platform that is designed to accommodate ion-ion reactions. Here, we examine for the first time the effectiveness of NETD-Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of GAG oligosaccharides. Compounds ranging in size from tetrasaccharides to decasaccharides were dissociated by NETD, producing both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages that enabled the location of sulfate modifications. The highly-sulfated, heparin-like synthetic GAG, ArixtraTM, was also successfully sequenced by NETD. In comparison to other efforts to sequence GAG chains without fully ionized sulfate constituents, the occurrence of sulfate loss peaks is minimized by judicious precursor ion selection. The results compare quite favorably to prior results with electron detachment dissociation (EDD). Significantly, the duty cycle of the NETD experiment is sufficiently short to make it an effective tool for on-line separations, presenting a straightforward path for selective, high-throughput analysis of GAG mixtures. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael S Westphall
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
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Khanal N, Masellis C, Kamrath MZ, Clemmer DE, Rizzo TR. Glycosaminoglycan Analysis by Cryogenic Messenger-Tagging IR Spectroscopy Combined with IMS-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7601-7606. [PMID: 28636333 PMCID: PMC5675075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We combine ion mobility spectrometry with cryogenic, messenger-tagging, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to identify different isomeric disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS), which are representatives of two major subclasses of glycosaminoglycans. Our analysis shows that while CS and HS disaccharide isomers have similar drift times, they can be uniquely distinguished by their vibrational spectrum between ∼3200 and 3700 cm-1 due to their different OH hydrogen-bonding patterns. We suggest that this combination of techniques is well suited to identify and characterize glycan isomers directly, which presents tremendous challenges for existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Khanal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chiara Masellis
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Z. Kamrath
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Thomas R. Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Kailemia MJ, Park M, Kaplan DA, Venot A, Boons GJ, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. High-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry and electron detachment dissociation of isobaric mixtures of glycosaminoglycans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:258-68. [PMID: 24254578 PMCID: PMC3946938 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is shown to be capable of resolving isomeric and isobaric glycosaminoglycan negative ions and to have great utility for the analysis of this class of molecules when combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and other ion activation methods for tandem mass spectrometry can be used to determine the sites of labile sulfate modifications and for assigning the stereochemistry of hexuronic acid residues of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). However, mixtures with overlapping mass-to-charge values present a challenge, as their precursor species cannot be resolved by a mass analyzer prior to ion activation. FAIMS is shown to resolve two types of mass-to-charge overlaps. A mixture of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) oligomers with 4-10 saccharides units produces ions of a single mass-to-charge by electrospray ionization, as the charge state increases in direct proportion to the degree of polymerization for these sulfated carbohydrates. FAIMS is shown to resolve the overlapping charge. A more challenging type of mass-to-charge overlap occurs for mixtures of diastereomers. FAIMS is shown to separate two sets of epimeric GAG tetramers. For the epimer pairs, the complexity of the separation is reduced when the reducing end is alkylated, suggesting that anomers are also resolved by FAIMS. The resolved components were activated by EDD and the fragment ions were analyzed by FTICR-MS. The resulting tandem mass spectra were able to distinguish the two epimers from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Address for correspondence: Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Phone: (706) 542-2001, Fax: (706) 542-9454,
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13
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Kailemia MJ, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB, Amster IJ. Oligosaccharide analysis by mass spectrometry: a review of recent developments. Anal Chem 2014; 86:196-212. [PMID: 24313268 PMCID: PMC3924431 DOI: 10.1021/ac403969n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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14
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Huang Y, Yu X, Mao Y, Costello CE, Zaia J, Lin C. De novo sequencing of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides by electron-activated dissociation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11979-86. [PMID: 24224699 PMCID: PMC3912864 DOI: 10.1021/ac402931j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization of highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) is challenging because of the extensive sulfate losses mediated by free protons. While removal of the free protons may be achieved through the use of derivatization, metal cation adducts, and/or electrospray supercharging reagents, these steps add complexity to the experimental workflow. It is therefore desirable to develop an analytical approach for GAG sequencing that does not require derivatization or addition of reagents to the electrospray solution. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) can produce extensive and informative fragmentation for GAGs without the need to remove free protons from the precursor ions. However, EDD is an inefficient process, often requiring consumption of large sample quantities (typically several micrograms), particularly for highly sulfated GAG ions. Here, we report that with improved instrumentation, optimization of the ionization and ion transfer parameters, and enhanced EDD efficiency, it is possible to generate highly informative EDD spectra of highly sulfated GAGs on the liquid chromatography (LC) timescale, with consumption of only a few nanograms of sample. We further show that negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) is an even more effective fragmentation technique for GAG sequencing, producing fewer sulfate losses while consuming smaller amount of samples. Finally, a simple algorithm was developed for de novo HS sequencing based on their high-resolution tandem mass spectra. These results demonstrate the potential of EDD and NETD as sensitive analytical tools for detailed, high-throughput, de novo structural analyses of highly sulfated GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yang Mao
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine 670 Albany Street, Suite 504, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine 670 Albany Street, Suite 504, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine 670 Albany Street, Suite 504, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Cheng Lin
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine 670 Albany Street, Suite 504, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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15
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Yu X, Jiang Y, Chen Y, Huang Y, Costello CE, Lin C. Detailed glycan structural characterization by electronic excitation dissociation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10017-21. [PMID: 24080071 DOI: 10.1021/ac402886q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The structural complexity and diversity of glycans parallel their multilateral functions in living systems. To better understand the vital roles glycans play in biological processes, it is imperative to develop analytical tools that can provide detailed glycan structural information. This was conventionally achieved by multistage tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) analysis using collision-induced dissociation (CID) as the fragmentation method. However, the MS(n) approach lacks the sensitivity and throughput needed to analyze complex glycan mixtures from biological sources, often available in limited quantities. We define herein the critical parameters for a recently developed fragmentation technique, electronic excitation dissociation (EED), which can yield rich structurally informative fragment ions during liquid chromatographic (LC)-MS/MS analysis of glycans. We further demonstrate that permethylation, reducing end labeling and judicious selection of the metal charge carrier, can greatly facilitate spectral interpretation. With its high sensitivity, throughput, and compatibility with online chromatographic separation techniques, EED appears to hold great promise for large-scale glycomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University , 670 Albany St. Suite 504, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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Kailemia MJ, Li L, Xu Y, Liu J, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Structurally informative tandem mass spectrometry of highly sulfated natural and chemoenzymatically synthesized heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:979-90. [PMID: 23429520 PMCID: PMC3617343 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides derived from heparin and heparan sulfate have been a highly intractable class of molecules to analyze by tandem mass spectrometry. Under the many methods of ion activation, this class of molecules generally exhibits SO3 loss as the most significant fragmentation pathway, interfering with the assignment of the location of sulfo groups in glycosaminoglycan chains. We report here a method that stabilizes sulfo groups and facilitates the complete structural analysis of densely sulfated (two or more sulfo groups per disaccharide repeat unit) heparin and heparan sulfate oligomers. This is achieved by complete removal of all ionizable protons, either by charging during electrospray ionization or by Na(+)/H(+) exchange. The addition of millimolar levels of NaOH to the sample solution facilitates the production of precursor ions that meet this criterion. This approach is found to work for a variety of heparin sulfate oligosaccharides derived from natural sources or produced by chemoenzymatic synthesis, with up to 12 saccharide subunits and up to 11 sulfo groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchena J. Kailemia
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lingyun Li
- the §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and
| | - Yongmei Xu
- the ¶Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jian Liu
- the ¶Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- the §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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17
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Taucher M, Breuker K. Characterization of modified RNA by top-down mass spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11289-92. [PMID: 23042528 PMCID: PMC3532624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Characteristic mass differences between fragment ions from backbone cleavage of RNA by electron detachment (d, w) and fragment ions from collisionally activated dissociation (c, y) provide extensive sequence information. Structure analysis by this approach should be especially useful for the detailed characterization of synthetic or post-transcriptionally modified RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Taucher
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität InnsbruckInnrain 80–82, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Kathrin Breuker
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität InnsbruckInnrain 80–82, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
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18
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Taucher M, Breuker K. Characterization of Modified RNA by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bielik AM, Zaia J. Multistage Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 305:131-137. [PMID: 21860601 PMCID: PMC3158619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) found in abundance in extracellular matrices. In connective tissue, CS/DS proteoglycans play structural roles in maintaining viscoelasticity through the large number of immobilized sulfate groups on CS/DS chains. CS/DS chains also bind protein families including growth factors and growth factor receptors. Through such interactions, CS/DS chains play important roles in neurobiochemical processes, connective tissue homeostasis, coagulation, and cell growth regulation. Expression of DS has been observed to increase in cancerous tissue relative to controls. In earlier studies, MS(2) was used to compare the types of CS/DS isomers present in biological samples. The results demonstrated that product ion abundances reflect the types of CS/DS repeats present and can be used quantitatively. It was not clear, however, to which of the CS/DS repeats the product ions abundances were sensitive. The present work explores the utility of MS(3) for structural characterization of CS/DS oligosaccharides. The data show that MS(3) product ion abundances correlate with the presence of DS-like repeats in specific positions on the oligosaccharide chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Bielik
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA
- Corresponding author, address: Boston University Medical Campus, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA, (v) 1-617-638-6762, (f) 1-617-638-6761, (e)
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20
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Ganisl B, Valovka T, Hartl M, Taucher M, Bister K, Breuker K. Electron detachment dissociation for top-down mass spectrometry of acidic proteins. Chemistry 2011; 17:4460-9. [PMID: 21433149 PMCID: PMC3120980 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) is an emerging mass spectrometry (MS) technique for the primary structure analysis of peptides, carbohydrates, and oligonucleotides. Herein, we explore the potential of EDD for sequencing of proteins of up to 147 amino acid residues by using top-down MS. Sequence coverage ranged from 72% for Melittin, which lacks carboxylic acid functionalities, to 19% for an acidic 147-residue protein, to 12% for Ferredoxin, which showed unusual backbone fragmentation next to cysteine residues. A limiting factor for protein sequencing by EDD is the facile loss of small molecules from amino acid side chains, in particular CO(2). Based on the types of fragments observed and fragmentation patterns found, we propose detailed mechanisms for protein backbone cleavage and side chain dissociation in EDD. The insights from this study should further the development of EDD for top-down MS of acidic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ganisl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of InnsbruckInnrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria), Fax: (+43) 512-507-2892 E-mail:
| | - Taras Valovka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of InnsbruckPeter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Markus Hartl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of InnsbruckPeter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Monika Taucher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of InnsbruckInnrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria), Fax: (+43) 512-507-2892 E-mail:
| | - Klaus Bister
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of InnsbruckPeter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Kathrin Breuker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of InnsbruckInnrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria), Fax: (+43) 512-507-2892 E-mail:
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21
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Oh HB, Leach FE, Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Amster IJ. Multivariate analysis of electron detachment dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation mass spectra of heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides differing only in hexuronic acid stereochemistry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:582-90. [PMID: 21472576 PMCID: PMC3192014 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-010-0047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The structural characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates by mass spectrometry has been a long-standing analytical challenge due to the inherent heterogeneity of these biomolecules, specifically polydispersity, variability in sulfation, and hexuronic acid stereochemistry. Recent advances in tandem mass spectrometry methods employing threshold and electron-based ion activation have resulted in the ability to determine the location of the labile sulfate modification as well as assign the stereochemistry of hexuronic acid residues. To facilitate the analysis of complex electron detachment dissociation (EDD) spectra, principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to differentiate the hexuronic acid stereochemistry of four synthetic GAG epimers whose EDD spectra are nearly identical upon visual inspection. For comparison, PCA is also applied to infrared multiphoton dissociation spectra (IRMPD) of the examined epimers. To assess the applicability of multivariate methods in GAG mixture analysis, PCA is utilized to identify the relative content of two epimers in a binary mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea (200811036)
| | - Franklin E. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Address reprint requests to Dr. I. Jonathan Amster, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA () and Dr. Han Bin Oh, Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea, (), Phone: 706-542-2001, Fax: 706-542-9454
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22
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Leach FE, Wolff JJ, Xiao Z, Ly M, Laremore TN, Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Negative electron transfer dissociation Fourier transform mass spectrometry of glycosaminoglycan carbohydrates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:167-76. [PMID: 21719917 PMCID: PMC3347043 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer through gas phase ion-ion reactions has led to the widespread application of electron- based techniques once only capable in ion trapping mass spectrometers. Although any mass analyzer can in theory be coupled to an ion-ion reaction device (typically a 3-D ion trap), some systems of interest exceed the capabilities of most mass spectrometers. This case is particularly true in the structural characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides. To adequately characterize highly sulfated GAGs or oligosaccharides above the tetrasaccharide level, a high resolution mass analyzer is required. To extend previous efforts on an ion trap mass spectrometer, negative electron transfer dissociation coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer has been applied to increasingly sulfated heparan sulfate and heparin tetrasaccharides as well as a dermatan sulfate octasaccharide. Results similar to those obtained by electron detachment dissociation are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin E. Leach
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Zhongping Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine and Drug and Food, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Abstract
The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides expressed on animal cell surfaces and in extracellular matrices. Their biosynthesis is under complex control and confers a domain structure that is essential to their ability to bind to protein partners. Key to understanding the functions of GAGs are methods to determine accurately and rapidly patterns of sulfation, acetylation and uronic acid epimerization that correlate with protein binding or other biological activities. Mass spectrometry (MS) is particularly suitable for the analysis of GAGs for biomedical purposes. Using modern ionization techniques it is possible to accurately determine molecular weights of GAG oligosaccharides and their distributions within a mixture. Methods for direct interfacing with liquid chromatography have been developed to permit online mass spectrometric analysis of GAGs. New tandem mass spectrometric methods for fine structure determination of GAGs are emerging. This review summarizes MS-based approaches for analysis of GAGs, including tissue extraction and chromatographic methods compatible with LC/MS and tandem MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory O. Staples
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine
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Laremore TN, Leach FE, Solakyildirim K, Amster IJ, Linhardt RJ. Glycosaminoglycan characterization by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry including fourier transform mass spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 2010; 478:79-108. [PMID: 20816475 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)78003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) is a versatile analytical technique in glycomics of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Combined with enzymology, ESI MS is used for assessing changes in disaccharide composition of GAGs biosynthesized under different environmental or physiological conditions. ESI coupled with high-resolution mass analyzers such as a Fourier transform mass spectrometer (FTMS) permits accurate mass measurement of large oligosaccharides and intact GAGs as well as structural characterization of GAG oligosaccharides using information-rich fragmentation methods such as electron detachment dissociation. The first part of this chapter describes methods for disaccharide compositional profiling using ESI MS and the second part is dedicated to FTMS and tandem MS methods of GAG compositional and structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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25
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Modern developments in mass spectrometry of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Amino Acids 2010; 41:235-56. [PMID: 20632047 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) are special types of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides able to regulate vital biological functions that depend on precise motifs of their constituent hexose sequences and the extent and location of their sulfation. As a result, the need for better understanding of CS/DS biological role called for the elaboration and application of straightforward strategies for their composition and structure elucidation. Due to its high sensitivity, reproducibility, and the possibility to rapidly generate data on fine CS/DS structure determinants, mass spectrometry (MS) based on either electrospray ionization (ESI) or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) brought a major progress in the field. Here, modern developments in MS of CS/DS GAGs are gathered in a critical review covering the past 5 years. The first section is dedicated to protocols for CS/DS extraction from parent proteoglycan, digestion, and purification that are among critical prerequisites of a successful MS experiment. The second part highlights several MALDI MS aspects, the requirements, and applications of this ionization method to CS/DS investigation. An ample chapter is devoted to ESI MS strategies, which employ either capillary- or advanced chip-based sample infusion in combination with multistage MS (MS(n)) using either collision-induced (CID) or electron detachment dissociation (EDD). At last, the potential of two versatile separation techniques, capillary electrophoresis (CE), and liquid chromatography (LC) in off- and/or on-line coupling with ESI MS and MS(n), is discussed, alongside an assessment of particular buffer/solvent conditions and instrumental parameters required for CS/DS mixture separation followed by on-line mass analysis of individual components.
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Taucher M, Breuker K. Top-down mass spectrometry for sequencing of larger (up to 61 nt) RNA by CAD and EDD. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:918-929. [PMID: 20363646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of solution additives on hydrolysis and charge state distribution in ESI MS of RNA. Lower and higher charge state ions can be electrosprayed from solutions containing 25 mM piperidine/25 mM imidazole and 1% vol. triethylamine, respectively, with base-catalyzed hydrolysis rates that are sufficiently slow to perform MS/MS experiments. These lower and higher charge state ions are suitable as precursors for CAD and EDD, respectively. We demonstrate nearly complete sequence coverage for 61 nt RNA dissociated by CAD, and 34 nt RNA dissociated by EDD, and suggest a mechanism for backbone fragmentation in EDD of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Taucher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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27
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Wolff JJ, Laremore TN, Aslam H, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Electron-induced dissociation of glycosaminoglycan tetrasaccharides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1449-58. [PMID: 18657442 PMCID: PMC2716736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) Fourier transform mass spectrometry has recently been shown to be a powerful tool for examining the structural features of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The characteristics of GAG fragmentation by EDD include abundant cross-ring fragmentation primarily on hexuronic acid residues, cleavage of all glycosidic bonds, and the formation of even- and odd-electron product ions. GAG dissociation by EDD has been proposed to occur through the formation of an excited species that can undergo direct decomposition or ejects an electron and then undergoes dissociation. In this work, we perform electron-induced dissociation (EID) on singly charged GAGs to identify products that form via direct decomposition by eliminating the pathway of electron detachment. EID of GAG tetrasaccharides produces cleavage of all glycosidic bonds and abundant cross-ring fragmentation primarily on hexuronic acid residues, producing fragmentation similar to EDD of the same molecules, but distinctly different from the products of infrared multiphoton dissociation or collisionally activated decomposition. These results suggest that observed abundant fragmentation of hexuronic acid residues occurs as a result of their increased lability when they undergo electronic excitation. EID fragmentation of GAG tetrasaccharides results in both even- and odd-electron products. EID of heparan sulfate tetrasaccharide epimers produces identical fragmentation, in contrast to EDD, in which the epimers can be distinguished by their fragment ions. These data suggest that for EDD, electron detachment plays a significant role in distinguishing glucuronic acid from iduronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Wolff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Hammad Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
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