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Mulugeta T, Takale A, Umeta B, Terefe B. Active TB infection and its associated factors among HIV-1 infected patients at Jimma medical center, Southwest Ethiopia. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2021; 7:44. [PMID: 34865659 PMCID: PMC8647564 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-021-00228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) increases the susceptibility to primary infection or reinfection and the risk of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation for patients with latent TB. There was no current report on the rate of active TB infection among HIV-1 infected patients in our teaching and referral hospital. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with active TB infection among HIV-1 infected patients. Methods Hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) chronic follow-up clinic. Systematic random sampling was used to include the patients. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the findings and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with active TB infection. Result 150 HIV-1 infected patients (female 54.7%) were included. The median (interquartile range, IQR) age of the patients was 33.5 (25.7, 40.0) years. Twenty-six (17.3%) of the patients had developed active TB infection, which was independently associated with the WHO clinical stage III and IV (AOR: 9.67, 95% confidence interval (CI); 2.21–42.37), p = 0.003). The use of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) (AOR: 0.123, 95CI; 0.034–0.44, p = 0.001) and having good adherence to ART medications (AOR: 0.076, 95CI; 0.007–0.80, p = 0.032) was associated with the reduced risk of active TB infection among HIV-1 infected patients. Conclusions Advanced WHO clinical stages increased the risk of active TB infection, while the use of IPT and good adherence to ART medications reduced the risk of active TB infection. Therefore, patients with advanced WHO clinical stage should be screened for TB infection, and starting IPT for the candidate patients should be strengthened to reduce the burden of active TB incidence. ART medication adherence should also be supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Mulugeta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia.
| | - Alazar Takale
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Belachew Umeta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Behailu Terefe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Hegde PL, Naik K, Bhat SS, Shaikh SA, Butcher RJ, S. N, Lokanath NK, Revankar VK. Syntheses and structural characterization of metal complexes of 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-(quinolin-2-yl)methylene)thiosemicarbazide: their in-vitro screening studies for antitubercular activity. J COORD CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2021.2007892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Lokesh Hegde
- P. G. Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
| | - Krishna Naik
- Department of Chemistry, Karnataka Science College, Dharwad, India
| | - Satish S. Bhat
- P. G. Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
| | - Sabiha A. Shaikh
- P. G. Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
| | - Ray J. Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Naveen S.
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering & Technology, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, India
| | - N. K. Lokanath
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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Kiros T, Dejen E, Tiruneh M, Tiruneh T, Eyayu T, Damtie S, Amogne K. Magnitude and Associated Factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Among HIV/AIDS Patients Attending Antiretroviral Therapy Clinic at Debre Tabor Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2020; 12:849-858. [PMID: 33299357 PMCID: PMC7721108 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s282616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) has remained as a top global public health concern of the 21st century. It is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. Objective The study aimed to investigate the magnitude of pulmonary tuberculosis and its associated factors among HIV-positive patients attending antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinic in Debre Tabor specialized hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 362 HIV-positive adult participants attending the ART clinic from October 1st to December 30th 2019. Socio-demographic data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Sputum was collected aseptically into a sterile and leak-proof container. Following aseptic techniques, each sample was processed using the GeneXpert assay based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Similarly, about 3–5 mL of whole blood was drawn for CD4+ T-cell count and plasma viral load tests following standard blood collection procedures. CD4+ T-cell count was performed using the BD FACS caliber flow cytometry while the plasma viral load was performed by using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Then, collected data were double-checked, cleaned and entered into Epi-Info version 7.2.0.1 and exported to SPSS version 20.0 for further statistical analysis. The bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were conducted to address risk factor analysis. The 95%confidence interval with its corresponding cure and adjusted odds ratio was computed. Finally, p-value ≤0.05 was considered as a statistically significant association. Results In this study, the overall prevalence of tuberculosis among HIV-positive patients was 18 [(5%), 95% CI: 2.8–7.5]. A high viral load (≥1000 copies/mL) was positively associated [AOR (95% CI: 6.4 (1.6–25.7)), p < 0.001] with developing tuberculosis among HIV-positive patients. Conclusion The prevalence of TB is low among ART-receiving patients in our study site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklehaimanot Kiros
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Eninur Dejen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mulu Tiruneh
- Department of Social and Public Health, College of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tegenaw Tiruneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tahir Eyayu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Shewaneh Damtie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Kefyalew Amogne
- Debre Tabor College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Low Tuberculosis (TB) Case Detection: A Health Facility-Based Study of Possible Obstacles in Kaffa Zone, Southwest District of Ethiopia. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2020; 2020:7029458. [PMID: 32509045 PMCID: PMC7246412 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7029458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, the national TB case detection rate is becoming improved; still some districts are not able to meet their case detection targets which leads to ongoing spread of TB infections to family members and communities. This study was intended to assess possible obstacles contributing to low TB case detection in Kaffa zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study involving qualitative and quantitative data was conducted from Mar. to Sep. 2019. Sociodemographic characteristics and data on duration of cough, whether sputum smear microscopy was requested or not, and data on TB knowledge and health care-seeking practice were collected from outpatients. Health care delivery barrier for TB case detection was also explored by using in-depth interview and FGD of health staff. Results From 802 outpatients with coughing for 2 or more weeks of duration, 334 (41.6%) of them were not requested to have TB microscopic diagnosis. Of these, 11/324 (3.4%) of them were positive for TB after sputum smear microscopy. Only 24.2% of the outpatients were aware as they have had health education on TB disease. Twenty-eight percent of patients perceived that TB was due to exposure to cold air, and 13.5% could not mention any sign or symptom of TB. Amazingly, 54.2% of them did not have any information as current TB diagnosis and treatment is free. Thirty-five percent of the patients were taking antibiotics before visiting the health facility. The interrupted supply of TB diagnostic reagents, frequent electricity interruption, shortage of trained TB care providers, weak health information system, and weak active case finding practice were explored as the factors contributing to low TB case detection. Conclusion Interrupted functioning of diagnostic centers, shortage of trained care providers, limited active TB case finding practice, weak health information system, and inadequate knowledge and health care-seeking practice of the patients were identified as contributors for low TB case detection. Thus, improving functioning of diagnostic centers, active TB case finding activities, and expanding health education on TB disease will help to improve TB case detection in the districts.
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Matsegora NA, Kaprosh AV, Antonenko PB. Biochemical value dynamics in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis/hiv with CD4+ lymphocyte cells below 50 cells/μCL and its variability in the application of adjuvant immunoglobulin therapy. Int J Mycobacteriol 2020; 8:374-380. [PMID: 31793509 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_122_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Treatment of the patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)/HIV coinfection in a state of severely suppressed immune system remains under efficient. Aims The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of adjuvant immunoglobulin therapy in TB/HIV patients. Settings and Design The relationship between biochemical indexes in the patients with MDR-TB/HIV co-infection and adjuvant immunoglobulin therapy. Materials and Methods The study involved 52 HIV-positive patients with MDR-TB and CD4+ lymphocyte cells below 50 cells/μCL. Patients in control group (Group 1) and in basic group (Group 2) received standard treatment with second-line antituberculosis agents and antiretroviral agents. In addition patients in basic group were treated by immunoglobulin G intravenously. The evaluation of biochemical parameters such as bilirubin level, thymol test, the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) was carried out on automatic analyzer HumaStar 300 at the beginning and after 0.5-8 months of treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 10.0 software (Stat. Soft Inc., USA). Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA, and Chi-square tests were used in this study. Results After 8 months of treatment, studied biochemical indexes were lower in Group 2 than in patients from Group 1. For example, the number of patients in Group 2 with increased bilirubin level was 1.7 times more than in Group 1 (p < 0.05), with increased ALT, AST, or GGT activity in 2.5 times (p < 0.01), 2.7 times (p < 0.01), or 2.4 times (p < 0.05) correspondently, comparatively with Group 1. Conclusion The usage of immunoglobulins intravenously in the group of patients with MDR-TB associated with HIV infection, with CD4+ level <50 cells/μCL, is appropriate and essential because it improves treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Matsegora
- Department of Phthisiopulmonology, Odesa National Medical University, Odesa, Ukraine
| | - Antonina V Kaprosh
- Department of Phthisiopulmonology, Odesa National Medical University, Odesa, Ukraine
| | - Petro B Antonenko
- Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Odesa National Medical University, Odesa, Ukraine
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Molecular Detection of Isoniazid and Rifampin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Lorestan Province, Iran from 2014 to 2017. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.81436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kempker RR, Chkhartishvili N, Kinkladze I, Schechter MC, Harrington K, Rukhadze N, Dzigua L, Tserstvadze T, Del Rio C, Blumberg HM, Tukvadze N. High Yield of Active Tuberculosis Case Finding Among HIV-Infected Patients Using Xpert MTB/RIF Testing. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz233. [PMID: 31211163 PMCID: PMC6559269 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Conduct an active case finding study in Tbilisi, Georgia, for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) among people living with HIV (PLWH). Methods Newly diagnosed HIV patients were assessed for symptoms and asked to submit sputum samples for smear microscopy, culture, and molecular diagnostic testing (Xpert MTB/RIF). Results Among 276 PLWH, 131 agreed to participate and 103 submitted sputum samples. Most participants were male (70%) and mean age of 43 years. There were high rates of a positive hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody test (46%) and the median CD4 count was 122 cells/mm3. A total of 15 (11.5%) persons were diagnosed with pulmonary TB, including 1 each with multidrug-resistant and isoniazid-resistant disease. Twelve had a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Xpert TB/RIF assay, and 4 had positive smear microscopy. Patients with pulmonary TB were more likely to use injection drugs (67% vs 36%, P = .02) and have a positive HCV antibody (73% vs 42%, P = .02). The presence and absence of any TB symptom had a sensitivity and negative predictive value for TB of 93% and 98%, respectively. Conclusion Our findings highlight the high prevalence of TB among newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients in an area with high rates of drug-resistant TB and the utility of an active case finding strategy for TB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell R Kempker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Inga Kinkladze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marcos C Schechter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Nino Rukhadze
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lela Dzigua
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tengiz Tserstvadze
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Carlos Del Rio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Henry M Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nestani Tukvadze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Teweldemedhin M, Asres N, Gebreyesus H, Asgedom SW. Tuberculosis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:676. [PMID: 30563476 PMCID: PMC6299573 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) are the double burden diseases of the world. The African continent takes a great share of TB-HIV cases worldwide. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection in Ethiopia, using a meta-analysis based on a systematic review of published articles. METHODS An electronic search was conducted in databases including PubMed, HINARI, EMBASE, Cochrane library and Google Scholar to extract the articles. Articles published between 1995 and November 2017 had been searched for using different keywords. The analysis was performed using MetaXL software and R statistical software (version 3.2.3). RESULT Our searches returned a total of (n = 26,746) records from 30 articles of which 21 were cross-sectional, 7 were retrospectives and 2 were prospective studies. The range of prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection was found to be from 6 to 52.1% with random effects pooled prevalence of 22% (95% CI 19-24%) and with substantial heterogeneity chi-square (X2) = 746.0, p < 0.001, (I2 = 95.84%). CONCLUSION Our analysis indicated that the prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection is high in Ethiopia with substantial regional variation. An integrated, facility-based and community-based effort towards the prevention, early detection and management of cases should be further strengthened throughout the country to mitigate the double burden disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, PO.BOX 298, Aksum, Tigray Ethiopia
| | - Negasi Asres
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Tigray Ethiopia
| | - Hailay Gebreyesus
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Tigray Ethiopia
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Eshetie S, Gizachew M, Dagnew M, Kumera G, Woldie H, Ambaw F, Tessema B, Moges F. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopian settings and its association with previous history of anti-tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:219. [PMID: 28320336 PMCID: PMC5360058 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efforts to control the global burden of tuberculosis (TB) have been jeopardized by the rapid evolution of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), which is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Previous studies have documented variable prevalences of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and its risk factors in Ethiopia. Therefore, this meta-analysis is aimed, firstly, to determine the pooled prevalence of MDR-TB among newly diagnosed and previously treated TB cases, and secondly, to measure the association between MDR-TB and a history of previous anti-TB drugs treatment. Methods PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar databases were searched. Studies that reported a prevalence of MDR-TB among new and previously treated TB patients were selected. Studies or surveys conducted at national or sub-national level, with reported MDR-TB prevalence or sufficient data to calculate prevalence were considered for the analysis. Two authors searched and reviewed the studies for eligibility and extracted the data in pre-defined forms. Forest plots of all prevalence estimates were performed and summary estimates were also calculated using random effects models. Associations between previous TB treatment and MDR-MTB infection were examined through subgroup analyses stratified by new and previously treated patients. Results We identified 16 suitable studies and found an overall prevalence of MDR-TB among newly diagnosed and previously treated TB patients to be 2% (95% CI 1% - 2%) and 15% (95% CI 12% - 17%), respectively. The observed difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001) and there was an odds ratio of 8.1 (95% CI 7.5–8.7) for previously treated TB patients to develop a MDR-MTB infection compared to newly diagnosed cases. For the past 10 years (2006 to 2014) the overall MDR-TB prevalence showed a stable time trend. Conclusions The burden of MDR-TB remains high in Ethiopian settings, especially in previously treated TB cases. Previous TB treatment was the most powerful predictor for MDR-MTB infection. Strict compliance with anti-TB regimens and improving case detection rate are the necessary steps to tackle the problem in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setegn Eshetie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar Northwest, Ethiopia.
| | - Mucheye Gizachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar Northwest, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Dagnew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar Northwest, Ethiopia
| | - Gemechu Kumera
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Woldie
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Ambaw
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Tessema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar Northwest, Ethiopia.,WHO/TDR Clinical Research and Development Fellow at FIND, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Feleke Moges
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar Northwest, Ethiopia
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Ghamari E, Farnia P, saif S, Marashian M, Ghanavi J, Farnia P, Velayati AA. Comparison of single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNP] at TNF-α promoter region with TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis; using PCR-RFLP technique. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 5:55-61. [PMID: 28078191 PMCID: PMC5218852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since apoptosis and survival of the immune cells are crucially important in prevention or predisposition of individual from/to infections, especially in intracellular ones, the current study was performed to assess the correlation of host genetic polymorphisms with susceptibility to TB. For this reason, we investigated the difference of the single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] in tumor necrosis factors [TNF-α] genes at (-238, -308, -857 and -863 position) and tumor necrosis factors receptors two [TNFR2] at (T 587 G position) between patients [n=151] and control [n=83]. The genotyping was studied by using PCR-RFLP which had high sensitivity in detecting compared with other techniques. The results showed a strong correlation between two polymorphisms in different loci of TNF-α gene including TNF-α T-857 C and A 238 G. But no association were found in TNFR2 genes with susceptibility to TB. And we found no correlation between TNFR2 and TNF-α gene polymorphisms. Therefore, the TNF-α T 857 C and A 238 G SNPs could be promising marker for identifying risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ghamari
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Poopak Farnia
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Shima saif
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Marashian
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Jaladein Ghanavi
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Parissa Farnia
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
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Awadalla H, El-Samani F, Soghaier MA, Makki M. Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Tuberculosis Among HIV-Infected Patients in Khartoum in 2010. AIMS Public Health 2015; 2:784-792. [PMID: 29546135 PMCID: PMC5690442 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2015.4.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) screening among patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the approaches for controlling TB-HIV co-infection. The absence of typical TB symptoms among HIV-infected patients makes diagnosis challenging. Identifying predisposing risk factors of TB among HIV-infected patients could possibly guide TB diagnosis and treatment. This study was designed to identify some important factors associated with TB among HIV-infected patients and to quantify the strength of this association. Methodology In 2010, a case control study was conducted in Khartoum State, Sudan. Cases and controls were selected by simple random sampling with a 1:2 ratio; 97 cases and 194 controls were enrolled in the study. A logistic regression model was built to estimate and quantify the strength of the association between the study variables and the outcome; a p-value less than 0.05 was considered the cut-off point for a significant statistical association. Results Past history of TB, CD4 count < 200 cells/µl, late clinical stages, non-employment, and no formal education were found to be risk factors for developing TB among HIV-infected patients. The adjusted ORs and 95% CIs were (6.9: 3.75–12.99), (4.8: 1.57–15.26), (5.8: 1.88-17.96), (2.5: 1.26–5.03), and (2.5: 1.28–4.63), respectively. Poor adherence, marital status, age, and gender are not associated with developing TB among HIV patients. Conclusion HIV patients who have at least one of the risk factors found in this analysis are at higher risk of TB; therefore, they should be screened more frequently and treated promptly, especially HIV patients with previous TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitham Awadalla
- Public Health Specialist, Federal Ministry of Health, Public Health Institute, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Fateh El-Samani
- Professor of Public Health, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan and WHO regional consultant
| | - Mohammed A Soghaier
- Epdemiologist, Federal Ministry of Health, Directorate of Epidemiology and Zoonotic diseases, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mahgoub Makki
- Community Physician, Federal Ministry of Health, National Medical Commission, Khartoum, Sudan
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