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Mirhosseini S, Khajeh M, Sharif-Nia H, Hosseini FS, Ebrahimi H. Psychometric Properties of the Revised Version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-13-R): A Methodological Study in the Iranian Population. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241272579. [PMID: 39106332 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241272579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged grief disorder has recently been officially introduced as a new mental disorder. This study aimed to validate the Persian version of the revised Prolonged Grief Scale (PG-13-R). This study was conducted among the general population in Shahroud, Iran, during 2023. Employing face and content validity, along with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA), the study validates the PG-13-R. Average variance extracted value showed an acceptable convergent validity. The EFA reveals a singular factor structure explaining 60.541% of the variance in prolonged grief disorder, and the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrates an excellent model fit. Internal consistency, evaluated through Cronbach's alpha and MacDonald's omega, highlights the scale's reliability. The Persian version of PG-13-R had acceptable composite reliability. Stability is confirmed by an intra-class correlation coefficient. In conclusion, the Persian PG-13-R displays satisfactory validity and reliability to assessing prolonged grief symptoms in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmohammad Mirhosseini
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Khajeh
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharif-Nia
- Psychosomatic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Nursing, Amol Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hossein Ebrahimi
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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Zareiyan A, Sahebi A, Nejati-Zarnaqi B, Mosaed R, Ozouni-Davaji RB. The prevalence of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) after the natural disasters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2024; 7:100508. [PMID: 38803465 PMCID: PMC11128508 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The failure to detect PDG and lack of providing essential interventions accordingly can disrupt the lives of survivors of natural disasters years after the death of their loved ones. The present study aims to investigate PGD after natural disasters using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Study design This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Methods With the focus on the prevalence of PGD after natural disasters, studies conducted until the end of 2021 were collected without a time limit. To do this, reputable databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were used. The random effects model was used to perform a meta-analysis of the studies. To check the heterogeneity between the studies, the I2 index was used. The publication bias of the study was evaluated using Begg's test. Data were analyzed using the STATA software. Results Primarily, 2566 studies were collected based on the initial search, from which 12 final studies were entered into the analysis. The results showed that the prevalence of PGD after natural disasters was 38.81 % (95 % CI: 24.12-53.50, I2 = 99.7 %, p = 0 < 001). Conclusions It is recommended that policies and plannings of the organizations responsible for disaster management be prepared to send specialized teams of psycho-spiritual counseling, quickly accommodate the injured, and reconstruct the damaged buildings in the shortest time possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zareiyan
- Public Health Department, Nursing Faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sahebi
- Department of Medical Emergencies and Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Bayram Nejati-Zarnaqi
- Department of Health Management and Economics, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mosaed
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahman Berdi Ozouni-Davaji
- Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Hilberdink CE, Ghainder K, Dubanchet A, Hinton D, Djelantik AAAMJ, Hall BJ, Bui E. Bereavement issues and prolonged grief disorder: A global perspective. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2023; 10:e32. [PMID: 37854407 PMCID: PMC10579660 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2023.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The death of a loved one - bereavement - is a universal experience that marks the human mental health condition. Grief - the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to bereavement - is thus experienced by virtually everyone at some point in life, while mourning is a process through which grievers come to terms with the loss envisioning life without the deceased. Although distress subsides over time among most bereaved individuals, a minority will develop a condition recently identified as prolonged grief disorder (PGD). The present review provides a global perspective on bereavement, grief reactions, and PGD. Although the loss of a loved one and grief reactions are in general experienced consistently across different cultures, differences and variations in their expression may exist across cultures. Especially within specific populations that may be more at risk for PGD, possibly due to risk factors associated with the mechanisms of loss (e.g., refugees, migrants, and conflict survivors). The diagnostic criteria for PGD are mostly based on Western grieving populations, and cultural adaptations of PGD treatments are limited. Therefore, cross-cultural development and validation of PGD screening/assessment is critical to support future research on grief reactions and PGD, especially in non-Western contexts, and concerning the potential future global changes and challenges that appear to have a major impact on PGD. More transcultural research on PGD is needed to contextualize and will lead to culture-bound symptom identification of PGD, and the adaptation of current treatment protocols, which may ultimately improve health at the individual level, and health-care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Hilberdink
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, NEUROPRESAGE Team, (Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie), GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Kevin Ghainder
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | | | - Devon Hinton
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Brian J. Hall
- Center for Global Health Equity, New York University, Shanghai, 200122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Bui
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, NEUROPRESAGE Team, (Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie), GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Sekowski M, Prigerson HG. Disorganized attachment and prolonged grief. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:1806-1823. [PMID: 35132649 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the relationship between attachment anxiety and avoidance and the severity of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) has been well-studied, less is known about the relationship between disorganized attachment and PGD. We test the associations between disorganized attachment and the interaction between it and attachment avoidance and anxiety on PGD. METHOD Participants (N = 258) who had lost a family member from 0.5 to 8.0 years before the survey completed the experiences in close relationships-revised, the adult disorganized attachment scale, and the PGD-13 scale. RESULTS The model explaining PGD symptoms through attachment, taking into account the level of disorganized attachment, explained variance in PGD significantly better than the model taking into account only the level of attachment anxiety and avoidance as predictors. Additionally, the relationships between attachment avoidance and PGD were positive, negative, or neither, depending on the configuration of the levels of disorganized attachment and attachment anxiety. CONCLUSION Future research into the relationships between attachment and PGD should take into account disorganized attachment. Attachment-informed grief therapy focused on insecure styles of attachment - including the disorganized style - to the deceased person and other loved ones may prove a promising approach for bereaved persons who experience PGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sekowski
- Department of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Holly G Prigerson
- Cornell Center for Research on End-of-Life Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
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Rosner R, Comtesse H, Vogel A, Doering BK. Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder. J Affect Disord 2021; 287:301-307. [PMID: 33812243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged grief is a disorder (PGD) characterized by severe and disabling grief reactions for an extended period of time after the loss of a significant person. ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR differ substantially in individual criteria. OBJECTIVE Estimation of the respective prevalence of PGDICD-11 and PGDDSM-5-TR and the frequency with which single symptoms of prolonged grief occur in the general population. METHODS Out of a representative sample of the German general population (N=2498), n = 914 reported a significant loss and prolonged grief symptoms based on the extended version of the self-reported Prolonged Grief Disorder-13+9 (PG13+9). Sociodemographic and loss-related characteristics were collected. RESULTS The probable prevalence of PGDICD-11 was 1.5% and that of PGDDSM-5-TR was 1.2% in the general sample. Among bereaved persons (n=914), the prevalence of developing PGDICD-11 was 4.2% and that of PGDDSM-5-TR was 3.3%. Diagnostic agreement between the two criteria-sets was very high and did not increase after heightening the accessory symptom threshold for PGDICD-11. Difficulties accepting the loss was the most frequent single symptom (14-25%) and grief-related impairment was common (10-16%). Over 60% of participants with a probable PGD diagnosis utilized health care services. LIMITATIONS Results are based on self-reported data. The PG13+9 was not designed to assess grief symptoms according to ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged grief according to ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR is a notable disorder in the general population. Among bereaved persons, single symptoms of prolonged grief are relatively frequent and cause substantial degrees of impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rosner
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany.
| | - Hannah Comtesse
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany.
| | - Anna Vogel
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany
| | - Bettina K Doering
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany
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Ergün D, Şenyüz S. Prolonged grief disorder among bereaved survivors after the 2011 Van Earthquake in Turkey. DEATH STUDIES 2021; 46:1364-1371. [PMID: 33576723 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2021.1884624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the ratio and predictors of probable Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) among bereaved survivors eight years after the 2011 Van earthquake. Among a sample of 495 survivors who experienced loss as a result of this earthquake, 8.9% met the criteria of probable PGD. In the binary logistic regression analysis, being woman, being aged 40 or over, personal injury, property damage, losing family members, and the psychological impact of the earthquake predicted probable PGD. The current study highlights the importance of considering PGD among bereaved survivors after earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Ergün
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Psychology Department, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Solmaz Şenyüz
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Psychology Department, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
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Tang S, Xiang Z. Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults. Global Health 2021; 17:19. [PMID: 33573673 PMCID: PMC7877329 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deaths by COVID-19 have left behind nearly 12 million recent bereaved individuals worldwide and researchers have raised concerns that the circumstances of COVID-19 related deaths will lead to a rise prevalence of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) cases. However, to date, no studies have examined the prevalence of PGD among people bereaved due to COVID-19. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PGD and investigated demographic and loss-related factors associated with prolonged grief symptoms among Chinese individuals bereaved due to COVID-19. METHODS This was a cross-sectional online survey conducted between September 1 and October 3, 2020. A total of 422 Chinese participants (55.5% males; 32.73 [9.31] years old) who lost a close person due to COVID-19 participated in the study. Demographic and loss-related information was collected, and self-reported prolonged grief symptoms were measured by a 13-item International Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (IPGDS: 1-65) and a 17-item Traumatic Grief Inventory Self Report (TGI-SR: 1-85). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the associated factors of levels of grief symptoms. RESULTS Prevalence of PGD was 37.8% screened by IPGDS and 29.3% by TGI-SR. No difference was found in levels of grief symptoms between participants whose close one died more than 6 months ago and those who experienced the loss less than 6 months ago. More severe prolonged grief symptoms assessed by IPGDS was associated with losing a close person by COVID-19 rather than complications (B: 5.35; 95% CI: 0.54-10.05), losing a partner (B: 7.80; 95% CI: 3.24-12.37), child (B: 8.15; 95% CI: 1.03-15.26), and parent (B: 5.49; 95% CI: 1.49-9.48) rather than losing a relative or a person with other relationship, feeling more traumatic about the loss (B: 1.71; 95% CI: 0.52-2.90), being closer with the deceased (B: 1.60; 95% CI: 0.34-2.86). Moreover, Losing a grandparent (B: 6.62; 95% CI: 0.53-12.71) and having more conflicts with the deceased (B: 1.05; 95% CI: - 0.008-2.11) were related to higher levels of grief symptoms assessed by TGI-SR. CONCLUSIONS Echoing researchers' concerns, the prevalence of PGD is high among people bereaved due to COVID-19. Individuals with a higher risk of developing PGD should be identified and bereavement support should be offered as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Tang
- Department of Sociology, Law School, Shenzhen University, L3-1217, Zhili Building, Canghai Campus, Shenzhen, 618010, China.
| | - Zhendong Xiang
- Shenzhen Yishi Huolala Technology Limited Company, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518049, China
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Treml J, Linde K, Engel C, Glaesmer H, Hinz A, Luck T, Riedel-Heller S, Sander C, Kersting A. Loss and grief in elderly people: Results from the LIFE-Adult-Study. DEATH STUDIES 2020; 46:1621-1630. [PMID: 32972330 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1824203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated 2,865 elderly people to investigate the prevalence of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), examine predictors and mental health correlates. The conditional prevalence of PGD varied between 0.8% and 5.2% (diagnostic algorithm vs. cut-off). PG-13 scores were related to depressive symptoms, sleep disturbances, reduced life satisfaction, and quality of life. Predictors were female gender, less time since death, more losses, having lost a child, partner, or sibling, and less social support. PGD is associated with adverse mental health consequences. Practitioners should pay special attention to elderly women who lost a close loved one and lack social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Treml
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Linde
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heide Glaesmer
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hinz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Luck
- Department of Economic and Social Sciences and Institute of Social Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences and Healthcare Research, Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences, Nordhausen, Germany
| | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Zhang H, Shang Z, Wu L, Sun Z, Zhang F, Sun L, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu W. Prolonged grief disorder in Chinese Shidu parents who have lost their only child. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1726071. [PMID: 32158517 PMCID: PMC7048219 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1726071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: China has the largest population of '"loss-of-only-child' parents, that are also known as Shidu parents in Chinese society; however, little is known about their unresolved grief. Objective: This is the first study to examine the grief symptoms, prevalence, comorbidity and potential predictors of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in such parents, taking into consideration that the new PGD diagnostic criteria ICD-11 will soon be implemented in China. Methods: 149 Shidu parents completed assessments of PGD (PG-13), PTSD (PCL-C), depression (CES-D) and general psychiatric morbidity (GHQ-12) via in-person interviews. Results: Of the 149 Shidu parents, 22.2% met the PGD criteria, with a mean of 7.59 years post-loss, and 62.4% experienced daily longing or yearning. Regression analysis indicated that fewer years since loss, subjective perception of poor economic situation, female gender and more hospital visits were prominent risk factors for the development of PGD. Older age of the parents at the time of child loss was also associated with PGD. Parents with PGD had higher comorbidity of PTSD or depression compared with those without PGD. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of PGD and a high rate of comorbidity between PGD and PTSD or depression in Shidu parents in China, which highlights the need of timely developing effective assessments and interventions to prevent PGD in this population, particularly in female, recently bereaved, low-income and aged parents who lost their only child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaihui Zhang
- Shanghai Yangpu Mental Health Center, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Teaching Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilei Shang
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wu
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoer Sun
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luna Sun
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoguang Zhou
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhi Liu
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Stelzer EM, Zhou N, Maercker A, O’Connor MF, Killikelly C. Prolonged Grief Disorder and the Cultural Crisis. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2982. [PMID: 31998204 PMCID: PMC6967836 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is included as a new mental health disorder in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Understandably, this has boosted research efforts to investigate this newcomer to psychopathology. However, the use of different diagnostic algorithms has resulted in substantially different prevalence rates both within and across cultural groups. Furthermore, global applicability of the new criteria outside of the Global North has not been yet been established. This perspective presents key findings from Asian research groups and discusses the roadblocks to unified PGD research, including the heterogeneric use of diagnostic algorithms and the lack of cultural compatibility of ICD-11 items. The authors discuss the key issues and address implications for practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Stelzer
- Division of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ningning Zhou
- Division of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Andreas Maercker
- Division of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Clare Killikelly
- Division of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Pan H, Liu F. The prevalence of complicated grief among Chinese people at high risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DEATH STUDIES 2019; 45:480-490. [PMID: 31402787 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1648342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This unprecedented systematic review aims to unearth the rate of CG among Chinese people. METHODS Data sources were from PsycINFO, ProQuest Databases, Web of Science, PsycARTICLES, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang, Taiwan Periodical Literature System (TPLS), HKInChiP from the inception to June 2019. The eligibility criteria for inclusion were (a) including or useful to calculate the prevalence of CG in Chinese settings, (b) published in journals, (c) containing information on sample size, (d) full texts either written in English or in Chinese are available. Thirteen studies were engaged in meta-analytic evaluation after the systematic review. They were appraised by the risk of bias (RoB) for publication-quality and synthesized through meta-analysis for identifying the prevalence of CG among Chinese people. RESULTS Meta-analysis revealed a pooled estimate of CG of 22.0% (95% CI: 0.111-0.391). The studies identified in this review were of methodological heterogeneousness and focused on the population at high risk of CG. They were a moderate or high risk of bias. CONCLUSION Results warrant the need to conduct a population-based and quality study to investigate the prevalence of CG in Chinese people. Many suggestions on treatment for Chines people with CG were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimin Pan
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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