1
|
Martín-Delgado MC, Bodí M. Patient safety in the intensive care department. Med Intensiva 2024:S2173-5727(24)00231-5. [PMID: 39332923 DOI: 10.1016/j.medine.2024.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Patient safety is a priority for all healthcare systems. Despite this, too many patients still suffer harm as a consequence of healthcare. Furthermore, it has a significant impact on family members, professionals and healthcare institutions, resulting in considerable economic costs. The critically ill patient is particularly vulnerable to adverse events. Numerous safe practices have been implemented, acknowledging the influence of human factors on safety and the significance of the well-being of professionals, as well as the impact of critical episodes at hospital discharge on patients and their families. Training and engagement of professionals, patients and families are of paramount importance. Recently, artificial intelligence has demonstrated its ability to enhance clinical safety. This update on "Patient Safety" reviews all these aspects related to one of the most pivotal dimensions of healthcare quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - María Bodí
- Hospital Universitario de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yeowell G, Leech R, Greenhalgh S, Willis E, Selfe J. Clinical negligence and physiotherapy: UK survey of physiotherapists' experiences of litigation. Physiotherapy 2024; 124:126-134. [PMID: 38889595 DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the extent and impact of litigation on the UK physiotherapy profession. DESIGN An online cross-sectional questionnaire survey design was used. The survey was open to all qualified physiotherapists who have practiced in the UK, from any speciality, of any grade and from any setting including NHS, non-NHS, and private practice. RESULTS 688 respondents completed the survey (96% CI). All UK nations were represented. 73% were female, 44% were qualified >20 Years. Most worked in the NHS (74%) and worked in a neuromusculoskeletal setting (62%). 10% of respondents had been involved in litigation. 128 claims were reported with some respondents being involved in more than 1 case. Litigation was a highly stressful experience for those who experienced it and was a source of concern for many others. The personal impact was stress (76%) and worry and anxiety (67%). The most common professional impact was defensive practice (68%). Most respondents incorrectly identified who should provide their legal support. 46% were not satisfied with the support received. Most (77%) reported that litigation training should be included in pre-registration, as well as postgraduate (68%) programs. CONCLUSION This is the first UK survey that has investigated the experiences of litigation on the UK physiotherapy profession. Ten percent of physiotherapists in our survey had been involved in litigation. Litigation impacted physiotherapists' physical and mental wellbeing and their clinical practice. Improved support, both emotional and legal is required. Clinical negligence training should be included in pre-registration and postgraduate programs. CONTRIBUTION OF THE PAPER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Yeowell
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6GX, UK.
| | - Rachel Leech
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6GX, UK.
| | - Susan Greenhalgh
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6GX, UK; Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, Orthopaedic Interface Service, Bolton One, Bolton, Manchester BL3 5BN, UK.
| | - Emma Willis
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6GX, UK.
| | - James Selfe
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6GX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sells JR, Cole I, Dharmasukrit C, Brown A, Rovinski-Wagner C, Tasseff TL. System planning for modern-day Just Culture to mitigate worker distress and second victim response. BMJ LEADER 2024; 8:149-152. [PMID: 37734904 DOI: 10.1136/leader-2023-000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Sells
- VA Quality Scholars Program, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
- Rocky Mountain MIRECC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Irene Cole
- VA Quality Scholars Program, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
- School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Charlie Dharmasukrit
- VA Quality Scholars Program, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Nursing Excellence and Innovation, UCSF Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Brown
- VA Readjustment Counseling Service, District 3, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- VA Quality Scholars Program, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine Rovinski-Wagner
- Office of Integrated Veteran Care, VA Health Connect, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
- VA Quality Scholars Program, White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont, USA
| | - Tamara L Tasseff
- VA Quality Scholars Program, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conway AE, Rupprecht C, Bansal P, Yuan I, Wang Z, Shaker MS, Verdi M, Bradley J. Leveraging learning systems to improve quality and patient safety in allergen immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2024; 132:694-702. [PMID: 38484839 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Adverse events occur in all fields of medicine, including allergy-immunology, in which allergen immunotherapy medical errors can cause significant harm. Although difficult to experience, such errors constitute opportunities for improvement. Identifying system vulnerabilities can allow resolution of latent errors before they become active problems. We review key aspects and frameworks of the medical error response, acknowledging the fundamental responsibility of clinical teams to learn from harm. Adverse event response comprises 4 major phases: (1) event recognition and reporting, (2) investigation (for which root cause analysis can be helpful), (3) improvement (inclusive of the plan-do-study-act cycle), and (4) communication and resolution. Throughout the process, clinician wellness must be maintained. Adverse event prevention should be prioritized, and a human factors engineering approach can be useful. Quality improvement tools and approaches complement one another and together offer a meaningful avenue for error recovery and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chase Rupprecht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Priya Bansal
- Asthma and Allergy Wellness Center, St Charles, Illinois; Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Irene Yuan
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marcus S Shaker
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Section of Allergy and Immunology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
| | - Marylee Verdi
- Dartmouth College Student Health, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Joel Bradley
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Finn M, Walsh A, Rafter N, Mellon L, Chong HY, Naji A, O'Brien N, Williams DJ, McCarthy SE. Effect of interventions to improve safety culture on healthcare workers in hospital settings: a systematic review of the international literature. BMJ Open Qual 2024; 13:e002506. [PMID: 38719514 PMCID: PMC11086522 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2023-002506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an era of safety systems, hospital interventions to build a culture of safety deliver organisational learning methodologies for staff. Their benefits to hospital staff are unknown. We examined the literature for evidence of staff outcomes. Research questions were: (1) how is safety culture defined in studies with interventions that aim to enhance it?; (2) what effects do interventions to improve safety culture have on hospital staff?; (3) what intervention features explain these effects? and (4) what staff outcomes and experiences are identified? METHODS AND ANALYSIS We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of published literature using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Health Business Elite and Scopus. We adopted a convergent approach to synthesis and integration. Identified intervention and staff outcomes were categorised thematically and combined with available data on measures and effects. RESULTS We identified 42 articles for inclusion. Safety culture outcomes were most prominent under the themes of leadership and teamwork. Specific benefits for staff included increased stress recognition and job satisfaction, reduced emotional exhaustion, burnout and turnover, and improvements to working conditions. Effects were documented for interventions with longer time scales, strong institutional support and comprehensive theory-informed designs situated within specific units. DISCUSSION This review contributes to international evidence on how interventions to improve safety culture may benefit hospital staff and how they can be designed and implemented. A focus on staff outcomes includes staff perceptions and behaviours as part of a safety culture and staff experiences resulting from a safety culture. The results generated by a small number of articles varied in quality and effect, and the review focused only on hospital staff. There is merit in using the concept of safety culture as a lens to understand staff experience in a complex healthcare system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mairead Finn
- Graduate School of Healthcare Management, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling Walsh
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natasha Rafter
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Mellon
- Department of Health Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hui Yi Chong
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abdullah Naji
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall O'Brien
- Library Services, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Williams
- Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Eithne McCarthy
- Graduate School of Healthcare Management, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mira JJ, Matarredona V, Tella S, Sousa P, Ribeiro Neves V, Strametz R, López-Pineda A. Unveiling the hidden struggle of healthcare students as second victims through a systematic review. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:378. [PMID: 38589877 PMCID: PMC11000311 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When healthcare students witness, engage in, or are involved in an adverse event, it often leads to a second victim experience, impacting their mental well-being and influencing their future professional practice. This study aimed to describe the efforts, methods, and outcomes of interventions to help students in healthcare disciplines cope with the emotional experience of being involved in or witnessing a mistake causing harm to a patient during their clerkships or training. METHODS This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and includes the synthesis of eighteen studies, published in diverse languages from 2011 to 2023, identified from the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and APS PsycInfo. PICO method was used for constructing a research question and formulating eligibility criteria. The selection process was conducted through Rayyan. Titles and abstracts of were independently screened by two authors. The critical appraisal tools of the Joanna Briggs Institute was used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. RESULTS A total of 1354 studies were retrieved, 18 met the eligibility criteria. Most studies were conducted in the USA. Various educational interventions along with learning how to prevent mistakes, and resilience training were described. In some cases, this experience contributed to the student personal growth. Psychological support in the aftermath of adverse events was scattered. CONCLUSION Ensuring healthcare students' resilience should be a fundamental part of their training. Interventions to train them to address the second victim phenomenon during their clerkships are scarce, scattered, and do not yield conclusive results on identifying what is most effective and what is not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Mira
- Atenea Research. FISABIO, Alicante, Spain.
- Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain.
| | | | - Susanna Tella
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, LAB University of Applied Sciences, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Paulo Sousa
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Reinhard Strametz
- Wiesbaden Institute for Healthcare Economics and Patient Safety (WiHelP), RheinMain UAS, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tang W, Xie Y, Yan Q, Teng Y, Yu L, Wei L, Li J, Chen Y, Huang X, Yang S, Jia K. Exploring the Experiences and Support of Nurses as Second Victims After Patient Safety Events in China: A Mixed-Method Approach. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:573-586. [PMID: 38501130 PMCID: PMC10944798 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s451766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the current status of experience and support of nurses as second victims and explore its related factors in nurses. Design A sequential, explanatory, mixed-method study was applied. Methods A total of 406 nurses from seven tertiary hospitals in China were chosen as participants between September to October 2023. The Chinese version of the Second Victim Experience and Support Questionnaire (SVEST), Somatic Complaints of Sub-health Status Questionnaire (SCSSQ) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) were applied to collect quantitative data. Eight nurses were selected for a qualitative study through in-depth interviews. Through interpretive phenomenological analysis, the interview data were analysed to explore the experience and support of nurses as second victims. Results Practice distress (15.74 ± 4.97) and psychological distress (15.48 ± 3.74) were the highest dimensions, indicating Chinese nurses experienced second victim-related practice and psychological distress. Nurses with different gender, age, education, marital status, income, working hours, professional titles, and unit types have different levels of second victim-related experience and support (p < 0.05). In addition, the score of SVEST was positively associated with SCSSQ (r = 0.444) and GAD-7 (r = 0.490) (p < 0.05). This qualitative study found that the experience and support of nurses as second victims included nurses' perceptions and needs for patient safety events; psychological, physical and practice distress of nurses; and nurses and hospitals coping style after patient safety events. Discussion Our findings suggest that nurses who are second victims of patient safety events experience severe practice and psychological distress, indicating that nursing managers should pay attention to psychological and practice distress of nurses after patient safety events and provide effective preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanxi Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- The Sanming Second Hospital, Sanming, Fujian Province, 366099, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjuan Teng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuying Wei
- Nanning Fourth People’s Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Li
- Wanxiu District Chengnan Community Health Service Center, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 543000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoli Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Croke L. Support and Recovery Strategies for Second Victims. AORN J 2024; 119:P7-P10. [PMID: 38275256 DOI: 10.1002/aorn.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
|
9
|
Kang J, Kwon SS, Lee Y. Clinical nurses' work-life balance prediction due to patient safety incidents using classification and regression tree analysis: a secondary data analysis. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:70. [PMID: 38267902 PMCID: PMC10809596 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-01719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient safety incidents lead to performance difficulties for nurses when providing nursing practice. This affects work-life balance and causes second and third-victimization. This study predicts factors affecting clinical nurses' work-life balance due to patient safety incidents using classification and regression tree analysis techniques. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of data from a cohort research project, which used a descriptive survey for data collection. Participants comprised 372 nurses. Data were collected using SurveyMonkey, a mobile-based survey software solution, from January to September 2021. Data included the general characteristics of clinical nurses, second damage, second damage support, third damage, and work-life balance. The specific variables included in the analysis chosen through rigorous Lasso analysis form the foundation for predicting work-life balance. Variables with low explanatory power were excluded, thereafter, the variables selected by Lasso were analyzed with a classification and regression tree model to predict work-life balance. RESULTS A regression tree was applied to predict work-life balance using seven variables-education level, marital status, position, physical distress, second-victim support, turnover intentions, and absenteeism (selected through Lasso analysis). After pruning, at tree size four, when turnover intentions were < 4.250, physical distress < 2.875, and second-victim support < 2.345, the predicted work-life balance was 3.972. However, when turnover intentions were < 4.250, physical distress < 2.875, and second-victim support ≥ 2.345, then the predicted work-life balance was 2.760. CONCLUSIONS This study's insights offer crucial groundwork for crafting targeted workforce risk management strategies and fostering a conducive organizational culture to mitigate nursing occupational stress, potentially curbing the recurrence of patient safety incidents and improving nursing practice while enhancing patient outcomes. Future research should explore second and third victim experiences across various healthcare settings globally to understand their impact on WLB and patient safety outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kang
- Department of Family, Health and Wellbeing, University of Minnesota Extension, 1420 Eckles Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, US
- College of Nursing, Ajou University, 164 World Cup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Kwon
- Departments of Mathematics and Department of Artificial Intelligence, College of Natural Sciences, Ajou University, 164 World Cup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Youngjin Lee
- College of Nursing, Ajou University, 164 World Cup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pado K, Fraus K, Mulhem E, Taku K. Posttraumatic Growth and Second Victim Distress Resulting From Medical Mishaps Among Physicians and Nurses. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2023; 30:716-723. [PMID: 36507954 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-022-09931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Medical mishaps are well-known sources of distress. However, some mishaps may give medical professionals an opportunity to experience personal growth. We examined the associations between medical mishaps, second victim distress, and posttraumatic growth. A total of 157 physicians and 139 nurses completed a survey that included questions about mishaps, Second Victim Experience and Support Tool and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Overall, 82.8% of the physicians and 48.9% of the nurses experienced at least one mishap. Lack of training, rumination, and impact of mishaps were associated with distress among nurses, whereas rumination, impact, and stressfulness were associated with distress among physicians. On the other hand, the impact of mishaps is the only factor that was associated with posttraumatic growth among nurses, whereas none with physicians. This study suggests that the posttraumatic growth from medical mishaps is not associated with the theory-driven event-related factors, and highlights the importance of further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara Pado
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, 654 Pioneer Drive, 123 Pryale Hall, Rochester, MI, 48309-4482, USA
| | - Katherine Fraus
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, 654 Pioneer Drive, 123 Pryale Hall, Rochester, MI, 48309-4482, USA
| | - Elie Mulhem
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Kanako Taku
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, 654 Pioneer Drive, 123 Pryale Hall, Rochester, MI, 48309-4482, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Daniels L, Marneffe W, Bielen S. Virtual reality evidence on the impact of physicians' open versus defensive communication on patients. HEALTH ECONOMICS, POLICY, AND LAW 2023:1-20. [PMID: 38037812 DOI: 10.1017/s1744133123000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Using virtual reality (VR) in an experimental setting, we analyse how communicating more openly about a medical incident influences patients' feelings and behavioural intentions. Using VR headsets, participants were immersed in an actual hospital room where they were told by a physician that a medical incident had occurred. In a given scenario, half of the participants were confronted by a physician who communicated openly about the medical incident, while the other half were confronted with the exact same scenario except that the physician employed a very defensive communication strategy. The employed technology allowed us to keep everything else in the environment constant. Participants exposed to open disclosure were significantly more likely to take further steps (such as contacting a lawyer to discuss options and filing a complaint against the hospital) and express more feelings of blame against the physician. At the same time, these participants rated the physician's communication skills and general impression more highly than those who were confronted with a defensive physician. Nevertheless, communicating openly about the medical incident does not affect trust in the physician and his competence, perceived incident severity and likelihood of changing physician and filing suit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Daniels
- Faculty of Business Economics, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Wim Marneffe
- Faculty of Business Economics, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Samantha Bielen
- Faculty of Business Economics, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
González-González A, Redondo-González O, Domínguez-Osorio I, Quero Palomino V, León Velasco M, Polo Montes F. [Professional and psychological impact of second victims among hospital healthcare professionals]. J Healthc Qual Res 2023; 38:329-337. [PMID: 37422405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhqr.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the occupational and psychological consequences suffered by healthcare workers who are considered second victims (SV). MATERIAL AND METHODS Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study among the healthcare workers of a university hospital. The answers collected in a specifically designed questionnaire about psychological consequences at work and the result of a post-traumatic stress scale, "Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R, spanish version)" were evaluated. The variables between the groups were compared using the Chi square test (or Fisher's exact test) when both were qualitative and with the Student's T (or the Mann-Whitney U test for independent data), when one of them was quantitative. The level of statistical significance was P<.05. RESULTS 75.5% (148/207) of the participants in the study suffered some adverse event (AE) and, of these, 88.5% (131/148) were considered SV. Physicians had a 2.2 times higher risk of feeling SV than nurses (95% CI: 1.88-2.52). The impact on the patient related to the AE explained why the professionals involved in it felt SV (P=.037). 80.6% (N=104) of the SVs presented post-traumatic stress. Women were 2.4 times more likely to suffer from it (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.5-4.0). Intrusive thoughts in the SV were almost three times more frequent when the damage suffered by the patient was permanent or death (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 0.2-3.6). CONCLUSIONS Many healthcare workers, especially physicians, considered themselves to be SV, and many of them suffered from post-traumatic stress. The impact on the patient related to the AE was a risk factor for being SV and for suffering psychological consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A González-González
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, España.
| | - O Redondo-González
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, España
| | - I Domínguez-Osorio
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Santa Bárbara, Puertollano, Ciudad Real, España
| | - V Quero Palomino
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, España
| | - M León Velasco
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, España
| | - F Polo Montes
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, España
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Doyle K, Murray T, Fong IC, Chavez A, Rounds G, Linenberger M, Wieck M. Building a Culture of Support at a Pediatric Surgery Center Through Multidisciplinary Peer Support. J Surg Res 2023; 291:90-96. [PMID: 37354705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgeons and perioperative staff experience high rates of burnout manifesting as exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of achievement. Consequences include increases in errors and adverse patient events. Little data exist regarding the effectiveness of multidisciplinary peer support systems in combatting burnout. We sought to improve staff morale through establishment of a formally trained, multidisciplinary peer support team. METHODS Selfselected surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses were formally trained as Peer Responders as part of an institutional peer support program. All perioperative staff at our pediatric surgery center (n = 120) were surveyed before initiation of the program and then 1-mo and 12-mo after initiation. Primary outcomes were unit morale, unit support, and peer approachability. Kruskal-Wallis tests and Chi-squared tests were used for comparison of primary outcomes among surveys and by position with an alpha value of 0.05 set for significance. Institutional review board approval was waived. RESULTS The survey response rates were 57.5%, 32.5%, and 37.5% chronologically. After 1 year, there were statistically significant increases in unit support (P < 0.01) and peer approachability (P < 0.001), and a nonstatistically significant increase in unit morale (P = 0.22). On subgroup analysis by staff role, surgeons were least likely to utilize peer support. CONCLUSIONS A multidisciplinary peer support team is an effective and easily reproducible means of building a culture of support and improving morale among perioperative staff. Surgeons were least likely to seek interprofessional peer support. Consequently, surgeon-specific strategies may be necessary. Further investigations are ongoing regarding secondary effects on staff burnout rates, patient safety, and quality of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trudee Murray
- Children's Surgery Program Patient Care Services, UC Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Ian C Fong
- Children's Surgery Center Perioperative Service, UC Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Angela Chavez
- Children's Surgery Center Perioperative Service, UC Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Ginger Rounds
- Child Life and Creative Arts Therapy, UC Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Minna Wieck
- Department of Surgery, UC Davis, Sacramento, California; Division of Pediatric Surgery, UC Davis, Sacramento, California.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li X, Che CC, Li Y, Wang L, Chong MC. The mediating role of coping styles in the relationship between second victim experience and professional quality of life among nurses: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:312. [PMID: 37700282 PMCID: PMC10496327 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that second-victim experiences could increase risks of the compassion fatigue while support from individuals and organisations is most often protection. However, the risk for poor compassion satisfaction and increased compassion fatigue in nurses aroused by adverse events remains an underestimated problem, meanwhile, litter known about the role of positive and negative coping styles among nurses suffering from adverse events. This study aims to investigate the effect of second-victim experiences on the professional quality of life among nurses and to determine the mediating role of coping styles in the relationship between second-victim experiences and professional quality of life. METHODS Multistage sampling was used to recruit registered nurses from Hunan province in China. Registered nurses who identified themselves as experiencing adverse events from nine tertiary hospitals were included in this study. Participants were recruited to complete a survey on the second victim experience and support tool, the simplified coping style questionnaire, and the professional quality of life scale. The stress coping theory was used to develop the framework in this study. The structural equation modelling approach was used for conducting the mediating effects analysis via IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 and Mplus 8.3. RESULTS In total, 67% (n = 899) of nurses reported a second victim experience during their careers. In a bivariate analysis, both second-victims experiences and coping styles were significantly associated with their professional quality of life. The results showed that the effects of second victim experiences on their professional quality of life were fully mediated by coping styles. A total of 10 significantly indirect pathways were estimated, ranging from -0.243 to 0.173. CONCLUSIONS Second-victim experiences are common among nurses in this study. Since the mediating effects of coping styles were clarified in this study, it is imperative to promote the perception of negative coping styles and encourage nurses to adopt more positive coping styles with adequate support systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xizhao Li
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chong Chin Che
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yamin Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mei Chan Chong
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Seys D, Panella M, Russotto S, Strametz R, Joaquín Mira J, Van Wilder A, Godderis L, Vanhaecht K. In search of an international multidimensional action plan for second victim support: a narrative review. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:816. [PMID: 37525127 PMCID: PMC10391912 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insights around second victims (SV) and patient safety has been growing over time. An overview of the available evidence is lacking. This review aims to describe (i) the impact a patient safety incident can have and (ii) how healthcare professionals can be supported in the aftermath of a patient safety incident. METHODS A literature search in Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL was performed between 1 and 2010 and 26 November 2020 with studies on SV as inclusion criteria. To be included in this review the studies must include healthcare professionals involved in the aftermath of a patient safety incident. RESULTS In total 104 studies were included. SVs can suffer from both psychosocial (negative and positive), professional and physical reactions. Support can be provided at five levels. The first level is prevention (on individual and organizational level) referring to measures taken before a patient safety incident happens. The other four levels focus on providing support in the aftermath of a patient safety incident, such as self-care of individuals and/or team, support by peers and triage, structured support by an expert in the field (professional support) and structured clinical support. CONCLUSION The impact of a patient safety incident on healthcare professionals is broad and diverse. Support programs should be organized at five levels, starting with preventive actions followed by self-care, support by peers, structured professional support and clinical support. This multilevel approach can now be translated in different countries, networks and organizations based on their own culture, support history, structure and legal context. Next to this, they should also include the stage of recovery in which the healthcare professional is located in.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Seys
- Department Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Massimiliano Panella
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Sophia Russotto
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | - José Joaquín Mira
- The Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, Alicante, Spain
- Health Psychology Department, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Astrid Van Wilder
- Department Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Department Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, IDEWE, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kris Vanhaecht
- Department Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Quality, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Øyri SF, Søreide K, Søreide E, Tjomsland O. Learning from experience: a qualitative study of surgeons' perspectives on reporting and dealing with serious adverse events. BMJ Open Qual 2023; 12:bmjoq-2023-002368. [PMID: 37286299 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2023-002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In surgery, serious adverse events have effects on the patient journey, the patient outcome and may constitute a burden to the surgeon involved. This study aims to investigate facilitators and barriers to transparency around, reporting of and learning from serious adverse events among surgeons. METHODS Based on a qualitative study design, we recruited 15 surgeons (4 females and 11 males) with 4 different surgical subspecialties from four Norwegian university hospitals. The participants underwent individual semistructured interviews and data were analysed according to principles of inductive qualitative content analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We identified four overarching themes. All surgeons reported having experienced serious adverse events, describing these as part of 'the nature of surgery'. Most surgeons reported that established strategies failed to combine facilitation of learning with taking care of the involved surgeons. Transparency about serious adverse events was by some felt as an extra burden, fearing that openness on technical-related errors could affect their future career negatively. Positive implications of transparency were linked with factors such as minimising the surgeon's feeling of personal burden with positive impact on individual and collective learning. A lack of facilitation of individual and structural transparency factors could entail 'collateral damage'. Our participants suggested that both the younger generation of surgeons in general, and the increasing number of women in surgical professions, might contribute to 'maturing' the culture of transparency. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that transparency associated with serious adverse events is hampered by concerns at both personal and professional levels among surgeons. These results emphasise the importance of improved systemic learning and the need for structural changes; it is crucial to increase the focus on education and training curriculums and offer advice on coping strategies and establish arenas for safe discussions after serious adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Furnes Øyri
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- SHARE Centre for Resilience in Healthcare, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- SAFER Surgery, Surgical Research Group, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Eldar Søreide
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ole Tjomsland
- South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schrøder K, Assing Hvidt E. Emotional Responses and Support Needs of Healthcare Professionals after Adverse or Traumatic Experiences in Healthcare-Evidence from Seminars on Peer Support. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095749. [PMID: 37174266 PMCID: PMC10178493 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify (i) emotions experienced by healthcare professionals (HCPs) after adverse or traumatic events and (ii) needs for support after adverse or traumatic events. Data for this qualitative, descriptive study were collected at 27 seminars for 198 HCPs introducing a peer-support programme after adverse or traumatic events (The Buddy Study). Through interactive exercises, participants shared their experiences, and this study reports on the responses of an exercise identifying emotions and needs after an adverse or traumatic event. The top five emotions were anger, guilt, impotence, grief, and frustration and anxiety, and the top five needs were to be met with understanding, recognition, listening, care, and respect. Ten categories of emotions experienced by HCPs after adverse or traumatic events were constructed, and the five categories with the highest number of mentions were anger and impotence, fear and insecurity, negative self-evaluation, guilt and shame, and alone and overloaded. Nine categories relating to needs for support after adverse or traumatic events were constructed, and the five categories with the highest number of mentions were: being seen and understood, compassion, being respected, time to recover, and organisational support. The emotional disclosure promoted at the peer seminars of the Buddy Study revealed that all participants share the same emotional distress, being either second victims or potential second victims. Moreover, the support needed was of a human-to-human nature that all participants felt capable of providing as a "buddy" for a colleague. Both the identified emotions and needs for support identified in this study may contribute to qualifying the development of the content of support programmes for HCPs after traumatic or adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schrøder
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Daunt R, Curtin D, O'Mahony D. Polypharmacy stewardship: a novel approach to tackle a major public health crisis. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2023; 4:e228-e235. [PMID: 37030320 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(23)00036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With growing global concern regarding medication-related harm, WHO launched a global patient safety challenge, Medication Without Harm, in March, 2017. Multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and fragmented health care (ie, patients attending appointments with multiple physicians in various health-care settings) are key drivers of medication-related harm, which can result in negative functional outcomes, high rates of hospitalisation, and excess morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with frailty older than 75 years. Some studies have examined the effect of medication stewardship interventions in older patient cohorts, but focused on a narrow spectrum of potentially adverse medication practices, with mixed results. In response to the WHO challenge, we propose the novel concept of broad-spectrum polypharmacy stewardship, a coordinated intervention designed to improve the management of multimorbidities, taking into account potentially inappropriate medications, potential prescribing omissions, drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, and prescribing cascades, aligning treatment regimens with the condition, prognosis, and preferences of the individual patient. Although the safety and efficacy of polypharmacy stewardship need to be tested with well designed clinical trials, we propose that this approach could minimise medication-related harm in older people with multimorbidities exposed to polypharmacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Daunt
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University College Cork, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Denis Curtin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University College Cork, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Denis O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University College Cork, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vanhaecht K, Seys D, Russotto S, Strametz R, Mira J, Sigurgeirsdóttir S, Wu AW, Põlluste K, Popovici DG, Sfetcu R, Kurt S, Panella M. An Evidence and Consensus-Based Definition of Second Victim: A Strategic Topic in Healthcare Quality, Patient Safety, Person-Centeredness and Human Resource Management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416869. [PMID: 36554750 PMCID: PMC9779047 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The concept of second victims (SV) was introduced 20 years ago to draw attention to healthcare professionals involved in patient safety incidents. The objective of this paper is to advance the theoretical conceptualization and to develop a common definition. A literature search was performed in Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL (October 2010 to November 2020). The description of SV was extracted regarding three concepts: (1) involved persons, (2) content of action and (3) impact. Based on these concepts, a definition was proposed and discussed within the ERNST-COST consortium in 2021 and 2022. An international group of experts finalized the definition. In total, 83 publications were reviewed. Based on expert consensus, a second victim was defined as: "Any health care worker, directly or indirectly involved in an unanticipated adverse patient event, unintentional healthcare error, or patient injury and who becomes victimized in the sense that they are also negatively impacted". The proposed definition can be used to help to reduce the impact of incidents on both healthcare professionals and organizations, thereby indirectly improve healthcare quality, patient safety, person-centeredness and human resource management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Vanhaecht
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Quality, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deborah Seys
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophia Russotto
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Reinhard Strametz
- Wiesbaden Business School, RheinMain University of Applied Science, 65183 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - José Mira
- The Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, 03550 Alicante, Spain
- Health Psychology Department, Miguel Hernandez University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | - Albert W. Wu
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, ML 21205, USA
| | - Kaja Põlluste
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Raluca Sfetcu
- National Institute of Health Services Management, 021253 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sule Kurt
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Nursing Department, Health Sciences Faculty, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Massimiliano Panella
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Finn M, Mellon L, Walsh A, O'Brien N, Williams DJ, Rafter N, McCarthy SE. 'What effect do safety culture interventions have on health care workers in hospital settings?' A systematic review of the international literature. HRB Open Res 2022; 5:48. [PMID: 37485071 PMCID: PMC10357077 DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13576.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Interventions designed to improve safety culture in hospitals foster organisational environments that prevent patient safety events and support organisational and staff learning when events do occur. A safety culture supports the required health workforce behaviours and norms that enable safe patient care, and the well-being of patients and staff. The impact of safety culture interventions on staff perceptions of safety culture and patient outcomes has been established. To-date, however, there is no common understanding of what staff outcomes are associated with interventions to improve safety culture and what staff outcomes should be measured. Objectives: The study seeks to examine the effect of safety culture interventions on staff in hospital settings, globally. Methods and Analysis: A mixed methods systematic review will be conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Searches will be conducted using the electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Health Business Elite, and Scopus. Returns will be screened in Covidence according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mixed-methods appraisal tool (MMAT) will be used as a quality assessment tool. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials and non-randomised studies of interventions will be employed to verify bias. Synthesis will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute methodological guidance for mixed methods reviews, which recommends a convergent approach to synthesis and integration. Discussion: This systematic review will contribute to the international evidence on how interventions to improve safety culture may support staff outcomes and how such interventions may be appropriately designed and implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mairéad Finn
- Graduate School of Healthcare Management, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Mellon
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling Walsh
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall O'Brien
- Library Services, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J. Williams
- Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natasha Rafter
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán E. McCarthy
- Graduate School of Healthcare Management, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Asakawa M, Imafuku R, Kawakami C, Hayakawa K, Suzuki Y, Saiki T. Promoting a culture of sharing the error: A qualitative study in resident physicians' process of coping and learning through self-disclosure after medical error. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:960418. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.960418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeMost physicians, including residents, experience significant emotional distress after making medical 11 errors. As high reliability organizations (HROs), hospitals must not only support physicians' emotional recovery but also promote their learning from errors. Self-disclosure is a process of communication in which individuals reveal information about themselves to others. While many previous studies have focused on investigating the effectiveness of self-disclosure, little is known about the process itself. Therefore, this study aims to explore residents' processes of coping with their emotional distress and learning through self-disclosure after making errors.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 residents in their second year from two Japanese hospitals where informal error conferences guided by senior residents are implemented regularly. In the interview, four core questions were posed regarding the nature of the error/incident, their emotions and behavior after the error, ways of self-disclosure, and the results of error-sharing in the conference. Interview data were thematically analyzed, drawing upon disclosure decision model as the theoretical framework.ResultsFive phases emerged from the analysis: (1) emotional distress and reactions before self-disclosure; (2) self-disclosure to individuals to achieve social rewards; (3) emotional sublimation after self-disclosure to individuals; (4) sharing errors in groups for learning opportunities; and (5) transforming the perspectives on overcoming and learning from errors.ConclusionThis is the study to demonstrate that various types of self-disclosure were embedded in the processes of residents' recovery and learning from medical errors. The study suggests that a better understanding of the processes of residents' coping with their distress and learning from their errors through self-disclosure is fundamental to the creation of a “culture of sharing errors” in hospitals as HROs.
Collapse
|
22
|
Seys D, De Decker E, Waelkens H, Claes S, Panella M, Danckaerts M, Vanhaecht K. A Comparative Study Measuring the Difference of Healthcare Workers Reactions Among Those Involved in a Patent Safety Incident and Healthcare Professionals While Working During COVID-19. J Patient Saf 2022; 18:717-721. [PMID: 36170589 PMCID: PMC9524533 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe the differences and similarities in the reaction of the healthcare worker involved in a patient safety incident or during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also compared the differences in support they need. METHODS A secondary data analysis was performed based on 2 cross-sectional survey studies. One study evaluated the impact of patient safety incidents on healthcare professionals, and the other evaluated the impact of COVID-19. Measurements on mental health reactions and an evaluation of the experienced support system were compared between 883 doctors and 1970 nurses working in different hospitals. RESULTS Anxiety, difficulties concentrating, doubting knowledge and skills, feeling on their own, feeling unhappy and dejected, feeling uncertain in team, flashbacks, hypervigilance, sleep deprivation, stress and wanting to quit profession were statistically higher in the COVID-19-related groups. Second victims tend to speak about it with their own/close colleagues, whereas healthcare workers working during the COVID-19 pandemic talk more often to their partner and friends. Only a small number talked to a psychologist, but the number who needed to talk to a psychologist but did not is higher than the number who did talk to a psychologist or used professional support in all 5 groups. CONCLUSIONS The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers is larger than after being involved in a patient safety incident. There is the need for an adequate support system, and the mental health of all healthcare workers needs to be considered. Partners and friend play a more important role in the support experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, and there is an important need for professional help.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Seys
- From the Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven
| | | | - Hadi Waelkens
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Leuven
| | - Stephan Claes
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven
- Department of Neurosciences, Mind Body Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Panella
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Marina Danckaerts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven
| | - Kris Vanhaecht
- From the Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven
- Department of Quality, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Koca A, Elhan AH, Genç S, Oğuz AB, Eneyli MG, Polat O. Validation of the Turkish version of the second victim experience and Support Tool (T-SVEST). Heliyon 2022; 8:e10553. [PMID: 36119864 PMCID: PMC9474318 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Second victim experience defines the healthcare professionals involved in unexpected adverse patient events. The Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (SVEST) is a tool used to measure the second victim experience and the desired support resources. This study aims to carry out a cross-cultural adaptation of the SVEST and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version (T-SVEST). Methods The T-SVEST was translated and adapted according to World Health Organization guidelines. 221 healthcare professionals including physicians, residents and nurses working at the emergency department, completed the survey. Cronbach's α values were assessed for reliability, and construct validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis in order to evaluate model fit. Results The global Cronbach's α score of the T-SVEST was 0.90. The final version of the TSVEST including 24 items was consistent with values between 0.83 and 0.89. The most consistent dimension was turnover intentions with a Cronbach's value of 0.89, it was followed by institutional support (Cronbach α = 0.88). After applying modifications suggested by confirmatory factor analysis, a final model including 9 factor-structure (7 dimensions and 2 outcome variables) and 24 items was significantly improved with acceptable comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index and root mean square error of approximation. Conclusion The Turkish version of the SVEST is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to identify second victims and help implement support resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Koca
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Halil Elhan
- Department of Biostatistics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinan Genç
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Burak Oğuz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Müge Günalp Eneyli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Polat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Austin DM, Pauley G, Ferkins L. Establishing a Guide for Developing Organizational Support in Healthcare Following a Critical or Sentinel Event. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1607-1619. [PMID: 35786094 DOI: 10.1177/10497323221111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Health professionals require support and recognition to help manage the well-known impact of critical or sentinel events relating to patient care. The potential distress can be magnified or mitigated by the response of the organization and colleagues. However, strategies that are accessible, relevant, and effective in the aftermath of a poor outcome are not well established. Using an action research methodology, a support tool was collaboratively designed, developed, and evaluated in a maternity service of one organization and adapted to the mental health and addiction service in another. Four principles that are intrinsic to the establishment of support tools became apparent across the two settings. Through applying these criteria to the customization of the support tool, it became relevant within the new service setting, and an implementation guide for other organizations was created. Although undertaken pre-pandemic, insights derived from this study may benefit post-pandemic situations where the need for health professional support is even greater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Pauley
- 1410Auckland University of Technology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lesley Ferkins
- 1410Auckland University of Technology, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Finn M, Mellon L, Walsh A, O'Brien N, Williams DJ, Rafter N, McCarthy SE. ‘What effect do safety culture interventions have on health care workers in hospital settings?’ A systematic review of the international literature. HRB Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13576.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Interventions designed to improve safety culture in hospitals foster organisational environments that prevent patient safety events and support organisational and staff learning when events do occur. A safety culture supports the required health workforce behaviours and norms that enable safe patient care, and the well-being of patients and staff. The impact of safety culture interventions on staff perceptions of safety culture and patient outcomes has been established. To-date, however, there is no common understanding of what staff outcomes are associated with interventions to improve safety culture and what staff outcomes should be measured. Objectives: The study seeks to examine the effect of safety culture interventions on staff in hospital settings, globally. The research questions are: 1) what effects do interventions to improve safety culture have on staff? 2) What intervention features, safety culture domains or other factors explain these effects? 3) What staff outcomes and experiences are identified? Methods and Analysis: A mixed methods systematic review will be conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Searches will be conducted using the electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Health Business Elite, and Scopus. Returns will be screened in Covidence according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mixed-methods appraisal tool (MMAT) will be used as a quality assessment tool. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials and non-randomised studies of interventions will be employed to verify bias. Synthesis will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute methodological guidance for mixed methods reviews, which recommends a convergent approach to synthesis and integration. Discussion: This systematic review will contribute to the international evidence on how interventions to improve safety culture may support staff outcomes and how such interventions may be appropriately designed and implemented.
Collapse
|
26
|
Second Victim Experience and Perception Discordance of the Colonoscopic Perforation. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:2857-2865. [PMID: 34283361 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perforation is the most serious adverse event of colonoscopy, but rarely considered from the view of colonoscopists' second victim experience and perception discordance between colonoscopists and patients. AIMS We aimed to evaluate colonoscopists' second victim experience and the perception discordance between colonoscopists and patients for the colonoscopic perforation. METHODS A survey for colonoscopic perforation was performed for the colonoscopists and outpatients who visited the university hospital between February 1, 2020, and April 30, 2020. The questionnaire included questions regarding colonoscopists' satisfaction for the intervention strategies offered to patients and patient-colonoscopist perception on colonoscopic perforation. A modified Korean version of the "Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (K-SVEST)" was used to assess the second victim experiences and supportive resources for the colonoscopists. RESULTS Survey results from 160 colonoscopists and 165 patients were analyzed. The colonoscopists' satisfaction scores were higher for strategies related to sufficient explanation, empathy, courteous listening, and monetary compensation. The scores of the K-SVEST for the second victim experience were highest in psychological distress, followed by loss of professional self-efficacy, colleague support, physical distress, non-work-related support, institutional support, and turnover intentions/absenteeism. Significant patient-colonoscopist discordance was noted for the same colonoscopic perforation scenario on the judgment of medical error, health professionals' apology, monetary compensation, and criminal penalties for the colonoscopists. CONCLUSIONS Colonoscopists can suffer emotionally and physically from the second victim experience after colonoscopic perforation. In addition, the significant patient-colonoscopist discordance should be considered to make a better communication for the colonoscopic perforation.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unanticipated adverse events could harm not only patients and families but also health care professionals. These people are defined as second victims. Second victim distress (SVD) refers to physical, emotional, and professional problems of health care professionals. While positive patient safety cultures (PSCs) are associated with reducing severity of SVD, there is a dearth of research on the association between PSCs and SVD and the mediation effects in those associations. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between PSCs and SVD and verify the multiple mediation effects of colleague, supervisor, and institutional supports. METHODS A cross-sectional study using a self-report questionnaire was conducted among 296 nurses in South Korea. The participants were selected by quota sampling in 41 departments including general wards, intensive care units, etc. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression, and multiple mediation analysis were conducted using SPSS 25.0 and the PROCESS macros. RESULTS Nonpunitive response to errors, communication openness, and colleague, supervisor, and institutional supports had negative correlations with SVD (Ps < .05). In the multiple mediation model, a nonpunitive response to error showed a significant direct effect on SVD (direct effect β = -.26, P < .001). Colleague, supervisor, and institutional supports showed a significant indirect effect between nonpunitive response to error and SVD; colleague (indirect effect β [Boot LLCI-Boot ULCI] = -.03 [-0.06 to -0.00]), supervisor (.03[0.00 to 0.07]), and institutional support (-.04 [-0.07 to -0.01]). CONCLUSION The study suggests that establishing nonpunitive organizational cultures is an effective strategy to reduce SVD. The findings highlight the importance of promoting programs that strengthen PSCs in hospitals and prioritizing support resources to reduce SVD among nurses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Aee Kim
- Management and Planning Team, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (Dr S.-A. Kim); College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea (Dr E.-M. Kim); and Department of Nursing, Koje University, Koje, Republic of Korea (Dr Lee)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sun L, Deng J, Xu J, Ye X. Rumination's Role in Second Victim Nurses' Recovery From Psychological Trauma: A Cross-Sectional Study in China. Front Psychol 2022; 13:860902. [PMID: 35592176 PMCID: PMC9110963 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.860902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nurses can experience psychological trauma after adverse nursing events, making it likely for them to become second victims (SVs). This negatively impacts patient safety and nurses’ development. This study aims to understand the status of psychological trauma and recovery of nurses as SVs in domestic China and examine the influencing mechanism of cognitive rumination during their recovery from psychological damage. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey. An online questionnaire was completed by 233 nurses from across China. Data were collected using Chinese versions of the Second Victim Experience and Support Evaluation Scale, the Incident-related Rumination Meditation Questionnaire, and the post-traumatic growth (PTG) Rating Scale. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression, as well as mediation analysis, were used for different analyses in this study. Results: Participants experienced apparent psychological traumas (4.65 ± 0.5583) with a certain degree of PTG (76.18 ± 16.0040); they reported a strong need for psychological support (95.7%). Psychological trauma was positively and negatively correlated with rumination and PTG (r = 0.465, p < 0.001; r = −0.155, p < 0.05) respectively. Both psychologically impaired experience and rumination had significant predictive effects on participants’ PTG (both, p < 0.001). Nurses’ active rumination significantly mediated their psychological recovery from trauma to PTG (p < 0.05), but the effect of invasive rumination was not significant (p > 0.05). Limitation: The specific manifestations of the mechanism of invasive rumination are not clarified in this study. Conclusion: The present study investigated the psychological trauma of SV nurses as well as their support needs, and explored the role of cognitive rumination in the psychological repair and PTG of SV nurses. Results showed that SV nurses’ active rumination on adverse nursing events could promote their recovery from psychological trauma, but invasive rumination could not. This study provides a trauma-informed approach to care at the clinical level for nurses who experience psychological trauma caused by adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianrong Sun
- Nursing College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Tianhua College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Nursing College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixin Xu
- Academic Library, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuchun Ye
- Nursing College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rivera-Chiauzzi E, Finney RE, Riggan KA, Weaver AL, Long ME, Torbenson VE, Allyse MA. Understanding the Second Victim Experience Among Multidisciplinary Providers in Obstetrics and Gynecology. J Patient Saf 2022; 18:e463-e469. [PMID: 33871416 PMCID: PMC8521555 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of second victim experience (SVE) among obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) clinical and nonclinical healthcare workers and compare healthcare workers who did and did not identify as a second victim (SV) in the last year. METHODS The validated Second Victim Experience and Support Tool and additional questions designed to explore SVE topics specific to OBGYN healthcare workers were administered to a multidisciplinary group. RESULTS Of 571 individuals sent a survey link, 205 completed the survey: 117 worked in obstetrics (OB), 73 in gynecology (GYN), and 15 in both areas. Overall, 44.8% of respondents identified as an SV sometime during their career, 18.8% within the last 12 months. Among nonclinical staff respondents, 26.7% identified as an SV during their career and 13.3% in the last 12 months. Respondents who identified as an SV in the last 12 months reported experiencing significantly more psychological and physical distress, a greater degree to which colleague and institutional support were perceived as inadequate, decreased professional self-efficacy, and increased turnover intentions. The most common events identified as likely triggers for SVE were fetal or neonatal loss (72.7%) and maternal death (68.2%) in OB and patient accusations or complaints (69.3%) in GYN. CONCLUSIONS Among survey respondents, there was a high prevalence of SVs in OBGYN staff, distributed equally between OB and GYN. Nonclinical healthcare workers also identified as SVs. The OBGYN departments should consider using the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool to screen for potential SV among their healthcare workers to provide additional support after events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amy L Weaver
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pieretti A, Bastiani L, Bellandi T, Molinaro S, Zoppi P, Rasero L. Second Victim Experience and Support Tool: An Assessment of Psychometric Properties of Italian Version. J Patient Saf 2022; 18:111-118. [PMID: 33620164 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Second victim syndrome is a hidden pitfall inside health care organizations. The impact of a patient safety incident on health and safety of health care workers (HCWs) is still a matter with limited evidence in terms of prevalence, etiology, and effects. The aims of this study were to validate the Italian version of the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (I-SVEST) and determine its psychometric properties in a group of HCWs exposed to patient safety incidents. MATERIALS AND METHODS An observational cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey. Construct validity for the total score and for each of the 7 subscales was assessed using principal component analysis and internal consistency using Cronbach α coefficient. RESULTS The prevalence of second victims in our sample was 35.4% (85/240). The component SVEST was positively associated with turnover intentions but not directly related to absenteeism and sociodemographic characteristics. Absenteeism and sociodemographic characteristics components were positively associated with turnover intentions. Factor analysis confirmed that the questionnaire has 7 dimensions: psychological distress, physical distress, colleague support, supervisor support, institutional support, non-work-related support, and professional self-efficacy. Cronbach α for the Italian version was strong at α = 0.855. Cronbach α ranged from 0.613 for colleague support to 0.882 for supervisor support. CONCLUSIONS The Italian version of the SVEST has excellent psychometric properties and can be used to detect prevalence in different contexts, to support studies and preventive interventions for Italian HCWs. The SVEST provides a robust model to describe the concept of second victim and to conduct comparisons with cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pieretti
- From the Department of Nursing, Local Healthcare Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Zoppi
- From the Department of Nursing, Local Healthcare Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence
| | - Laura Rasero
- University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rivera-Chiauzzi EY, Smith HA, Moore-Murray T, Lee C, Goffman D, Bernstein PS, Chazotte C. Healing Our Own: A Randomized Trial to Assess Benefits of Peer Support. J Patient Saf 2022; 18:e308-e314. [PMID: 32925571 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to develop and evaluate a structured peer support program to address the needs of providers involved in obstetric adverse outcomes. METHODS In this pilot randomized controlled trial, participants were providers who experienced an obstetric-related adverse outcome. Providers were randomly assigned to routine support (no further follow-up) or enhanced support (follow-up with a trained peer supporter). Participants completed surveys at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The primary outcome was the use of resources and the perception of their helpfulness. Secondary outcomes were the effect on the recovery stages and the duration of use of peer support. RESULTS Fifty participants were enrolled and randomly assigned 1:1 to each group; 42 completed the program (enhanced, 23; routine, 19). The 2 groups were not significantly different with respect to event type, demographics, or baseline stage; in both groups, most participants started at the stage 6 thriving path. Most participants required less than 3 months of support: 65.2% did not need follow-up after the first contact, and 91.3% did not need follow-up after the second contact. Participants who transitioned from an early stage of recovery (stages 1-3) to the stage 6 thriving path reported that they most often sought support from peers (P = 0.02) and departmental leadership (P = 0.07). Those in the enhanced support group were significantly more likely to consider departmental leadership as one of the most helpful resources (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS For supporting health care providers involved in adverse outcomes, structured peer support is a practicable intervention that can be initiated with limited resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter S Bernstein
- From the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Cynthia Chazotte
- From the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wade L, Fitzpatrick E, Williams N, Parker R, Hurley KF. Organizational Interventions to Support Second Victims in Acute Care Settings: A Scoping Study. J Patient Saf 2022; 18:e61-e72. [PMID: 32404849 PMCID: PMC8719514 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Health care providers that experience harm after adverse events have been termed "second victims." Our objective was to characterize the range and context of interventions to support second victims in acute care settings. METHODS We performed a scoping study using Arksey and O'Malley's process. A library scientist searched PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in September 2017, and updated the search in November 2018. We sought gray literature (Canadian Electronic Library, Proquest and Scopus) and searched reference lists of included studies. Stakeholder organizations and authors of included studies were contacted. Two reviewers independently reviewed titles and abstracts and extracted data. A qualitative approach was used to categorize the context and characteristics of the 22 identified interventions. RESULTS After screening 5634 titles and abstracts, 173 articles underwent full-text screening. Twenty-two interventions met the criteria and were categorized as providing peer support (n = 8), proactive education (n = 6), or both (n = 8). Programs came from Canada (n = 2), Spain (n = 2), and the United States (n = 18). A specific traumatic event triggered the development of 5 programs. Some programs used a standard definition of second victims, (n = 6), whereas other programs had a broader scope (n = 12). Confidentiality was explicitly assured in 9 peer support programs. Outcome measures were often not reported. CONCLUSIONS This is a new area of study with little qualitative data from which to determine whether these programs are effective. Many programs had a similar design, based on the structure proposed by the same small group of experts in this new field. Concerns about potential legal proceedings hinder documentation and study of program effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robin Parker
- WK Kellogg Health Science Library, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Morris D, Sveticic J, Grice D, Turner K, Graham N. Collaborative Approach to Supporting Staff in a Mental Healthcare Setting: "Always There" Peer Support Program. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2022; 43:42-50. [PMID: 34403302 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2021.1953651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and implementation of a peer-support program Always There in a large public mental health service in Queensland, Australia. The program is modelled on Scott's three tier model of peer support, with trained responders providing emotional support to staff following a traumatic adverse event, or when experiencing acute or cumulative stress. Support is provided in complete confidentiality. Main lessons learned in the 2 years since the launch of the program are shared in this paper, outlining successes such as improvements in staff's perception of organisational culture, and challenges related to embedding the program to "business as usual".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debby Morris
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jerneja Sveticic
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Diana Grice
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn Turner
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Graham
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Becoming skeptical towards vaccines: How health views shape the trajectories following health-related events. Soc Sci Med 2021; 293:114668. [PMID: 34953419 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on skepticism towards childhood vaccination urge scholars to analyse vaccination trajectories. Focusing on a social group that recent studies point out as being especially relevant because of its relatively high level of skepticism toward childhood vaccination, we use in-depth interviews resembling open conversations to explore how more-educated parents' views on vaccination came about. Providing an in-depth understanding of these vaccine-skepticism trajectories, we additionally analyse 1) how health-related events play a role in parents' trajectories, and 2) how these trajectories are shaped by parents' pre-existing health views. Interviews with 31 more-educated Dutch parents reveal that different types of events incite respondents to start questioning vaccinations. Next to more commonly studied events that directly involve parents' or their children's health (e.g., (perceived) adverse effects of treatments), events that are also related to the topic of health or vaccination but do not involve parents' or their children's health (e.g., when health issues come up in a conversation) may incite parents to start questioning vaccination. Moreover, how respondents experience (different types of) health-related events, and how they go through distinct stages after this, proves shaped by their pre-existing health views: parents with nature-oriented health views came to doubt the fundamental principles of vaccination, turning instead to 'alternative' resources and practices; parents with science-oriented views queried the potential risks of vaccination and sought out what they viewed as the most scientifically sound information. We discuss the implications of our findings for scholarly debates and provide suggestions for further research.
Collapse
|
35
|
Marr R, Goyal A, Quinn M, Chopra V. Support opportunities for second victims lessons learned: a qualitative study of the top 20 US News and World Report Honor Roll Hospitals. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1330. [PMID: 34895225 PMCID: PMC8665707 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Second Victim Programs (SVPs) provide support for healthcare providers involved in a near-miss, medical error, or adverse patient outcomes. Little is known about existence and structure of SVPs in top performing US hospitals. Methods We performed a prospective study and interviewed individuals representing SVPs from 20 US News and World Report (USNWR) Honor Roll Hospitals. Telephone interviews were recorded, transcribed, and de-identified. To allow identification of both quantitative and qualitative themes that unified or distinguished programs with SVPs from each other, a content analysis approach was used. Results Of the Top 20 UNSWR hospitals, nineteen individuals with knowledge of or involvement in SVPs were identified. One individual represented two hospital systems for the same institution. Thirteen representatives agreed to participate, 12 declined, and 5 did not respond. One individual who initially agreed to participate did not attend the interview. Among twelve representatives interviewed, 10 reported establishment of SVPs at their hospitals between 2011 and 2016. Most program representatives reported that participants sought support voluntarily. Four domains were identified in the qualitative analysis: (a) identification of need for Second Victim Program (SVP); (b) challenges to program viability; (c) structural changes following SVP creation, and (d) insights for success. Driving SVP creation was the need support medical providers following a traumatic patient event. Poor physician participation due to the stigma associated with seeking support was commonly reported as a challenge. However, acceptance of the mission of SVPs, growing recognition of the value of the program across hospital departments, and systematic safety enhancements were cited as key advantages. To ensure success, participants suggested training a variety of volunteers and incorporating SVPs within quality improvement processes. Conclusions In this convenience sample, programs for healthcare providers that experience psychosocial or emotional trauma from clinical care were uncommon. Variation in structure, performance, and measures of success among SVPs was observed. A systematic approach to evaluating SVPs is needed to help inform institutions of how to best serve their second victims. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-07315-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Marr
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, USA.
| | - Anupama Goyal
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Martha Quinn
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, USA.,Patient Safety Enhancement Program, University of Michigan and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Vineet Chopra
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, USA.,Patient Safety Enhancement Program, University of Michigan and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI, Ann Arbor, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schiess C, Schwappach D, Schwendimann R, Vanhaecht K, Burgstaller M, Senn B. A Transactional "Second-Victim" Model-Experiences of Affected Healthcare Professionals in Acute-Somatic Inpatient Settings: A Qualitative Metasynthesis. J Patient Saf 2021; 17:e1001-e1018. [PMID: 29384831 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Second victims" are healthcare professionals traumatized by involvement in significant adverse events. Associated burdens, e.g., guilt, can impair professional performance, thereby endangering patient safety. To date, however, a model of second victims' experiences toward a deeper understanding of qualitative studies is missing. Therefore, we aimed to identify, describe, and interpret these experiences in acute-somatic inpatient settings. METHODS This qualitative metasynthesis reflects a systematic literature search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, extended by hand searches and expert consultations. Two researchers independently evaluated qualitative studies in German and English, assessing study quality via internationally approved criteria. Results were analyzed inductively and aggregated quantitatively. RESULTS Based on 19 qualitative studies (explorative-descriptive: n = 13; grounded theory: n = 3; phenomenology: n = 3), a model of second-victim experience was drafted. This depicts a multistage developmental process: in appraising their situation, second victims focus on their involvement in an adverse event, and they become traumatized. To restore their integrity, they attempt to understand the event and to act accordingly; however, their reactions are commonly emotional and issue focused. Outcomes include leaving the profession, surviving, or thriving. This development process is alternately modulated by safety culture and healthcare professionals. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, this model works systematically from the second-victim perspective based on qualitative studies. Based on our findings, we recommend integrating second victims' experiences into safety culture and root-cause analyses. Our transactional model of second-victim experience provides a foundation for strategies to maintain and improve patient safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornel Schiess
- From the Institute of Applied Sciences IPW-FHS, University of Applied Sciences FHS St.Gallen, St. Gallen
| | - David Schwappach
- Patient Safety Switzerland, Zurich; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern
| | | | - Kris Vanhaecht
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melanie Burgstaller
- From the Institute of Applied Sciences IPW-FHS, University of Applied Sciences FHS St.Gallen, St. Gallen
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Biquet JM, Schopper D, Sprumont D, Michel P. A Call for the Application of Patient Safety Culture in Medical Humanitarian Action: A Literature Review. J Patient Saf 2021; 17:e1732-e1737. [PMID: 32175966 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to assess lessons learned on patient safety in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and to assess whether they are applied or can be applied to the humanitarian medicine. METHODS This is (a) a 2013-2018 rapid literature review of reviews and systematic reviews articles (PubMed database) on "patient safety" and "medical error" to look for lessons learned regarding patient safety in OECD countries and (b) a rapid literature review (PubMed and Embase databases) on "humanitarian medicine" and "patient safety," from their creation to 2018, to find any articles related to patient safety in humanitarian medicine. In both reviews were excluded articles specifically related to one device, disease, or medical act. These reviews were complemented by a Google search. RESULTS Of the 245 references retrieved, 104 met the inclusion criteria. Of 308 references, 39 respected the inclusion criteria. In OECD countries, patient safety comprises correlated measures taken at three levels. The micro level focuses on individual staff involved in healthcare provision or management; the meso level focuses on medical institutions; the macro level focuses on national healthcare systems. Only one reference mentioned the implementation of a medical error reporting and analysis system in medical humanitarian organization. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of strategies and a culture of safety will need to be adapted to address the variety of intervention contexts and to respond first to the fears and expectations of humanitarian staff. Medical humanitarian organizations, in the absence of an overarching authority for the sector, have a major responsibility in the development of a general patient safety policy applicable in all their operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dominique Sprumont
- Institute of Health Law, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Choi EY, Pyo J, Lee W, Jang SG, Park YK, Ock M, Lee H. Perception Gaps of Disclosure of Patient Safety Incidents Between Nurses and the General Public in Korea. J Patient Saf 2021; 17:e971-e975. [PMID: 32910040 PMCID: PMC8612886 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore nurses' perceptions regarding disclosure of patient safety incidents. METHODS An anonymous online survey was conducted, and results were compared with those of the general public using the same questionnaire in a previous study. RESULTS Among 689 nurses, 96.8% of nurses felt major errors should be disclosed to patients or their caregivers, but only 67.5% felt disclosure of medical errors should be mandatory. In addition, 58.5% of nurses were concerned that disclose will increase the incidence of medical lawsuits. More than two-thirds of nurses felt such discloses will reduce feelings of guilt associated with a patient safety incident. Only 51.1% of nurses, but 93.3% of the public, felt near misses should be disclosed to patients. CONCLUSIONS Nurses generally had a positive attitude toward disclosure of patient safety incidents, but they preferred it less than the general public. To reduce this gap, legal and nonlegal measures will need to be implemented. Furthermore, it is necessary to continue monitoring the gap by regularly assessing perceptions of disclosure of patient safety incidents among health care professionals and the general public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Choi
- From the Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan
| | - Jeehee Pyo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Won Lee
- Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University
| | | | - Young-Kwon Park
- Prevention and Care Center, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan
| | - Minsu Ock
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan
- Prevention and Care Center, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyoung Lee
- Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Effect of after action review on safety culture and second victim experience and its implementation in an Irish hospital: A mixed methods study protocol. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259887. [PMID: 34793495 PMCID: PMC8601442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After Action Review is a form of facilitated team learning and review of events. The methodology originated in the United States Army and forms part of the Incident Management Framework in the Irish Health Services. After Action Review has been hypothesized to improve safety culture and the effect of patient safety events on staff (second victim experience) in health care settings. Yet little direct evidence exists to support this and its implementation has not been studied. Aim To investigate the effect of After Action Review on safety culture and second victim experience and to examine After Action Review implementation in a hospital setting. Methods A mixed methods study will be conducted at an Irish hospital. To assess the effect on safety culture and second victim experience, hospital staff will complete surveys before and twelve months after the introduction of After Action Review to the hospital (Hospital Survey on Safety Culture 2.0 and Second Victim Experience and Support Tool). Approximately one in twelve staff will be trained as After Action Review Facilitators using a simulation based training programme. Six months after the After Action Review training, focus groups will be conducted with a stratified random sample of the trained facilitators. These will explore enablers and barriers to implementation using the Theoretical Domains Framework. At twelve months, information will be collected from the trained facilitators and the hospital to establish the quality and resource implications of implementing After Action Review. Discussion The results of the study will directly inform local hospital decision-making and national and international approaches to incorporating After Action Review in hospitals and other healthcare settings.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wilkinson J, Marshall C. Health practitioner experience of Health and Disability Commissioner investigations. J Prim Health Care 2021; 13:213-221. [PMID: 34588105 DOI: 10.1071/hc21026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The New Zealand Health and Disability Commissioner (HDC) Act 1994 was designed to protect the rights of consumers and provide a fair, simple, speedy, and efficient resolution to complaints. No recent studies have been published about the health practitioner experience of HDC investigations following a patient complaint, and none that include nurses and midwives. AIM To use a restorative inquiry framework to understand the impacts and needs of health practitioners arising from an event that led to an investigation by the HDC during the last 10 years. METHODS A descriptive qualitative approach was used with data collected using semi-structured interviews with doctors, nurses, and midwives (n = 13). The data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Participants worked in primary care, aged care, and services provided by public hospitals. The emotional impacts arising from the event and investigation were profound, with long-lasting effects on participants' sense of self, reputation, and how, or if, they continued to practice. Participants indicated a need for support from colleagues and employers, a fair and relational investigation process, and a meaningful way of connecting to put things right. DISCUSSION A shift to a restorative approach whereby people involved in a complaint come together to speak truthfully about what happened and its impact on their lives, offers hope for a process that repairs relationships and improves health services. Restorative approaches clarify accountabilities and could lead to more satisfactory outcomes for all parties. This study contributes to emerging thinking about the use of restorative approaches in health-care contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Wilkinson
- The Diana Unwin Chair in Restorative Justice, Victoria University of Wellington, 55 Lambton Quay, Wellington 6011, New Zealand; and Corresponding author.
| | - Chris Marshall
- The Diana Unwin Chair in Restorative Justice, Victoria University of Wellington, 55 Lambton Quay, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kappes M, Romero-García M, Delgado-Hito P. Coping strategies in health care providers as second victims: A systematic review. Int Nurs Rev 2021; 68:471-481. [PMID: 34118061 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyze personal and organizational strategies described in the literature for dealing with the second victim phenomenon among healthcare providers. BACKGROUND The second victim phenomenon involves many associated signs and symptoms, which can be physical, psychological, emotional, or behavioral. Personal and organizational strategies have been developed to deal with this phenomenon. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases, searching for evidence published between 2010 and 2019 in Spanish, English, German, and Portuguese. RESULTS Seven hundred and eighty-three articles were identified. After eliminating duplicates, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and critical analysis tools of the Joanna Briggs Institute, 16 research articles were included: 10 quantitative studies (design: descriptive, correlational, systematic, or integrative review) and six qualitative studies (descriptive, systematic review). There are several different personal and organizational strategies for dealing with the second victim phenomenon. Among these, peer support and learning from adverse events are highly valued. In personal strategies stands out the internal analysis of the adverse event that the professional performs to deal with the generated negative feelings. In organizational strategies, the most valued are second victim support programs with rapid response teams and made up of peers. CONCLUSIONS The main organizational coping strategies for tackling this phenomenon are online programs in countries such as the United States, Spain, and other European countries. Formal evaluation of these programs and research is required in Latin America. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICIES Adequately coping with the second victim phenomenon allows health professionals and organizations to learn from adverse events. Furthermore, by supporting health professionals who suffer from the second victim phenomenon, the organization takes care of its most valuable resource, its human capital. This contributes toward building a culture of healthcare quality in organizations, which will reduce adverse events in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kappes
- Faculty of Healthcare Sciences, Nursing School, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Marta Romero-García
- Fundamental Care and Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Collado Villalba, International Research Project-Proyecto HU-CI, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Delgado-Hito
- Fundamental Care and Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Collado Villalba, International Research Project-Proyecto HU-CI, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Busch IM, Moretti F, Campagna I, Benoni R, Tardivo S, Wu AW, Rimondini M. Promoting the Psychological Well-Being of Healthcare Providers Facing the Burden of Adverse Events: A Systematic Review of Second Victim Support Resources. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105080. [PMID: 34064913 PMCID: PMC8151650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the negative impact of adverse events on the wellbeing of healthcare providers, easy access to psychological support is crucial. We aimed to describe the types of support resources available in healthcare organizations, their benefits for second victims, peer supporters’ experiences, and implementation challenges. We also explored how these resources incorporate aspects of Safety I and Safety II. We searched six databases up to 19 December 2019 and additional literature, including weekly search alerts until 21 January 2021. Two reviewers independently performed all methodological steps (search, selection, quality assessment, data extraction, formal narrative synthesis). The 16 included studies described 12 second victim support resources, implemented between 2006 and 2017. Preliminary data indicated beneficial effects not only for the affected staff but also for the peer responders who considered their role to be challenging but gratifying. Challenges during program implementation included persistent blame culture, limited awareness of program availability, and lack of financial resources. Common goals of the support programs (e.g., fostering coping strategies, promoting individual resilience) are consistent with Safety II and may promote system resilience. Investing in second victim support structures should be a top priority for healthcare institutions adopting a systemic approach to safety and striving for just culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isolde Martina Busch
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Moretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Irene Campagna
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.C.); (R.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Roberto Benoni
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.C.); (R.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Stefano Tardivo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.C.); (R.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Albert W. Wu
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Michela Rimondini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.M.B.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Amit Aharon A, Fariba M, Shoshana F, Melnikov S. Nurses as 'second victims' to their patients' suicidal attempts: A mixed-method study. J Clin Nurs 2021; 30:3290-3300. [PMID: 33969556 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To understand the effects of patients' suicidal attempts and events on nurses' second victim symptoms and to explore the association between these experiences and nurse absenteeism and turnover. BACKGROUND The term 'second victim' is when a healthcare professional expresses psychological symptom following adverse patient event. This has been previously shown to be associated with absenteeism and higher staff turnover. DESIGN A mixed-methods study with a sequential exploratory approach. METHODS A qualitative approach was used for nurses to relate their experiences of their patients' suicidal attempts. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted in 150 nurses who worked in internal departments. The Second Victim Experience and Support Tool was used to substantiate and measure second victim related distress of nurses who treated suicidal patients. The qualitative data were analysed by a constant comparative analysis method. The analytic analysis of the quantitative study included Pearson's correlations and hierarchical linear regression model to assess the explanatory variables to absenteeism and staff turnover. The study adhered to the STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies and the COREQ guidelines for qualitative studies. RESULTS The qualitative part identified three themes and nine sub-themes, including the new variable 'sense of being alone'. The quantitative part of the study found that nurses expressed a medium level of second victim related distress. After controlling for demographic variables, second victim distress and the sense of being alone following patients' suicidal events may explain nurse absenteeism and turnover. CONCLUSIONS Nurses who experience suicidal attempts of their patients react as second victims. These symptoms lead to nurse absenteeism and turnover. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses who experience suicidal attempts of their patients need treatment and support as second victims, the same as in any other medical adverse event. The nursing leadership should emotionally support these nurses and prevent consequential staff organisational problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anat Amit Aharon
- Nursing Department, Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Semyon Melnikov
- Nursing Department, Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Van Slambrouck L, Verschueren R, Seys D, Bruyneel L, Panella M, Vanhaecht K. Second victims among baccalaureate nursing students in the aftermath of a patient safety incident: An exploratory cross-sectional study. J Prof Nurs 2021; 37:765-770. [PMID: 34187676 DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A patient safety incident (PSI) is considered to have an impact on nursing students. Healthcare professionals often feel personally responsible for the unexpected patient outcome and feel as though they have failed their patient. In this way they may become second victims of the incident. Little is known about possible initiatives from hospitals or teaching institutions regarding the support of their students involved in a PSI. AIM The study aims to examine the prevalence, symptoms and support in the aftermath of a PSI in baccalaureate nursing students. METHODS A cross-sectional study in four teaching institutions for baccalaureate education across eleven campuses in Belgium. Students completed an online survey between February 2018 and March 2018. RESULTS About one in three (38.4%) students were involved in a PSI during their clinical experience. Of these, 84.7% experienced second victim symptoms. Most common symptoms were hypervigilance (65.7%), stress (42.5%) and doubting knowledge and skills (40.6%). Besides negative effects, the PSI also led to a more positive attitude. Students expect most support and room for open discussion from staff nurses (80.8%). CONCLUSION Nursing students may already become second victims during their education. PSIs have a major impact on their performance and personal life. Students have the right for a decent treatment, respect, understanding and compassion, support, transparency and the opportunity to contribute to improving procedures. Teaching institutions should therefore bear the responsibility to prepare students of the probability of the occurrence of PSIs during their clinical experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Van Slambrouck
- Department of Quality Management, AZ Delta Hospital, Roeselare, Belgium; Healthcare Department, VIVES University of Applied Sciences, Belgium.
| | | | - Deborah Seys
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care - Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luk Bruyneel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care - Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Panella
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro, Italy
| | - Kris Vanhaecht
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care - Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium; Department of Quality Management, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vanhaecht K, Zeeman G, Schouten L, Bruyneel L, Coeckelberghs E, Panella M, Seys D. Peer support by interprofessional health care providers in aftermath of patient safety incidents: A cross-sectional study. J Nurs Manag 2021; 29:2270-2277. [PMID: 33894076 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the health care professionals' preferences pertaining to support in the aftermath of patient safety incidents and potential variation thereof depending on the degree of harm. BACKGROUND Peer support systems are available to support health care professionals in the aftermath of patient safety incidents. It is unclear which type of support is best offered by whom. METHODS A cross-sectional study in 32 Dutch hospitals. RESULTS In total, 2,362 nurses and 1,404 doctors indicated they were involved in patient safety incidents at any time during their career (86%). Less than 10% of health care providers had spoken with professional support, and less than 20% admitted a need to do so. They used different support. A higher degree of harm related to higher odds of desiring support. Respondents mainly wanted to understand what happened and how it can be prevented. CONCLUSION The desired support of health care professionals in the aftermath of patient safety incidents depends on the level of harm. IMPLICATION FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Health care professionals seem to mostly rely on persons they are close with, and they mainly desire information related to the aftermath of patient safety incidents. This should be taken into account when support programmes are set up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Vanhaecht
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Quality Management, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerda Zeeman
- Tjongerschans Hospital, Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Schouten
- Coordinator Peer Support Learning, The Randstad, The Netherlands
| | - Luk Bruyneel
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Coeckelberghs
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Panella
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont - UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Deborah Seys
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Quadrado ERS, Tronchin DMR, Maia FDOM. Strategies to support health professionals in the condition of second victim: scoping review. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2021; 55:e03669. [PMID: 33886900 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-220x2019011803669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To map and analyze the knowledge produced about strategies aimed at promoting support to health professionals in the condition of second victim. METHOD Scoping review, developed in portals, databases and academic websites, whose inclusion criteria were articles and materials indexed in the respective search sites, between January 2000 and December 2019, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The findings were summarized and analyzed based on descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis. RESULTS A total of 64 studies were included, 100% international; 92.2% in English and 50% from secondary research. The support strategies were grouped into four categories and most of the studies referred to the use of the forYOU, Medically Induced Trauma Support Services and Resilience in Stressful Events programs and the interventions represented, through dialogue with peers, family, friends and managers. CONCLUSION Support strategies for the second victim are pointed out in international studies and mostly developed through programs/services and interventions. It is recommended to develop studies to learn about the phenomenon and to structure feasible support strategies in Brazilian health organizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Regina Sevilla Quadrado
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerenciamento em Enfermagem, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Holbert E, Dellasega C. De-stressing From Distress: Preliminary Evaluation of a Nurse-Led Brief Debriefing Program. Crit Care Nurs Q 2021; 44:230-234. [PMID: 33595969 DOI: 10.1097/cnq.0000000000000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In critical care units, distressing events related to patient and family-centered care can influence job dissatisfaction and emotional distress.1-8 Strategies for processing difficult incidents are limited, creating a need for standardized real-time debriefing tools. This study evaluated an innovative nurse-led program that was developed and piloted in one acute care unit of a large academic medical center. An evidence-based practice nurse-led debriefing process provided a sequential process for facilitation of an interdisciplinary group after the occurrence of a distressing event. Throughout a 2-year period, 104 real-time debriefings (>380 staff participation) took place. Emergent situations precipitated the most debriefings followed by disruptive patient/family behavior. Over 80% of the participants affirmed the debriefing process was beneficial, assisted them in coping with the traumatic event, and recommended this type of debriefing to others. These results show that members of an interdisciplinary team will engage in a brief (∼10 minute) nurse-led debriefing program when offered the opportunity to do so, and that this intervention was successful beyond the acute care unit where it originated.
Collapse
|
48
|
Burlison JD, Quillivan RR, Scott SD, Johnson S, Hoffman JM. The Effects of the Second Victim Phenomenon on Work-Related Outcomes: Connecting Self-Reported Caregiver Distress to Turnover Intentions and Absenteeism. J Patient Saf 2021; 17:195-199. [PMID: 27811593 PMCID: PMC5413437 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Second victim experiences can affect the well-being of healthcare providers and compromise patient safety. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships between self-reported second victim-related distress to turnover intention and absenteeism. Organizational support was examined concurrently because it was hypothesized to explain the potential relationships between distress and work-related outcomes. METHODS A cross-sectional, self-report survey (the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool) of nurses directly involved in patient care (N = 155) was analyzed by using hierarchical linear regression. The tool assesses organizational support, distress due to patient safety event involvement, and work-related outcomes. RESULTS Second victim distress was significantly associated with turnover intentions (P < 0.001) and absenteeism (P < 0.001), while controlling for the effects of demographic variables. Organizational support fully mediated the distress-turnover intentions (P < 0.05) and distress-absenteeism (P < 0.05) relationships, which indicates that perceptions of organizational support may explain turnover intentions and absenteeism related to the second victim experience. CONCLUSIONS Involvement in patient safety events and the important role of organizational support in limiting caregiver event-related trauma have been acknowledged. This study is one of the first to connect second victim distress to work-related outcomes. This study reinforces the efforts health care organizations are making to develop resources to support their staff after patient safety events occur. This study broadens the understanding of the negative effects of a second victim experience and the need to support caregivers as they recover from adverse event involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Burlison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Quillivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan D. Scott
- Patient Safety and Risk Management, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sherry Johnson
- Nursing Administration, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James M. Hoffman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vanhaecht K, Seys D, Bruyneel L, Cox B, Kaesemans G, Cloet M, Van Den Broeck K, Cools O, De Witte A, Lowet K, Hellings J, Bilsen J, Lemmens G, Claes S. COVID-19 is having a destructive impact on health-care workers' mental well-being. Int J Qual Health Care 2021; 33:6018446. [PMID: 33270881 PMCID: PMC7799030 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzaa158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may aggravate workplace conditions that impact health-care workers’ mental health. However, it can also place other stresses on workers outside of their work. This study determines the effect of COVID-19 on symptoms of negative and positive mental health and the workforce’s experience with various sources of support. Effect modification by demographic variables was also studied. Methods A cross-sectional survey study, conducted between 2 April and 4 May 2020 (two waves), led to a convenience sample of 4509 health-care workers in Flanders (Belgium), including paramedics (40.6%), nurses (33.4%), doctors (13.4%) and management staff (12.2%). About three in four were employed in university and acute hospitals (29.6%), primary care practices (25.7%), residential care centers (21.3%) or care sites for disabled and mental health care. In each of the two waves, participants were asked how frequently (on a scale of 0–10) they experienced positive and negative mental health symptoms during normal circumstances and during last week, referred to as before and during COVID-19, respectively. These symptoms were stress, hypervigilance, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, unable to relax, fear, irregular lifestyle, flashback, difficulty concentrating, feeling unhappy and dejected, failing to recognize their own emotional response, doubting knowledge and skills and feeling uncomfortable within the team. Associations between COVID-19 and mental health symptoms were estimated by cumulative logit models and reported as odds ratios. The needed support was our secondary outcome and was reported as the degree to which health-care workers relied on sources of support and how they experienced them. Results All symptoms were significantly more pronounced during versus before COVID-19. For hypervigilance, there was a 12-fold odds (odds ratio 12.24, 95% confidence interval 11.11–13.49) during versus before COVID-19. Positive professional symptoms such as the feeling that one can make a difference were less frequently experienced. The association between COVID-19 and mental health was generally strongest for the age group 30–49 years, females, nurses and residential care centers. Health-care workers reported to rely on support from relatives and peers. A considerable proportion, respectively, 18 and 27%, reported the need for professional guidance from psychologists and more support from their leadership. Conclusions The toll of the crisis has been heavy on health-care workers. Those who carry leadership positions at an organizational or system level should take this opportunity to develop targeted strategies to mitigate key stressors of health-care workers’ mental well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Vanhaecht
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deborah Seys
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luk Bruyneel
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bianca Cox
- Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Kris Van Den Broeck
- Department of Primary Care, University of Antwerp, Doornstraat 331, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Koen Lowet
- Flemish Association for Clinical Psychologists, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Hellings
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, BE3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Johan Bilsen
- Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Group, VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Lemmens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephan Claes
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ferrús L, Silvestre C, Olivera G, Mira JJ. Qualitative Study About the Experiences of Colleagues of Health Professionals Involved in an Adverse Event. J Patient Saf 2021; 17:36-43. [PMID: 27811596 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identify what occurs among health-care providers (HCPs) after an adverse event (AE) and what colleagues could do to help them. METHOD A qualitative study with participation by physicians and nurses from hospitals and primary care facilities. RESULTS Fifteen HCPs and 12 health professionals with quality management responsibilities with between 8 and 30 years of experience participated; 15 (56%) were physicians (9 general practitioners, 3 surgeons, 2 intensivists, and 1 from an emergency unit), and 12 (44%) were nurses (5 worked in primary care and 7 in hospitals). There was consensus that second victims require support from colleagues and management; however, instead, many times they perceive rejection. They experience repetitive thoughts, fear, and loneliness. Formal channels of information favor the implementation of improvements. Health-care providers reported that information about measures for preventing a new adverse event is inaccessible, whereas management said that a change in behavior was necessary to promote a culture of safety. Common informal channels were the hallways and cafeteria. Reactions by colleagues of second victims were of surprise and to avoid involvement. CONCLUSIONS Organized plans and protocols about what to do to help HCPs after an AE are uncommon. Formal channels of information mitigate rumors and misinformation. Informal channels hinder learning from the experience and strengthening the culture of safety, and they encourage incidents to be hidden. Approaches that permit HCPs involved in an AE to speak about what has happened offer a positive response to their emotional needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ferrús
- From the Consorci Sanitari Integral, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|