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Auta A, Ogbonna BO, Adewuyi EO, Adeloye D, Strickland-Hodge B. Prevalence and factors associated with the use of antibiotics in non-bloody diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. Arch Dis Child 2019; 104:518-521. [PMID: 29555724 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence and determine the factors associated with the use of antibiotics in the management of non-bloody diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of demographic and health survey data sets from 30 countries in SSA. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using random effects model. Χ2 tests were employed to determine the factors associated with the antibiotic use. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of antibiotic use among cases of non-bloody diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age was 23.1% (95% CI 19.5 to 26.7). The use of antibiotics in children with non-bloody diarrhoea in SSA was associated with (p<0.05) the source of care, place of residence, wealth index, maternal education and breastfeeding status. CONCLUSION We found an unacceptably high use of antibiotics to treat episodes of non-bloody diarrhoea in children under the age of 5 in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Auta
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Brian O Ogbonna
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O Adewuyi
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Davies Adeloye
- Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative, Abuja, Nigeria.,Johns Hopkins Centre for Communication Programs, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Henderson WA, Xiang L, Fourie NH, Abey SK, Ferguson EG, Diallo AF, Kenea ND, Kim CH. Simple lateral flow assays for microbial detection in stool. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:5358-5363. [PMID: 31241058 PMCID: PMC6253687 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay01475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases claim the lives of 1300 children daily, mostly in the developing world. We have developed a simple lateral flow assay capable of detecting E. coli and EPEC DNA and RNA rapidly (<15 minutes) at the point-of-need, directly from stool without nucleic acid extraction or molecular amplification. The limit of detection of the method is 1 nM using synthetic DNA target substrates spiked into stool. However, due to the endogenous amplification of the 23S rRNA targets, we were able to detect the endogenous EPEC in pea-sized (5 mg) stool without labor-intensive and time-consuming nucleic acid purification or target amplification using enzymes. The significance of this method is that it is rapid (<15 minutes) and simple (without nucleic acid purification or molecular amplification) and does not require instrumentation, or access to a laboratory, cold chain or electric power. Thus, it is well-suited for point-of-need use in remote and/or resource-limited settings in the developing world where the mortality due to diarrheal diseases is especially high. The rapid testing of stool pathogens in real time at the point-of-need will decrease the loss of patients to follow-up, and enable patients to be treated earlier with the appropriate therapeutics in both the developed and developing world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Henderson
- Division of Intramural Research , National Institute of Nursing Research , National Institutes of Health , Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA .
| | - Lichen Xiang
- Division of Intramural Research , National Institute of Nursing Research , National Institutes of Health , Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA .
- GoDx , 510 Charmany Drive, Suite 257 , Madison , WI 53719 , USA .
| | - Nicolaas H Fourie
- Division of Intramural Research , National Institute of Nursing Research , National Institutes of Health , Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA .
| | - Sarah K Abey
- Division of Intramural Research , National Institute of Nursing Research , National Institutes of Health , Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA .
| | - Eric G Ferguson
- Division of Intramural Research , National Institute of Nursing Research , National Institutes of Health , Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA .
| | - Ana F Diallo
- Division of Intramural Research , National Institute of Nursing Research , National Institutes of Health , Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA .
| | - Natnael D Kenea
- Division of Intramural Research , National Institute of Nursing Research , National Institutes of Health , Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA .
| | - Chang Hee Kim
- GoDx , 510 Charmany Drive, Suite 257 , Madison , WI 53719 , USA .
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Argudín MA, Hoefer A, Butaye P. Heavy metal resistance in bacteria from animals. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:132-147. [PMID: 30502728 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to metals and antimicrobials is a natural phenomenon that existed long before humans started to use these products for veterinary and human medicine. Bacteria carry diverse metal resistance genes, often harboured alongside antimicrobial resistance genes on plasmids or other mobile genetic elements. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about metal resistance genes in bacteria and we discuss their current use in the animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Argudín
- National Reference Centre - Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Hoefer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, PO Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - P Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, PO Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium..
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Mohamed MS, Sayed AI, Khedr MA, Nofal S, Soror SH. Evaluation of novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as antiviral against gastroenteric viral infections. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 127:102-114. [PMID: 30366078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is a major global public-health threat. All age groups are susceptible for this infection, but its most serious consequences affect children. Rotavirus, Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus are the most common viruses that cause gastroenteritis. Herein, we synthesized novel pyrrole, pyrrolo[2,3‑d]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[3,2‑e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‑c]pyrimidine derivatives. The non-toxic doses of these compounds were determined using BGM cell lines. We examined all the new compounds for their anti-viral activities against Rotavirus Wa strain and Coxsackievirus B4. Compounds 2a, 2d, 5a, 5c, 5d, 7b, 7j, 7n, 14b, 14c, 14e and 14f exhibited significant antiviral activity. We interpreted the action of these compounds using molecular docking against the homology models of viral polymerase enzymes of these viruses. RMSD value of 5d/Coxsackievirus was higher than the RMSD value for 5d/rotavirus and hence better as a stability parameter, which can be correlated to the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad S Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira I Sayed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shahira Nofal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh H Soror
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt; Center for scientific excellence "Helwan Structural Biology Research (HSBR)", Cairo, Egypt..
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Social Structure Facilitated the Evolution of Care-giving as a Strategy for Disease Control in the Human Lineage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13997. [PMID: 30262928 PMCID: PMC6160448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are the only species to have evolved cooperative care-giving as a strategy for disease control. A synthesis of evidence from the fossil record, paleogenomics, human ecology, and disease transmission models, suggests that care-giving for the diseased evolved as part of the unique suite of cognitive and socio-cultural specializations that are attributed to the genus Homo. Here we demonstrate that the evolution of hominin social structure enabled the evolution of care-giving for the diseased. Using agent-based modeling, we simulate the evolution of care-giving in hominin networks derived from a basal primate social system and the three leading hypotheses of ancestral human social organization, each of which would have had to deal with the elevated disease spread associated with care-giving. We show that (1) care-giving is an evolutionarily stable strategy in kin-based cooperatively breeding groups, (2) care-giving can become established in small, low density groups, similar to communities that existed before the increases in community size and density that are associated with the advent of agriculture in the Neolithic, and (3) once established, care-giving became a successful method of disease control across social systems, even as community sizes and densities increased. We conclude that care-giving enabled hominins to suppress disease spread as social complexity, and thus socially-transmitted disease risk, increased.
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Echevarría MA, Eva ML. Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection in Malnourished Children: a Nutritional Approach. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-017-0122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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