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Jeon K, Lee SK, Jeong S, Song W, Kim HS, Kim JS, Shin KS, Kim HS. Trends in the detection of viruses causing gastroenteritis over a 10-year period and impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions. J Clin Virol 2024; 172:105676. [PMID: 38636263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral gastroenteritis continues to be a leading cause of death in low-income countries. The impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the transmission of gastroenteritis-causing viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic is understudied. OBJECTIVES To investigate the 10-year trends of enteric viruses and estimate the impact of implementing and mitigating NPIs. STUDY DESIGN Data regarding norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus detection were collected from five Korean hospitals between January 2013 and April 2023. We compared positivity between the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods. The causal effects of implementing and mitigating NPIs were quantified using the Bayesian Structural Time Series (BSTS) model. RESULTS Norovirus was most frequently detected (9.9 %), followed by rotavirus (6.7 %), adenovirus (3.3 %), astrovirus (1.4 %), and sapovirus (0.6 %). During the pandemic, the positivity of all five viruses decreased, ranging from -1.0 % to -8.1 %, with rotavirus showing the greatest decrease. In the post-pandemic period, positivity rebounded for all viruses except for rotavirus. The BSTS model revealed that NPI implementation negatively affected the detection of all five viruses, resulting in reductions ranging from -73.0 % to -91.0 % compared to the prediction, with rotavirus being the least affected. Conversely, NPI mitigation positively affected the detection of all viruses, ranging from 79.0 % to 200.0 %, except for rotavirus. CONCLUSIONS Trends observed over 10 years show that NPIs have had a major impact on changes in enteric virus detection. The effect of vaccines, in addition to NPIs, on rotavirus detection requires further investigation. Our findings emphasize the importance of NPIs in infection control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibum Jeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Seri Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07441, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonkeun Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07441, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 05355, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Sung Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24253, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, 18450, Republic of Korea.
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Santos-Ferreira N, Van Dycke J, Chiu W, Neyts J, Matthijnssens J, Rocha-Pereira J. Molnupiravir inhibits human norovirus and rotavirus replication in 3D human intestinal enteroids. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105839. [PMID: 38373532 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) and human rotavirus (HRV) are the leading causes of gastrointestinal diarrhea. There are no approved antivirals and rotavirus vaccines are insufficient to cease HRV associated mortality. Furthermore, treatment of chronically infected immunocompromised patients is limited to off-label compassionate use of repurposed antivirals with limited efficacy, highlighting the urgent need of potent and specific antivirals for HuNoV and HRV. Recently, a major breakthrough in the in vitro cultivation of HuNoV and HRV derived from the use of human intestinal enteroids (HIEs). The replication of multiple circulating HuNoV and HRV genotypes can finally be studied and both in the same non-transformed and physiologically relevant model. Activity of previously described anti-norovirus or anti-rotavirus drugs, such as 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC), 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine (7DMA), nitazoxanide, favipiravir and dasabuvir, was assessed against clinically relevant human genotypes using 3D-HIEs. 2CMC showed the best activity against HuNoV GII.4, while 7DMA was the most potent antiviral against HRV. We identified the anti-norovirus and -rotavirus activity of molnupiravir and its active metabolite, N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), a broad-spectrum antiviral used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Molnupiravir and NHC inhibit HuNoV GII.4, HRV G1P[8], G2P[4] and G4P[6] in 3D-HIEs with high selectivity and show a potency comparable to 2CMC against HuNoV. Moreover, molnupiravir and NHC block HRV viroplasm formation, but do not alter its size or subcellular localization. Taken together, molnupiravir inhibits both HuNoV and HRV replication, suggesting that the drug could be a candidate for the treatment of patients chronically infected with either one of these diarrhea causing viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci Santos-Ferreira
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Dycke
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Winston Chiu
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cupido DT, de Beer C. Screening for viral pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract from cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy at the Tygerberg Medico-legal Mortuary. Virol J 2023; 20:281. [PMID: 38031160 PMCID: PMC10688011 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden and unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) may be triggered by an external risk or exposure. Intestinal infections with enteric viruses may disrupt the gut and enhance bacterial toxins present in SUDI cases. While diarrhoeal disease deaths have decreased worldwide, approximately half a million deaths still occur in children in Sub- Saharan Africa and South Asia. Furthermore, the role of viral enteropathogens in SUDI cases have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to describe specific viral pathogens in stool samples collected from SUDI cases and age-matched, apparently healthy infants in Cape Town, South Africa. Stool samples were collected from 176 SUDI cases between June 2017 and May 2018. In addition, stool samples were collected from the nappies of 30 age-matched, apparently healthy infants as a control group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on the stool samples for viral detection. A total of 111 SUDI cases were positive for viruses, with rotavirus (38.6%; 68/176) and norovirus GI and GII (30.0%; 53/176) were prevalent in SUDI cases. Adenovirus Type F was present in only 15.9% (28/176), astrovirus in 9.7% (17/176), and sapovirus in 0.6% (1/176) of cases. In the control samples, norovirus GII was detected most frequently (36.7%; 11/30), followed by rotavirus (33.3%; 10/30), and sapovirus in 6.7% (2/30). While there was no significant association between SUDI cases and enteric viruses, the majority of viruses were significantly associated with the seasons. The study confirms the importance of rotavirus vaccination and describes the significance of norovirus infection in children, post rotavirus vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Cupido
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Corena de Beer
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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Niendorf S, Mas Marques A, Bock CT, Jacobsen S. Diversity of human astroviruses in Germany 2018 and 2019. Virol J 2022; 19:221. [PMID: 36544187 PMCID: PMC9773458 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of this study was to investigate the molecular diversity of human astroviruses (HAstV) in Germany. A follow-up study was performed with human stool samples collected in 2018-2019, which were genotyped retrospectively. A total of 2645 stool samples, collected between January 2018 and December 2019 from sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were analyzed. An algorithm of PCR systems was used to characterize human astrovirus. Human astroviruses were found in 40 samples (positive rate: 1.6%). During the study period, children aged 1-2 years (48%) were most affected by HAstV. Genotyping revealed a number of nine circulating genotypes representing four human Mamastrovirus species. Strain MLB1 was predominant in the study population with a detection rate of 25% followed by HAstV1 with a positive rate of 20%. The diversity of astrovirus genotypes seems to be rather stable in Germany in the last years. A clustering of regionally and/or temporally linked human astroviruses in Germany was not detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Niendorf
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Unit Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany ,grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Consultant Laboratory for Noroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Mas Marques
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Unit Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany ,grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Consultant Laboratory for Noroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus-Thomas Bock
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Unit Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Jacobsen
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Unit Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany ,grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Consultant Laboratory for Noroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Joung YH, Jang TS, Kim JK. Association among sentinel surveillance, meteorological factors, and infectious disease in Gwangju, Korea. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:17561-17569. [PMID: 34669138 PMCID: PMC8527811 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of new infectious diseases is threatening human survival. Transmission of such diseases is determined by several factors, with climate being a very important factor. This study was conducted to assess the correlation between the occurrence of infectious diseases and climatic factors using data from the Sentinel Surveillance System and meteorological data from Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea. The climate of Gwangju from June to September is humid, with this city having the highest average temperature, whereas that from December to February is cold and dry. Infection rates of Salmonella (temperature: r = 0.710**; relative humidity: r = 0.669**), E. coli (r = 0.617**; r = 0.626**), rotavirus (r = - 0.408**; r = - 0.618**), norovirus (r = - 0.463**; r = - 0.316**), influenza virus (r = - 0.726**; r = - 0.672**), coronavirus (r = - 0.684**; r = - 0.408**), and coxsackievirus (r = 0.654**; r = 0.548**) have been shown to have a high correlation with seasonal changes, specifically in these meteorological factors. Pathogens showing distinct seasonality in the occurrence of infection were observed, and there was a high correlation with the climate characteristics of Gwangju. In particular, viral diseases show strong seasonality, and further research on this matter is needed. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, quarantine and prevention have become important to block the spread of infectious diseases. For this purpose, studies that predict infectivity through various types of data related to infection are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hyun Joung
- Department of Medical Laser, Dankook University Graduate School of Medicine, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Su Jang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dankook University College of Health Sciences, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Brum JM, Gibb RD, Ramsey DL, Balan G, Yacyshyn BR. Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Assessment of the Clinical Efficacy of Bismuth Subsalicylate for Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:2323-2335. [PMID: 32772204 PMCID: PMC8236042 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of studies have evaluated the pharmacology, safety, and/or efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate for the relief of common gastrointestinal symptoms, diarrhea and vomiting due to acute gastroenteritis. In addition, short-term (48 h) medication with bismuth subsalicylate is known to be effective against infectious gastroenteritis such as travelers' diarrhea. AIMS Previous studies have documented the bacteriostatic/bactericidal effects of bismuth subsalicylate against a variety of pathogenic gastrointestinal bacteria. However, meta-analyses of the clinical efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate for both prevention and treatment of travelers' diarrhea have not yet been published. METHODS A total of 14 clinical studies (from 1970s to 2007) comprised the core data used in this assessment of efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate against infectious (including travelers') diarrhea. These studies allowed for statistical meta-analyses regarding prevention (three travelers' diarrhea studies) and treatment of infectious diarrhea (11 studies [five travelers' diarrhea]). RESULTS The results show that subjects treated with bismuth subsalicylate for up to 21 days have 3.5 times greater odds of preventing travelers' diarrhea compared with placebo (95% CI 2.1, 5.9; p < 0.001). In addition, subjects with infectious diarrhea treated with bismuth subsalicylate had 3.7 times greater odds of diarrhea relief (recorded on diaries as subjective symptomatic improvement) compared to those receiving placebo (95% CI 2.1, 6.3; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that bismuth subsalicylate can be beneficial for those at risk or affected by food and waterborne diarrheal disease such as traveler's (infectious) diarrhea, and may decrease the risk of inappropriate antibiotic utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Brum
- Procter and Gamble Global Clinical Sciences, Health Care and Quantitative Sciences, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Roger D Gibb
- Procter and Gamble Global Clinical Sciences, Health Care and Quantitative Sciences, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
| | - David L Ramsey
- Procter and Gamble Global Clinical Sciences, Health Care and Quantitative Sciences, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Guhan Balan
- Procter and Gamble Global Clinical Sciences, Health Care and Quantitative Sciences, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Bruce R Yacyshyn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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Toczylowski K, Jackowska K, Lewandowski D, Kurylonek S, Waszkiewicz-Stojda M, Sulik A. Rotavirus gastroenteritis in children hospitalized in northeastern Poland in 2006-2020: Severity, seasonal trends, and impact of immunization. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:550-556. [PMID: 34089885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in 2006 significantly reduced childhood incidence of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. The rotavirus vaccine was included in Poland's national immunization program in 2021. Our study aimed to summarize the epidemiology of AGE in northeastern Poland prior to 2021 and to evaluate the effectiveness of voluntary, out-of-pocket rotavirus childhood vaccination on the incidence of rotavirus AGE. METHODS A review of patients aged 0-17 years with gastroenteritis hospitalized between 2006 and 2020 in northeastern Poland in the context of rotavirus vaccine coverage in the region. RESULTS Rotavirus was the most common agent of gastroenteritis in hospitalized patients. The seasonality of rotavirus gastroenteritis peaked between February and May in each year of study, except for 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic skewed any viable comparison of seasonality. Rotavirus vaccine coverage in northeastern Poland did not exceed 25% during the study period and had no impact on hospitalization numbers. CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus was the primary causative agent of AGE in children hospitalized in northeastern Poland during the study period. Voluntary vaccinations did not affect the number of hospitalizations due to rotavirus AGE. Our data suggest that universal immunization is key to achieving a significant reduction of rotavirus-associated diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Toczylowski
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jackowska
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Dawid Lewandowski
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Sandra Kurylonek
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marlena Waszkiewicz-Stojda
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Artur Sulik
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
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Atabakhsh P, Kargar M, Doosti A. Detection and evaluation of rotavirus surveillance methods as viral indicator in the aquatic environments. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:811-820. [PMID: 33599964 PMCID: PMC8105488 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) have been introduced as the most important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in the young children. One of every 260 children born globally will die due to rotavirus (RV) before 5 years old. The RV is widely known as a viral indicator for health (fecal contamination) because this pathogen has a high treatment resistance nature, which has been listed as a relevant waterborne pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, monitoring of environmental is important, and RV is one of the best-known indicators for monitoring. It has been proved that common standards for microbiological water quality do not guarantee the absence of viruses. On the other hand, in order to recover and determine RV quantity within water, standard methods are scarce. Therefore, dependable prediction of RV quantities in water sample is crucial to be able to improve supervision efficiency of the treatment procedure, precise quantitative evaluation of the microbial risks as well as microbiological water safety. Hence, this study aimed to introduce approaches to detecting and controlling RV in environmental waters, and discussed the challenges faced to enable a clear perception on the ubiquity of the RV within different types of water across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paymaneh Atabakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Rashid M, Khan MN, Jalbani N. Detection of Human Adenovirus, Rotavirus, and Enterovirus in Tap Water and Their Association with the Overall Quality of Water in Karachi, Pakistan. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:44-52. [PMID: 33180282 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water supplies in the developing world often serve as a biosphere for various organisms. Viral gastroenteritis is a neglected area of research in Pakistan, there are no data for the prevalence of enteric viruses in drinking water of the largest city of Karachi. The present study aimed to provide a survey of the existence of enteric viruses: human adenovirus (HAdV), human enteroviruses (hEV), and genotype A rotavirus (GARV) in tap water. Using a simple PCR approach, we detected 20%, 43%, and 23% of HAdV, hEV, and GARV in tap water samples, respectively. We have also shown an overall quality deficit of tap water at the pumping station and consumer tap. We have found no sample free from bacterial contaminations. The ranges for a total number of the heterotrophic plate count and coliform were found 8.7 × 102-4.5 × 106 CFU/mL and 210 to uncountable coliforms/100 mL, respectively. Moreover, we assessed the efficiency of small-scale water treatment methods for the removal of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rashid
- National Institute of Virology, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, (PCMD) International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Naseem Khan
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nusrat Jalbani
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ansari F, Pashazadeh F, Nourollahi E, Hajebrahimi S, Munn Z, Pourjafar H. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: The Effectiveness of Probiotics for Viral Gastroenteritis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1042-1051. [PMID: 32297578 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200416123931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics can be used for the treatment of viral gastroenteritis. OBJECTIVE This systematic review is to evaluate the evidence regarding the effect of probiotics on human cases of viral gastroenteritis. METHODS The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics against placebo or standard treatment for viral gastroenteritis. A comprehensive search of Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE via PubMed and Ovid databases, and unpublished studies (till 27 January 2018) was conducted followed by a process of study selection and critical appraisal by two independent reviewers. Randomized controlled trials assessing probiotic administration in human subjects infected with any species of gastroenteritis viruses were considered for inclusion. Only studies with a confirmed viral cause of infection were included. This study was developed using the JBI methodology for systematic reviews, which is in accordance with the PRISMA guideline. Meta-analysis was conducted where feasible. Data were pooled using the inverse variance method with random effects models and expressed as Mean Differences (MDs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran Q statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic. We included 17 RCTs, containing 3,082 patients. RESULTS Probiotics can improve symptoms of viral gastroenteritis, including the duration of diarrhea (mean difference 0.7 days, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.09 days, n = 740, ten trials) and duration of hospitalization (mean difference 0.76 days, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.92 days, n = 329, four trials). CONCLUSION The results of this review show that the administration of probiotics in patients with viral gastroenteritis should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ansari
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Pashazadeh
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Nourollahi
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sakineh Hajebrahimi
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zachary Munn
- The Joanna Briggs Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
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Imagawa T, Saito M, Yamamoto D, Saito-Obata M, Masago Y, Ablola AC, Tandoc AO 3rd, Segubre-Mercado E, Lupisan SP, Oshitani H. Genetic diversity of species A rotaviruses detected in clinical and environmental samples, including porcine-like rotaviruses from hospitalized children in the Philippines. Infect Genet Evol 2020; 85:104465. [PMID: 32687980 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe acute diarrhea in infants and young children. Rotaviruses exhibit zoonosis and thereby infect both humans and animals. Viruses detected in urban rivers possibly reflect the presence of circulating viruses in the catchment. The present study investigates the genetic diversity of species A rotaviruses detected from river water and stool of hospitalized children with acute diarrhea in Tacloban City, the Philippines. Species A rotaviruses were detected by real-time RT-PCR and their genotypes were identified by multiplex PCR and sequencing of partial regions of VP7 and VP4. Rotaviruses were detected in 85.7% (30/35) of the river water samples and 62.7% (151/241) of the clinical samples. Genotypes of VP7 in the river water samples were G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G9, and those of VP4 were P[3], P[4], P[6], P[8], and P[13]. Genotypes of viruses from the clinical samples were G2P[4], G1P[8], G3P[8], G4P[6], G5P[6], and G9P[8]. Among those, G2P[4] in clinical samples (77.9%, 81/104) and P[4] of VP4 in river water samples (67.5%, 56/83)) were the most frequently detected rotavirus genotypes. However, G5 was the more frequently detected than G2 in the river water samples (42% vs. 13%) which may be originated from porcine rotavirus. Sequence analyses of eleven gene segments revealed one G5P[6] and two G4P[6] rotaviruses in the clinical samples, wherein, several gene segments were closely related to porcine rotaviruses. The constellation of these rotavirus genes suggests the emergence of reassortment between human and porcine rotavirus due to interspecies transmission. Although two commercial rotavirus vaccines are available now, these vaccines are designed to confer immunity against the major human rotaviruses. Constant monitoring of viral variety in populated areas where humans and domestic animals live in close proximity provides vital information related to the diversity of rotaviruses in a human population.
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Ashfaq A, Ullah W, Khanal S, Zain MA, Thalambedu N, Inayat F, Atiq MU. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a rare complication of acute viral gastroenteritis. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2020; 10:258-261. [PMID: 32850074 PMCID: PMC7426982 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2020.1767273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (TCM) is characterized by a transient but reversible ventricular dysfunction in post-menopausal females following, but not always, a recent emotional or physical stress. Typically, chest pain is reported as a presenting symptom in the majority of patients. The severe diarrheal illness secondary to acute viral gastroenteritis is not commonly reported as the stressor event prior to TCM. We report a unique case of a middle-aged male presented with syncope shortly after loose bowel movements. He was diagnosed with TCM and was successfully managed with supportive care. The purpose of this case is to make clinicians aware of this rare association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Ashfaq
- Internal Medicine, Abington - Jefferson Health, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Waqas Ullah
- Internal Medicine, Abington - Jefferson Health, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Shristi Khanal
- Internal Medicine, Abington - Jefferson Health, Abington, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Faisal Inayat
- Internal Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ibrahim C, Hammami S, Pothier P, Khelifi N, Hassen A. The performance of biological and tertiary wastewater treatment procedures for rotaviruses A removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:5718-5729. [PMID: 31177419 PMCID: PMC7223008 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses, generally found in sewage, are recognized as the main cause of waterborne and foodborne public health outbreaks. Among leading enteric viruses, the Rotavirus A (RVA) detection in wastewater appeared to be a novel approach to monitor the emergence of these viruses in some countries where the viral gastroenteritis surveillance is almost absent such as in Tunisia. The RVA detection and quantification in an industrial sewage purification plant of Charguia I (Tunis, Tunisia) were achieved to evaluate the performance of activated sludge procedures coupled to a macrofiltration monolamp ultraviolet irradiation type C (UV-C254) disinfection reactor. This UV-C254 system was preceded by a fiberglass cartridge filter system with an average porosity of 45 μm to clarify the water and thus increase its UV transmittance. A total of 140 composite sewage samples was collected from this line of treatment and analyzed for RVA detection. The detection and the viral load quantification of RVA were performed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The virological results showed in general that RVA were detected at high frequency of 98% (137/140). In fact, the RVA detection rates at the exit of the two studied wastewater treatment were about 100% at the exit of the activated sludge procedure. It means that all wastewater sampled at this last step of treatment was positive for RVA detection. On the other hand, 92.5% of the wastewater samples taken at the exit of the monolamp UV-C254 reactor were positive for the RVA. However, the RVA quantification results expressed as viral load showed a significant reduction in the means of RVA viral loads at the exit of the biological activated sludge procedure and the tertiary UV-C254 treatment, showing in general an improved treated wastewater virological quality. Therefore, the RVA load removal rates recorded at the two successive stages of treatment, the activated sludge and the UV-C254 treatment, were around 85% and 73%, respectively, as compared to the one with 100% registered for the raw wastewater. In addition, good physical-chemical and bacteriological qualities of the treated sewage were found at the exit of the two considered wastewater treatment procedures. The present investigation represents the first Tunisian environmental report showing the good effectiveness and performance of the biological and the tertiary treatments for RVA removal. Therefore, an improved and an optimized tertiary disinfection treatment was needed since it could be a good means for getting better viral water quality and for minimizing the transmission and dissemination of human infectious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chourouk Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), 8020 Techno Park of Borj Cédria, Borj Cédria, Tunisia
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Salah Hammami
- National School of Veterinary Medicine at Sidi-Thabet, IRESA, University of Manouba, 2020 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pierre Pothier
- National Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21070 Dijon, France
| | - Nesserine Khelifi
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), 8020 Techno Park of Borj Cédria, Borj Cédria, Tunisia
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), 8020 Techno Park of Borj Cédria, Borj Cédria, Tunisia
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Mohammad HA, Madi NM, Al-Nakib W. Analysis of viral diversity in stool samples from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Kuwait using Metagenomics approach. Virol J 2020; 17:10. [PMID: 32000795 PMCID: PMC6993487 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-1287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current molecular target-dependent methods are used to detect only known viruses. However, metagenomics based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique is a target-independent assay that enables simultaneous detection and genomic characterisation of all microorganisms present in a sample. In this study, we aimed to develop a metagenomics approach using NGS to identify and characterise viruses in stool samples from infants and children with Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) in Kuwait. Methods We have investigated 84 stool samples from infants and children aged one month to ten years old with signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis who attended Mubarak Al-Kabeer and Al-Amiri hospitals in Kuwait from January to December 2017. A metagenomics approach using NGS to characterise viruses in clinical samples was used. Also, the commercial Real-Time PCR assay was used to detect viruses causing gastroenteritis. Results Metagenomics analysis revealed an average of 280,768 reads in which 5% of the reads were derived from viruses. The analysis of viral sequences verified that single infection of human adenovirus was the leading cause of gastroenteritis among infants and children, which was detected in 23.2% of the patients, followed by a mixed infection of human adenovirus and other viruses, which was detected in 20.9% of patients. Also, the newly discovered viruses known to cause gastroenteritis were detected, such as astrovirus MLB2, primate bocaparvovirus-1, Aichivirus A, cardiovirus, parechovirus A, astrovirus VA4, cosavirus-F, and bufavirus-3. Our results showed 71% agreement (k = 0.445, P = 0.000) between multiplex Real-Time PCR, which is used as a routine diagnostic test and metagenomics approach in the detection of viruses causing gastroenteritis in clinical samples. Conclusion Despite the difficulties in sample preparation and analysis process, we showed that metagenomics approach is a powerful and promising tool for the detection and characterisation of different viruses in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawraa Adel Mohammad
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O.Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Nada Mohammed Madi
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O.Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Widad Al-Nakib
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O.Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
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Diez-Valcarce M, Lopez MR, Lopez B, Morales O, Sagastume M, Cadena L, Kaydos-Daniels S, Jarquin C, McCracken JP, Bryan JP, Vinjé J. Prevalence and genetic diversity of viral gastroenteritis viruses in children younger than 5 years of age in Guatemala, 2014-2015. J Clin Virol 2019; 114:6-11. [PMID: 30875613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrhea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and is associated with approximately 500,000 deaths/year globally. Rotavirus and norovirus are leading causes of acute diarrhea accounting for more than half of this burden. OBJECTIVE/STUDY DESIGN To determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of acute diarrhea caused by rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus among children <5 years of age at two departments in Guatemala from January 2014 to December 2015, we tested 471 stool specimens (202 samples from hospitalized children and 269 samples from children in ambulatory clinics) by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and genotyped positive samples. RESULTS Rotavirus was detected in 20.4%, norovirus in 18.5%, sapovirus in 7% and astrovirus in 4.2% of the samples. Co-infection of rotavirus and norovirus was found in 2.6% of the samples. Most norovirus (87.4%) and rotavirus (81.3%) infections were detected in children in the 6-12 months age group. The proportion of patients with rotavirus (34%) and norovirus (23%) was higher in hospitalized patients compared to ambulatory patients, whereas the prevalence of sapovirus and astrovirus was similar in both settings. Of the 40 genotyped norovirus strains, 62.5% were GII.4 and 15% GII.3. Sapovirus genotypes included GI.1 (15.4%), GII.2 (15.4%), GII.5 (38.5%) and GIV.1 (30.8%). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that in 2014-2015, gastroenteritis viruses account for 50% of acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age in Guatemala, highlighting the importance of continuous surveillance to guide impact of the current rotavirus vaccine and formulation of future norovirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatriz Lopez
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Oneida Morales
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Manuel Sagastume
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Loren Cadena
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Central American Regional Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Susan Kaydos-Daniels
- Influenza Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Claudia Jarquin
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | - Joe P Bryan
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Central American Regional Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Pietsch C, Liebert UG. Genetic diversity of human parechoviruses in stool samples, Germany. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 68:280-285. [PMID: 30639518 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeV) are ubiquitous and mainly occur in early infancy. They are known to cause various clinical manifestations including acute gastroenteritis. To gain insight into the diversity of circulating HPeV genotypes, stool samples from patients (n = 539) with clinical signs of infectious gastroenteritis which showed negative results for other common viral and bacterial enteric pathogens were obtained during three years, 2008 to 2010. Real-time RT-PCR showed HPeV RNA in 34 (6.3%) of the samples. The HPeV detection rate was highest (8.8%) in samples derived from infants and young children under the age of two years. Genotyping was based on VP3/VP1 junction nucleic acid sequences and revealed predominant HPeV-1B (n = 16) and HPeV-3 (n = 12) strains. Those prevailed minor HPeV-6 (n = 3) as well as HPeV-2, -4 and -5 (n = 1, each) strains. To ascertain the assigned HPeV-2 genotype of uncommon strain LPZ04-2008, analysis of complete coding sequences was performed. In complete VP1 analysis strain LPZ04-2008 showed 81.2% nucleic acid identity with HPeV-2 reference strain Williamson. In phylogenetic analysis VP1 of strain LPZ04-2008 clustered with a recent HPeV-2 strain from the UK. Regarding clinical manifestations, severe disease occurred HPeV-1B, -3 and - 6 infections. In conclusion, this paper a high genetic diversity of HPeV in stool samples, including rare strains. The investigation adds data on the whole coding sequences of the rare HPeV-2 strain. Genotyping results confirm previously reported association of more severe illness with HPeV-3 and HPeV-1B strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Pietsch
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Uwe G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Japhet MO, Famurewa O, Adesina OA, Opaleye OO, Wang B, Höhne M, Bock CT, Mas Marques A, Niendorf S. Viral gastroenteritis among children of 0-5 years in Nigeria: Characterization of the first Nigerian aichivirus, recombinant noroviruses and detection of a zoonotic astrovirus. J Clin Virol 2018; 111:4-11. [PMID: 30580015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Understanding of the occurrence and genetic diversity of these viruses can help to prevent infections. OBJECTIVES The present study describes the presence, genetic diversity and possible recombination of five enteric viruses in children with gastroenteritis in Southwestern Nigeria. STUDY DESIGN From August 2012 to December 2013, stool samples and sociodemographic data of 103 diarrheic children <5 years were collected to detect and characterize rotavirus A, norovirus, human astrovirus, aichivirus and sapovirus using PCR techniques followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS At least one virus was identified in 58.3% (60/103) of the stool samples. Rotavirus, norovirus and astrovirus were detected in 39.8% (41/103), 10.7% (11/103), and 6.8% (7/103) respectively. Notably, aichivirus was detected for the first time in Nigeria (1/103; 0.97%). Sapovirus was not detected in the study. Co-infections with rotavirus were observed in eight samples either with norovirus or astrovirus or aichivirus. Phylogenetic analyses of different genome regions of norovirus positive samples provided indication for recombinant norovirus strains. A novel astrovirus strain closely related to canine astrovirus was identified and further characterized for the first time. CONCLUSIONS Viruses are the common cause of acute gastroenteritis in Nigerian infants with rotavirus as most frequently detected pathogen. New norovirus recombinants and a not yet detected zoonotic astrovirus were circulating in Southwestern Nigeria, providing new information about emerging and unusual strains of viruses causing diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Japhet
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Famurewa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Kings University, Odeomu, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - O A Adesina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - O O Opaleye
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Osun state, Nigeria
| | - B Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Höhne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - C T Bock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mas Marques
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Niendorf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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Mohamed MS, Sayed AI, Khedr MA, Nofal S, Soror SH. Evaluation of novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as antiviral against gastroenteric viral infections. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 127:102-114. [PMID: 30366078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is a major global public-health threat. All age groups are susceptible for this infection, but its most serious consequences affect children. Rotavirus, Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus are the most common viruses that cause gastroenteritis. Herein, we synthesized novel pyrrole, pyrrolo[2,3‑d]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[3,2‑e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‑c]pyrimidine derivatives. The non-toxic doses of these compounds were determined using BGM cell lines. We examined all the new compounds for their anti-viral activities against Rotavirus Wa strain and Coxsackievirus B4. Compounds 2a, 2d, 5a, 5c, 5d, 7b, 7j, 7n, 14b, 14c, 14e and 14f exhibited significant antiviral activity. We interpreted the action of these compounds using molecular docking against the homology models of viral polymerase enzymes of these viruses. RMSD value of 5d/Coxsackievirus was higher than the RMSD value for 5d/rotavirus and hence better as a stability parameter, which can be correlated to the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad S Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira I Sayed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shahira Nofal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh H Soror
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt; Center for scientific excellence "Helwan Structural Biology Research (HSBR)", Cairo, Egypt..
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Diez-Valcarce M, Castro CJ, Marine RL, Halasa N, Mayta H, Saito M, Tsaknaridis L, Pan CY, Bucardo F, Becker-Dreps S, Lopez MR, Magaña LC, Ng TFF, Vinjé J. Genetic diversity of human sapovirus across the Americas. J Clin Virol 2018; 104:65-72. [PMID: 29753103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sapoviruses are responsible for sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Sapovirus typing protocols have a success rate as low as 43% and relatively few complete sapovirus genome sequences are available to improve current typing protocols. OBJECTIVE/STUDY DESIGN To increase the number of complete sapovirus genomes to better understand the molecular epidemiology of human sapovirus and to improve the success rate of current sapovirus typing methods, we used deep metagenomics shotgun sequencing to obtain the complete genomes of 68 sapovirus samples from four different countries across the Americas (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru and the US). RESULTS VP1 genotyping showed that all sapovirus sequences could be grouped in the four established genogroups (GI (n = 13), GII (n = 30), GIV (n = 23), GV (n = 2)) that infect humans. They include the near-complete genome of a GI.6 virus and a recently reported novel GII.8 virus. Sequences of the complete RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene could be grouped into three major genetic clusters or polymerase (P) types (GI.P, GII.P and GV.P) with all GIV viruses harboring a GII polymerase. One (GII.P-GII.4) of the new 68 sequences was a recombinant virus with the hotspot between the NS7 and VP1 regions. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of this expanded database of near-complete sapovirus sequences showed several mismatches in the genotyping primers, suggesting opportunities to revisit and update current sapovirus typing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel L Marine
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Holger Mayta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Virology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Chao-Yang Pan
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Leon, Leon, Nicaragua
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Bennett S, Gunson RN. The development of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the detection of adenovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus and sapovirus from stool samples. J Virol Methods 2017; 242:30-34. [PMID: 28040514 PMCID: PMC7173313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is a major health problem with significant morbidity and economic consequences. Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of viruses, including norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus. Conventional diagnosis is based on direct antigen detection and electron microscopy, however enzyme immunoassay's are insensitive and not available for all relevant pathogens, and electron microscope (EM) is no longer routinely carried out in most laboratories. Most laboratories now offer norovirus real-time PCR testing however the availability of other assays is variable. Commercial methods for the detection of inflectional intestinal disease (IID) are available but these can be expensive and are not commonly used. This paper describes the development of a single multiplex assay for the simultaneous detection of adenovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus and sapovirus from stool samples. The multiplex was evaluated by assessing endpoint sensitivity, specificity, panel of clinical samples, quality control (QC) panel and the robustness and reproducibility of the multiplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bennett
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, United Kingdom.
| | - Rory N Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, United Kingdom
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21
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Brown JR, Shah D, Breuer J. Viral gastrointestinal infections and norovirus genotypes in a paediatric UK hospital, 2014-2015. J Clin Virol 2016; 84:1-6. [PMID: 27615516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.08.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea in children is a common disease; understanding the incidence of causative viruses can aid infection control and vaccine development. OBJECTIVES Describe the incidence and characteristics of gastroenteric viruses including norovirus genotypes in a paediatric hospital cohort. STUDY DESIGN Norovirus, adenovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus qPCR and norovirus genotyping results for all stool specimens (n=4786; 1393 patients) at a UK paediatric tertiary referral hospital June 2014-July 2015. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24% (329/1393) of patients were positive for a GI virus; the majority were positive for norovirus (44%, 144/329) or adenovirus (44%, 146/329). The overall incidence of rotavirus (2%) is reduced compared to pre-vaccination studies; however the incidence of other GI viruses has not increased. Norovirus infections had a significantly higher virus burden compared to other GI viruses (P ≤0.03); sapovirus infections had the lowest viral burden. The number of norovirus cases per month did not follow the typical winter seasonal trend of nationally reported outbreaks. The number of cases per month correlates with the number of hospital admissions (R=0.703, P=0.011); the number of admissions accounts for 50% of the variability in number of cases per month. The breadth of genotypes seen (48% non-GII.4), suggests a community source for many norovirus infections and has implications for vaccine development. All GI viruses caused chronic infections, with the majority (50-100%) in immunocompromised patients. Incidence or duration of infection in chronic norovirus infections did not differ between genotypes, suggesting host-mediated susceptibility.
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Abstract
The global health community is beginning to gain an understanding of the global burden of norovirus-associated disease, which appears to have significant burden in both developed- and developing-country populations. Of particular importance is the growing recognition of norovirus as a leading cause of gastroenteritis and diarrhea in countries where rotavirus vaccine has been introduced. While not as severe as rotavirus disease, the sheer number of norovirus infections not limited to early childhood makes norovirus a formidable global health problem. This article provides a landscape review of norovirus vaccine development efforts. Multiple vaccine strategies, mostly relying on virus-like particle antigens, are under development and have demonstrated proof of efficacy in human challenge studies. Several are entering phase 2 clinical development. Norovirus vaccine development challenges include, but are not limited to: valency, induction of adequate immune responses in pediatric and elderly populations, and potential for vaccine-strain mismatch. Given current strategies and global health interest, the outlook for a norovirus vaccine is promising. Because a norovirus vaccine is expected to have a dual market in both developed and developing countries, there would likely be scale-up advantages for commercial development and global distribution. Combination with or expression by another enteric pathogen, such as rotavirus, could also enhance uptake of a norovirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Riddle
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Page N, Groome MJ, Murray T, Nadan S, Netshikweta R, Keddy KH, Poonsamy B, Moyes J, Walaza S, Kahn K, Kuonza L, Taylor MB, Madhi SA, Cohen C. Sapovirus prevalence in children less than five years of age hospitalised for diarrhoeal disease in South Africa, 2009-2013. J Clin Virol 2016; 78:82-8. [PMID: 27002709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although sapovirus (SaV) has been detected in 2.2-12.7% of gastroenteritis cases globally, there are limited data on SaV epidemiology. OBJECTIVES Describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and factors associated with SaV gastroenteritis in hospitalised children <5 years of age in South Africa. STUDY DESIGN Between 2009 and 2013 during prospective diarrhoeal surveillance, stool specimens were collected from four sites and screened for SaVs and associated enteric pathogens using ELISA, microscopy, conventional and real-time PCR. Epidemiological and clinical data were compared in patients with or without SaV. Odds ratios were assessed by bivariate and stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Sapoviruses were detected in 7.7% (238/3103) of children admitted to hospital and 11.4% (9/79) of deaths. Sapovirus was detected more commonly in children 19-24 months compared to<6months (aOR=2.3; p=0.018) and in males (aOR=2.0; p=0.001). Additional factors associated with SaV detection included residing with≥7 inhabitants compared to ≤3 (aOR=2.2; p=0.011) and concomitant norovirus infections (aOR=3.0; p=0.003). HIV-infected children with SaV were more likely to have bloody stools (aOR=16.8; p<0.001), low birth weight (<2.5kg; aOR=5.8; p=0.007) and live in environments without flush toilets (aOR=8.1; p=0.003) compared to HIV-uninfected children. CONCLUSIONS Sapoviruses, which are perceived to cause mild diarrhoea, were detected in hospitalised children and diarrhoeal deaths in South Africa. Determinants increasing the odds of SaV included overcrowding and concomitant infections while HIV-infected children with SaV displayed bloody stools, low birth weight and reduced access to proper sanitation. Mitigation strategies against SaV infections include improved sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa.
| | - Michelle J Groome
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tanya Murray
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Sandrama Nadan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Rembuluwani Netshikweta
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Karen H Keddy
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bhavani Poonsamy
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa
| | - Jocelyn Moyes
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lazarus Kuonza
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Maureen B Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa
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Ribeiro J, Ferreira D, Arrabalde C, Almeida S, Baldaque I, Sousa H. Prevalence of adenovirus and rotavirus infection in immunocompromised patients with acute gastroenteritis in Portugal. World J Virol 2015; 4:372-376. [PMID: 26568919 PMCID: PMC4641229 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i4.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize the prevalence of rotavirus (RV) and adenovirus (AdV) infections in immunocompromised patients with acute gastroenteritis.
METHODS: The presence of RV and AdV (serotypes 40 and 41) was evaluated in 509 stool samples obtained between January 2009 and December 2010 from 200 immunocompromised patients (83 females and 117 males; median age 21 years old, range 0-72. The diagnosis of infection was performed as a routine procedure and the presence of RV and AdV (serotypes 40 and 41) was determined by immunochromatography using the RIDA® Quick Rota-Adeno-Kombi kit (r-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany). The data analysis and description of seasonal frequencies were performed using computer software IBM® SPSS® (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Statistics version 20.0 for Mac. The frequencies of infection were compared into different age and gender groups by χ2 test.
RESULTS: The study revealed 12.4% AdV positive samples and 0.8% RV positive samples, which correspond to a prevalence of 6.5% and 1.5%, respectively. AdV was more frequent between October 2009 and April 2010, while RV was identified in April 2010 and July 2010. The stool analysis revealed that from the 509 samples, 63 (12.4%) were positive for AdV and 4 (0.8%) positive for RV, which by resuming the information of each patient, lead to an overall prevalence of AdV and RV of 6.5% (13/200 patients) and 1.5% (3/200 patients), respectively. The stratification of the analysis regarding age groups showed a tendency to an increased prevalence of infection in paediatric patients between 0-10 years old. Considering the seasonal distribution of these infections, our study revealed that AdV infection was more frequent between October 2009 and April 2010, while RV infection was characterized by two distinct peaks (April 2010 and July 2010).
CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of AdV and RV infection in immunocompromised patients with acute gastroenteritis was 8% and AdV was the most prevalent agent.
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Medici MC, Tummolo F, Martella V, Banyai K, Bonerba E, Chezzi C, Arcangeletti MC, De Conto F, Calderaro A. Genetic heterogeneity and recombination in type-3 human astroviruses. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 32:156-60. [PMID: 25784567 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are important enteric pathogens and can be classified genetically and antigenically into eight types. During molecular surveillance for HAstVs in Italy, sequence analysis of the diagnostic region C (about 400 nucleotide in length), located on the capsid (ORF2) gene, identified a novel type-3 strain. Upon sequencing of the full-length ORF2, the type-3 HAstV strain was characterized as a novel ORF2 genetic lineage, designated as 3c. By converse, in the ORF1b the virus was more similar to type-1 HAstVs, rather than to type-3 strains, suggesting a recombination nature, with the crossover site being mapped to the ORF1b/ORF2 junction region. Region C sequences of similar type-3 HAstV identified from European and extra-European countries were retrieved in the databases, suggesting the global distribution of this novel type-3 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Medici
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Fabio Tummolo
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Krisztián Banyai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elisabetta Bonerba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Carlo Chezzi
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Arcangeletti
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Flora De Conto
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Mohamed MS, Abd El-Hameed RH, Sayed AI, Soror SH. Novel antiviral compounds against gastroenteric viral infections. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:194-205. [PMID: 25704120 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is a serious viral infection which affects a large number of individuals around the world, most of them being children. The infection may occur due to different viruses, for example, coxsackievirus, adenovirus, and rotavirus. There is no available cure for such infections, and the treatment mainly depends on hospitalization and administration of nutritional supports. A new antiviral agent against gastroenteritis viral infection will be a breakthrough in healthcare. Pyrrole and pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives are well known for their biological activity as antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer agents. These compounds also proved to possess antiviral activity. Here, we synthesized novel pyrrole and pyrrolopyrimidine compounds and examined their antiviral activity. We synthesized several new pyrrole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, and pyrrolo[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives. The characterization of all synthesized compounds was based on microanalysis and spectral data. Moreover, we determined the non-toxic doses of these compounds on BGM, Hep-2, and MA-104 cells. We tested all the synthesized compounds for their antiviral activities against coxsackievirus B4, adenovirus type 7, and rotavirus Wa strain. Several compounds exhibited significant activities as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad S Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Helwan, Egypt
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Kendall RE, Gosser RA, Schulz LT, Trapskin PJ, Caponi B, Safdar N. Anti-diarrheal medication use in the treatment of Ebola virus-induced diarrhea. Travel Med Infect Dis 2015; 13:205-6. [PMID: 25682446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cho HG, Lee SG, Kim JE, Yu KS, Lee DY, Park PH, Yoon MH, Jho EH, Kim J, Paik SY. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus GII.4 variants in children under 5 years with sporadic acute gastroenteritis in South Korea during 2006-2013. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:340-4. [PMID: 25223918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global emergence of norovirus (NoV) GII.4 variants has raised public concerns in the world including South Korea since 1996. OBJECTIVE We analyzed seasonality and genotypic pattern for sporadic cases by norovirus GII-4 variants. STUDY DESIGN To determine the epidemic status of GII.4 variants in South Korea during 2006-2013, 7301 fecal specimens were collected from children who were younger than 5 years and had sporadic acute gastroenteritis (AGE). RESULTS During the study period, NoVs were the most prevalent viral agent, detected in 877 (12.0%) of the 7301 fecal specimens from children with sporadic AGE. NoV GII strains predominantly accounted for 97.6% of all sporadic NoV infections. NoV GII.4 was the most prevalent genotype and comprised 67.6% of the NoV GII strains. However, seasonal prevalence of GII.4 strains varied depending on the spread of GII.4 variants. GII.4-2006b variant most predominantly circulated from 2006-2007 to 2009-2010 and persisted during other seasons. GII.4-2009 variant was first detected in January 2010 and predominant in 2011-2012. However, it was rapidly displaced by GII.4-2012 variant, which emerged in May 2012 and substantially circulated in 2012-2013. CONCLUSIONS The frequent emergence and rapid spread of GII.4 variants significantly affect the magnitude of sporadic NoV infections in children. Hence, to minimize the disease burden of NoV infections, GII.4 strains should be considered as a primary target for vaccine development against NoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Gil Cho
- Division of Virology, Gyeonggi Provincial Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Geun Lee
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Eun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Sin Yu
- Division of Virology, Gyeonggi Provincial Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Yong Lee
- Division of Enteric Disease, Center for Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea
| | - Po-Hyun Park
- Division of Virology, Gyeonggi Provincial Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Yoon
- Division of Virology, Gyeonggi Provincial Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Young Paik
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Borrows CL, Turner PC. Seasonal screening for viral gastroenteritis in young children and elderly hospitalized patients: is it worthwhile? J Hosp Infect 2014; 87:98-102. [PMID: 24811114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral gastroenteritis is common, especially in young children. In adults, particularly amongst the elderly, it can lead to outbreaks at a time when demands on clinical services are at their peak. AIM To evaluate seasonal screening of young children and elderly patients with suspected viral gastroenteritis using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for enteric viruses within a general hospital setting. METHODS Stool samples from 200 children aged five years and under were screened for rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus and norovirus using multiplex PCR and a combined rotavirus/adenovirus immunochromatographic test (ICT) during the winter of 2012. Diarrhoeal samples submitted to the laboratory from 195 adults aged 65 years and over attending as inpatients were also evaluated by multiplex PCR. FINDINGS One or more enteric viruses were detected by PCR in 56% of children. Rotavirus was the most prevalent virus, found in 19% of samples. Enteric (diarrhoea-associated) adenovirus was detected in 5% of samples and non-enteric adenovirus was detected in 14% of samples. Astrovirus, norovirus and sapovirus were detected in 18%, 12% and 10% of samples, respectively. The ICT yielded a slightly lower rate for rotavirus and enteric adenovirus, but gave more rapid results. Norovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus were detected in 15%, 2.5% and 1% of elderly adults attending hospital as inpatients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Rapid screening of young children (for rotavirus, adenovirus and norovirus) and symptomatic, elderly adults (for norovirus) during winter months may help to limit nosocomial spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Borrows
- Department of Microbiology, Torbay Hospital, Lawes Bridge, Torquay, UK
| | - P C Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Torbay Hospital, Lawes Bridge, Torquay, UK.
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Mihalov-Kovács E, Fehér E, Martella V, Bányai K, Farkas SL. The fecal virome of domesticated animals. Virusdisease 2014; 25:150-7. [PMID: 25674581 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing is a new research tool in our hands helping us to explore still unknown fields of human and veterinary virology. Metagenomic analysis has enabled the discovery of putative novel pathogens and the identification of the etiologic agents of several diseases, solving long-standing mysteries caused by divergent viruses. This approach has been used in several studies investigating fecal samples of livestock, and companion animal species, providing information on the diversity of animal fecal virome, helping the elucidation of the etiology of diarrheal disease in animals and identifying potential zoonotic and emerging viruses.
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Martella V, Medici MC, Terio V, Catella C, Bozzo G, Tummolo F, Calderaro A, Bonura F, Di Franco M, Bányai K, Giammanco GM, De Grazia S. Lineage diversification and recombination in type-4 human astroviruses. Infect Genet Evol 2013; 20:330-5. [PMID: 24084291 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are important enteric pathogens and can be classified genetically and antigenically into eight types. During surveillance of HAstVs in Italy, type-4 HAstVs were detected only sporadically and found to cluster into two distinct genetic groups. Upon sequence analysis of the 3' end of the polymerase gene (ORF1b) and of the full-length ORF2, the 2008 type-4 HAstV strains were characterised as a novel ORF2 genetic lineage, designated as 4c. The 2008 type-4 HAstVs also shared the ORF1b gene with similar HAstV-4c strains detected globally, thus displaying a conserved ORF1b/ORF2 asset. By interrogation of the databases, this novel lineage 4c accounted for 60.8% of the type-4 strains identified worldwide and the vast majority of recent type-4 HAstVs. The 2002 type-4 HAstVs displayed a type-4b ORF2, whereas in the ORF1b they resembled type-1 HAstVs. This inconsistency suggests a possible recombinant origin, with the RNA switch taking place upstream the ORF1b/ORF2 junction region. Also, recombination likely played a role in the diversification of the ORF2 of the three type-4 lineages. Multi-target analysis is required for appropriate characterisation and identification of recombinant HAstVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Abstract
Introducción El rotavirus es la principal causa de diarrea grave en niños menores de 5 años, y ocasiona una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad a escala mundial. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido conocer la epidemiología de los virus entéricos que se declaran en el Sistema de Notificación Microbiológica de Cataluña (SNMC), rotavirus y adenovirus 40-41, y valorar la importancia que tienen en el contexto de la enfermedad entérica. Material y métodos Se han revisado retrospectivamente las declaraciones que realizan los laboratorios de los hospitales que participan en el SNMC durante los años 1995-2002. Los casos de gastroenteritis aguda se han diagnosticado por detección de antígeno en heces. Las variables analizadas han sido: edad, sexo, mes y año de aislamiento. Como métodos estadísticos se han utilizado el test de la ?2 y test de Fisher; las proporciones se han comparado utilizando la prueba binomial y el nivel de significación estadística se ha establecido en 0,05. Resultados Se han detectado 6.708 (94,3%) rotavirus y 409 (5,7%) adenovirus 40-41. Las gastroenteritis agudas virales han presentado mayor morbilidad en niños pequeños menores de 2 años: el 76 y el 68% de rotavirus y adenovirus, respectivamente, se han concentrado en este grupo de edad. El rotavirus se ha aislado principalmente en invierno (68%), mientras que el adenovirus, aunque se ha presentado estable en todas las estaciones, ha sido más frecuente en otoño (35,2%). Respecto a las enteritis, bacterianas y virales, vigiladas en el SNMC, el rotavirus y el adenovirus han supuesto la segunda y la cuarta causa etiológica, respectivamente, en los niños menores de 5 años, después de Campylobacter y Salmonella. Conclusiones De los diferentes virus que pueden causar gastroenteritis aguda, hay otros virus con frecuencias elevadas, como calici-virus y astrovirus, que no se buscan sistemáticamente, por lo que hay que valorar las frecuencias con prudencia. A pesar de esto, el rotavirus es la principal causa de la gastroenteritis viral, y afecta principalmente a edades tempranas de la vida, sobre todo a niños de 1 a 11 meses, con un claro predominio en invierno. Respecto al adenovirus 40-41, se ha presentado preferentemente en niños menores de 2 años y con mayor frecuencia en otoño. La vacunación contra el rotavirus es prioritaria para poder disminuir el alto índice de morbilidad y mortalidad que ocasiona esta enfermedad.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ciruela
- Direcció General de Salut Pública. Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social. Barcelona. España
| | - C Izquierdo
- Direcció General de Salut Pública. Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social. Barcelona. España
| | - M Oviedo
- Direcció General de Salut Pública. Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social. Barcelona. España
| | - A Domínguez
- Direcció General de Salut Pública. Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social. Barcelona. España
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Abstract
Many virus are able to induce gastroenteritis, especially in young children with immunological or nutritional defects. The most frequently observed, using ELISA, are Rotavirus. The others : Norwalk agent, Coronavirus, Breda virus, are identified using electron microscope. Using symptomatic therapy, prognosis is related to precocious hydratation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lamouliatte
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Pellegrin, F-33076 Bordeaux France
| | - P Du Pasquier
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Pellegrin, F-33076 Bordeaux France
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Lema F, Rosetto A, Driencourt M, Verhoest P, Vitse M, Daniel P. Etiologie des gastroentérites du nouveau-né au centre hospitalier d'Amiens. Med Mal Infect 1982; 12:424-427. [PMID: 38620212 PMCID: PMC7131826 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(82)80009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/1981] [Accepted: 05/29/1982] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological study has been carried on at the Amiens' Gynecology-Obstetrical center with the aim to determinate the aetiology of acute gastrointestinal disorders who affected part of the newborns over a two months period. Rotavirus was found in 16 babies (33 %) by electronmicroscopy and Enzyme-linked-Immuno-sorbent-Assay (ELISA). In one case, a « small round viruswas associated with the Rotavirus. Enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated only two times in this syndrom. The infection seem to releave of nosocomial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lema
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, place Victor-Pauchet, 80030 Amiens cédex, France
| | - A Rosetto
- Département d'Oncologie expérimentale, U 107 INSERM, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 2, place du Dr Fournier, 75010 Paris, France
| | - M Driencourt
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, place Victor-Pauchet, 80030 Amiens cédex, France
| | - P Verhoest
- Centre de Gynécologie obstétrique d'Amiens, 124, rue C.-Desmoulins, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - M Vitse
- Centre de Gynécologie obstétrique d'Amiens, 124, rue C.-Desmoulins, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Ph Daniel
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, place Victor-Pauchet, 80030 Amiens cédex, France
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