1
|
Paschoal F, Cezar AD, Pereira FB, Luque JL. Structure of the metazoan parasite communities of haemulid fish (Actinopterygii: Perciformes) in the South Atlantic Ocean: a comparative approach. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220205. [PMID: 36946810 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemulidae represents one of the most diverse, widespread and conspicuous families of Perciformes, in which most species are marine, some brackish and rarely from freshwater. From April 2009 to July 2012, 120 specimens of Conodon nobilis, 60 Orthopristis rubra and 50 Anisotremus virginicus were collected off the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and analyzed for metazoan parasites. A total of 16 parasite taxa were found on/in A. virginicus, 19 on/in Co. nobilis and 21 on/in O. rubra, in which ectoparasites were most common on A. virginicus and Co. nobilis and endoparasites in O. rubra. All parasites showed aggregate pattern of distribution (discrepancy index values higher than 0.70). Mean abundance, species richness and Brillouin index (diversity) differed among the host species, i.e., O. rubra showed the highest values, followed by A. virginicus and Co. nobilis with intermediate and lowest values, respectively. At infracommunity level was possible to observe high similarity of parasite composition among the three host species. The digeneans Leurodera decora and Monorchis latus, and the acanthocephalan Koronacantha sp. represent new locality records off Brazil. Moreover, five, four and two taxa are reported, for the first time, parasitizing Co. nobilis, A. virginicus and O. rubra, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Paschoal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, 65080-805 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Anderson D Cezar
- Universidade Estácio de Sá, Faculdade de Medicina de Angra dos Reis, Av. do Trabalhador, 179, Jacuecanga, 23914-360 Angra dos Reis, RJ , Brazil
| | - Felipe B Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José L Luque
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, BR-465, Km 7, 23851-970 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pereira FB, González-Solís D. Review of the parasitic nematodes of marine fishes from off the American continent. Parasitology 2022; 149:1928-1941. [PMID: 36076284 PMCID: PMC11010509 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ichthyofauna of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts off the American continent is very rich. Consequently, a high biodiversity of nematodes parasitizing these vertebrates is also expected. Currently, data on nematode parasites of marine fish off the Americas are fragmented. A review of all adult nematode species reported parasitizing marine fish from off the American continent is herein presented, as well as comments on their patterns of diversity, life cycles and advances in the taxonomic and phylogenetic knowledge. A total of 209 valid species, 19 species inquirendae and 6 dubious records have been recorded, the majority from the fish taxa Eupercaria and Perciformes. The families Sciaenidae, Serranidae and Lutjanidae, as well as the tropical and temperate Atlantic waters, exhibited the highest records of parasitic nematodes. The Cucullanidae, Philometridae and Cystidicolidae were the most speciose families of nematodes, which may be related to technological advances and relatively recent efforts of taxonomists, resulting in description of new taxa and the resolution of taxonomic problems. Numerous taxonomic questions still need resolution and, even though genetic data have been important for this process, the database is very scarce. This is the first review on all currently known nematode species parasitizing marine fish off the Americas and may serve as an important basis of reference for future approaches on these organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe B. Pereira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - David González-Solís
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Chetumal, Av. Centenario km 5.5, C.P. 77014, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
da Silva RD, Benicio L, Moreira J, Paschoal F, Pereira FB. Parasite communities and their ecological implications: comparative approach on three sympatric clupeiform fish populations (Actinopterygii: Clupeiformes), off Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1937-1949. [PMID: 35589866 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fish parasite communities can be directly influenced by characteristics of host species. However, little is known about the host-parasite relationships in commercially important fish of the southeastern Atlantic. To address this knowledge gap, a comparative analysis of the parasite communities of three sympatric Clupeiformes was conducted. Cetengraulis edentulus (Engraulidae), Opisthonema oglinum (Clupeidae) and Sardinella brasiliensis (Clupeidae) were collected from an estuarine lagoon near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Prevalence, abundance and aggregation were estimated for infrapopulations; richness, diversity, evenness and dominance for infracommunities. The three component communities were compared using both quantitative and qualitative components. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to determine if a host population could be characterised by the component community of its parasites. Multivariate models revealed that host species, a proxy for diet and phylogenetic relationships, was the main factor influencing the composition of parasite infracommunities. Diet was found to be the main factor shaping the communities of endoparasites, in which digeneans were dominant and best indicator of host population. Ectoparasites (copepods, isopods and monogeneans) displayed strong host-specificity with some species restricted to a single host population. The similarity of the component communities of the two clupeid populations demonstrated the influence of host phylogeny. Parasite infracommunities exhibited low diversity and high dominance, with many taxa restricted to a single host species (specialists) and few occurring in more than one (generalists). Host phylogeny and by extension, diet, morphology and coevolution with parasites appear to be important factors in determining the host-parasite relationships of clupeiform fish in the southeastern Atlantic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luana Benicio
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Biologia, Universidade Castelo Branco, Av. Santa Cruz, 1631, Realengo, CEP, 21710-255, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Juliana Moreira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Biologia, Universidade Castelo Branco, Av. Santa Cruz, 1631, Realengo, CEP, 21710-255, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fabiano Paschoal
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Biologia, Universidade Castelo Branco, Av. Santa Cruz, 1631, Realengo, CEP, 21710-255, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Felipe B Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fonseca MCGD, Felizardo NN, Torres EJL, Gomes DC, Knoff M. Hemiurid and lecithasterid digenean trematodes and camallanid and cucullanid nematodes parasitizing flounders collected off the coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e019921. [PMID: 35293516 PMCID: PMC9901887 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A total of 132 flounder specimens (60 Paralichthys isosceles, 36 Paralichthys patagonicus and 36 Xystreurys rasile) were collected off the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The fish were measured, necropsied, and had their organs investigated for hemiurid and lecithasterid digenean trematodes and camallanid and cucullanid nematodes. Taxonomic identification of the parasites was based on morphological and morphometric characters and was conducted using bright-field and scanning electron microscopies. The trematodes Lecithochirium monticellii and Aponurus laguncula were found parasitizing P. isosceles, P. patagonicus and X. rasile while the nematodes Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) halitrophus and Cucullanus bonaerensis were found parasitizing P. isosceles and X. rasile and P. isosceles, P. patagonicus and X. rasile, respectively. Parasite indices of prevalence, mean intensity, mean abundance, and range of infection, as well as infection site, were evaluated for each parasite species. This study allowed to evidence the first occurrence of P. patagonicus by L. monticellii; X. rasile by A. laguncula and P. (S.) halitrophus; and P. isosceles and P. patagonicus by C. bonaerensis in the Western South Atlantic Ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilza Nunes Felizardo
- Laboratório de Inspeção e Tecnologia de Pescado, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Eduardo José Lopes Torres
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Romero Lascasas Porto, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Delir Corrêa Gomes
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Knoff
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santos-Bustos NG, Violante-Gonzalez J, Monks S, Villalba-Vasquez PJ, Salas Villalobos SS, Acosta-Hernandez MS, Gallegos AD. Interannual and spatial variation in the parasite communities of Pacific sierra Scomberomorus sierra (Jordan et Starks) on Mexico's Pacific coast. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 33108763 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The parasite communities of predatory fish can be species rich and diverse, making them effective models for studying the factors influencing temporal and spatial variation in these communities. Over a ten-year period an initial study was done on the metazoan parasite communities of Scomberomorus sierra (Jordan et Starks) from four locations on the south-central Pacific coast of Mexico. Twenty-four metazoan parasite taxa were identified from 674 S. sierra specimens: three species of Monogenea, eight Digenea, one Cestoda, one Acanthocephala, four Nematoda, five Copepoda, and two Isopoda. The parasite communities were characterised by high ectoparasite species richness, with monogeneans and some didymozoid species being numerically dominant. Community structure and species composition varied between locations, seasons and sampling years. Similarity between the component parasite communities was generally low, despite the occurrence of a distinctive set of host-specialist parasites. Interannual or local variations in some biotic and abiotic environmental factors are possible causes of the observed variations in the structure and species composition of the parasite community of S. sierra. Ecological factors were therefore considered to have more influence than phylogenetic aspects (host phylogeny) on parasite community structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataly G Santos-Bustos
- Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, Mexico
| | - Juan Violante-Gonzalez
- Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, Mexico.,Facultad de Ecologia Marina, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Scott Monks
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Aldo Diaz Gallegos
- Facultad de Ecologia Marina, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Giari L, Ruehle B, Fano EA, Castaldelli G, Poulin R. Temporal dynamics of species associations in the parasite community of European eels, Anguilla anguilla, from a coastal lagoon. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 12:67-75. [PMID: 32435583 PMCID: PMC7229350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The resilience of biological communities is of central importance in ecology, but is difficult to investigate in nature. Parasite communities in individual hosts provide good model systems, as they allow a level of replication usually not possible with free-living communities. Here, using temporal data (2005-2017) on the communities of endohelminth parasites in European eels, Anguilla anguilla, from brackish-water lagoons in Italy, we test the resilience of interspecific associations to changes in the abundance of some parasite species and the disappearance of others. While most parasite species displayed changes in abundance over time, three trematodes that were present in the early years, two of which at high abundance, completely disappeared from the parasite community by the end of the study period. Possibly other host species required for the completion of their life cycles have declined in abundance, perhaps due to environmental changes. However, despite these marked changes to the overall community, pairwise correlations in abundance among the three most common parasite species (all trematodes) were stable over time and remained mostly unaffected by what happened to other species. We explore possible reasons for these resilient species associations within a temporally unstable parasite community inhabiting a mostly stable host population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Borsari St. 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Brandon Ruehle
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elisa Anna Fano
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Borsari St. 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Borsari St. 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Krasnov BR, Vinarski MV, Korallo-Vinarskaya NP, Khokhlova IS. Patterns of zeta diversity in ectoparasite communities harboured by small mammals at three hierarchical scales: taxon-invariance and scale-dependence. Oecologia 2020; 192:1057-1071. [PMID: 32248505 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We studied compositional turnover in communities of fleas and mites harboured by small mammals using zeta diversity metric (similarity between multiple communities) and asked whether the patterns of zeta diversity decline with an increase in the number of communities differ between taxa and hierarchical scales [infracommunities (parasite assemblages on individual hosts), component communities (parasite assemblages harboured by host populations), and compound communities (all parasite species in a locality)]. The average number of shared species declined with an increasing number of communities (zeta order). It attained zero at higher orders in infracommunities of both taxa with the shape of the zeta decline being best fitted by the negative exponential function, and the retention rate curves being modal. In contrast, zeta diversity values for compound communities of mites and fleas did not attain zero at higher zeta orders, and the form of the zeta decline was best fitted by the power-law function, whereas the retention rate curves were asymptotic. In component communities, the form of zeta decline was best fitted by either exponential or power-law function in dependence of whether communities were considered within a host across localities or across hosts within a locality and whether ubiquitous species were taken into account. Our main conclusions are that (a) the rules governing compositional turnover in parasite communities for the lowest and the highest hierarchical scales are taxon-invariant but scale-dependent and (b) species composition of infracommunities is mainly driven by stochastic assembly processed, whereas that of compound communities is mainly driven by niche-based processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute of Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
| | - Maxim V Vinarski
- Laboratory of Macroecology and Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Omsk State University, Neftezavodskaya Str. 11, 644053, Omsk, Russia
| | - Natalia P Korallo-Vinarskaya
- Laboratory of Arthropod-Borne Viral Infections, Omsk Research Institute of Natural Foci Infections, Mira str. 7, 644080, Omsk, Russia.,Omsk State Pedagogical University, Tukhachevskogo Emb. 14, 644099, Omsk, Russia
| | - Irina S Khokhlova
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Violante-González J, Monks S, Gallegos-Navarro Y, Santos-Bustos NG, Villalba-Vasquez PJ, Padilla-Serrato JG, Pulido-Flores G. Interannual variation in the metazoan parasite communities of bigeye trevally Caranx sexfasciatus (Pisces, Carangidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:6. [PMID: 32003324 PMCID: PMC6993563 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Parasite communities in Caranx sexfasciatus were characterized and analyzed to determine any interannual variations in structure and/or species composition. In total, 422 C. sexfasciatus were collected from Acapulco Bay, Mexico, between May 2016 and March 2019. Thirty-two taxa of metazoan parasites were identified: five Monogenea, thirteen Digenea, one Acanthocephala, one Cestoda, three Nematoda, seven Copepoda, and two Isopoda. Monogeneans were the most frequent and abundant parasite species in all sampling years. Parasite species richness at the component community level varied significantly from 8 (May 2016) to 25 (March 2019) and was similar to previous reports for other species of Carangidae. The component communities and infracommunities in C. sexfasciatus were characterized by low parasite species numbers, low diversity, and dominance of a single species (the monogenean Neomicrocotyle pacifica). Parasite community structure and species composition varied between sampling years and climatic seasons. Seasonal or local fluctuations in some biotic and abiotic environmental factors probably explain these variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Violante-González
- Facultad de Ecología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 39390 Acapulco, Mexico - Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 39630 Acapulco, Mexico
| | - Scott Monks
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, 42000 Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Yesenia Gallegos-Navarro
- Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 39630 Acapulco, Mexico
| | - Nataly G Santos-Bustos
- Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 39630 Acapulco, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús G Padilla-Serrato
- Conacyt - Facultad de Ecología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 39390 Acapulco, Mexico
| | - Griselda Pulido-Flores
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, 42000 Pachuca, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Violante-González J, Monks S, Gallegos-Navarro Y, Santos-Bustos NG, Villalba-Vasquez PJ, Miranda-Delgado JE, Carpio-Hernández DI. Metazoan parasite communities of the Pacific jackCaranx caninus(Pisces: Carangidae): exploring the variability of their parasite communities. J NAT HIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Violante-González
- Facultad de Ecología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, México
- Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, México
| | - Scott Monks
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | | | - Nataly G. Santos-Bustos
- Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, México
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carrassón M, Dallarés S, Cartes JE, Constenla M, Pérez-Del-Olmo A, Zucca L, Kostadinova A. Drivers of parasite community structure in fishes of the continental shelf of the Western Mediterranean: the importance of host phylogeny and autecological traits. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:669-683. [PMID: 31228422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We explored the relationships between features of host species and their environment, and the diversity, composition and structure of parasite faunas and communities using a large taxonomically consistent dataset of host-parasite associations and host-prey associations, and original environmental and host trait data (diet, trophic level, population density and habitat depth vagility) for the most abundant demersal fish species off the Catalonian coast of the Western Mediterranean. Altogether 98 species/taxa belonging to seven major parasite groups were recovered in 683 fish belonging to 10 species from seven families and four orders. Our analyses revealed that (i) the parasite fauna of the region is rich and dominated by digeneans; (ii) the host parasite faunas and communities exhibited wide variations in richness, abundance and similarity due to a strong phylogenetic component; (iii) the levels of host sharing were low and involved host generalists and larval parasites; (iv) the multivariate similarity pattern of prey samples showed significant associations with hosts and host trophic guilds; (v) prey compositional similarity was not associated with the similarity of trophically transmitted parasite assemblages; and (vi) phylogeny and fish autecological traits were the best predictors of parasite community metrics in the host-parasite system studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maite Carrassón
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sara Dallarés
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan E Cartes
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Del-Olmo
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Parc Científic, Universitat de València, PO Box 22085, Valencia 46071, Spain
| | - Leda Zucca
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aneta Kostadinova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fountain-Jones NM, Pearse WD, Escobar LE, Alba-Casals A, Carver S, Davies TJ, Kraberger S, Papeş M, Vandegrift K, Worsley-Tonks K, Craft ME. Towards an eco-phylogenetic framework for infectious disease ecology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:950-970. [PMID: 29114986 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identifying patterns and drivers of infectious disease dynamics across multiple scales is a fundamental challenge for modern science. There is growing awareness that it is necessary to incorporate multi-host and/or multi-parasite interactions to understand and predict current and future disease threats better, and new tools are needed to help address this task. Eco-phylogenetics (phylogenetic community ecology) provides one avenue for exploring multi-host multi-parasite systems, yet the incorporation of eco-phylogenetic concepts and methods into studies of host pathogen dynamics has lagged behind. Eco-phylogenetics is a transformative approach that uses evolutionary history to infer present-day dynamics. Here, we present an eco-phylogenetic framework to reveal insights into parasite communities and infectious disease dynamics across spatial and temporal scales. We illustrate how eco-phylogenetic methods can help untangle the mechanisms of host-parasite dynamics from individual (e.g. co-infection) to landscape scales (e.g. parasite/host community structure). An improved ecological understanding of multi-host and multi-pathogen dynamics across scales will increase our ability to predict disease threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William D Pearse
- Ecology Center and Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, U.S.A
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A.,Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A
| | - Ana Alba-Casals
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | | | - Simona Kraberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
| | - Monica Papeş
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, U.S.A
| | - Kurt Vandegrift
- Department of Biology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Katherine Worsley-Tonks
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alves PV, de Chambrier A, Scholz T, Luque JL. Annotated checklist of fish cestodes from South America. Zookeys 2017; 650:1-205. [PMID: 28331385 PMCID: PMC5345339 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.650.10982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An exhaustive literature search supplemented by a critical examination of records made it possible to present an annotated checklist of tapeworms (Cestoda) that, as adults or larvae (metacestodes), parasitize freshwater, brackish water and marine fishes, i.e. cartilaginous and bony fishes, in South America. The current knowledge of their species diversity, host associations and geographical distribution is reviewed. Taxonomic problems are discussed based on a critical evaluation of the literature and information on DNA sequences of individual taxa is provided to facilitate future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. As expected, the current knowledge is quite uneven regarding the number of taxa and host-associations reported from the principal river basins and marine ecoregions. These differences may not only reflect the actual cestode richness but may also be due to the research effort that has been devoted to unravelling the diversity of these endoparasitic helminths in individual countries. A total of 297 valid species, 61 taxa identified to the generic level, in addition to unidentified cestodes, were recorded from 401 species of fish hosts. Among the recognized cestode orders, 13 have been recorded in South America, with the Onchoproteocephalidea displaying the highest species richness, representing c. 50% of all species diversity. The majority of records include teleost fish hosts (79%) that harbour larval and adult stages of cestodes, whereas stingrays (Myliobatiformes) exhibit the highest proportion of records (39%) among the elasmobranch hosts. Fish cestodes are ubiquitous in South America, being mostly recorded from the Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific (WTSP; 31%) for marine hosts and the Amazon River basin (45%) for freshwater ones. The following problems were detected during the compilation of literary data: (i) unreliability of many records; (ii) poor taxonomic resolution, i.e. identification made only to the genus or even family level; (iii) doubtful host identification; and (iv) the absence of voucher specimens that would enable us to verify identification. It is thus strongly recommended to always deposit representative specimens in any type of studies, including faunal surveys and ecological studies. An analysis of the proportion of three basic types of studies, i.e. surveys, taxonomic and ecological papers, has shown a considerable increase of ecological studies over the last decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V. Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, 23851-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alain de Chambrier
- Natural History Museum of Geneva, CP 6434, CH - 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - José L. Luque
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, CP 74.540, BR 465, Km 7, 23851-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Parasites of the Brazilian flathead Percophis brasiliensis reflect West Atlantic biogeographic regions. Parasitology 2016; 144:169-178. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWith the aim of evaluating the utility of marine parasites as indicators of zoogeographical regions in the South West Atlantic, we analyzed data on assemblages of long-lived larval parasites of 488 specimens of Percophis brasiliensis distributed in 11 samples from nine localities covering the entire distribution of the species in the Argentine biogeographical Province. Near half a million long-lived parasite individuals belonging to 17 species present in the whole sample displayed clear latitudinal patterns. Data for parasite assemblages at infracommunity and component community levels were analysed in relation to the geographical distance. Significant similarity decay of parasite assemblages over distance was observed, with those based on abundances and mean abundances showing departures from predicted values of regressions. These departures were represented by higher dissimilarities between samples coming from different zoogeographical regions than between those caught within the same region, independently of the distance separating them. Consequently, zoogeographical regions were identified in a distance-decay context. Multivariate analyses corroborated a close fit of similarity between assemblages to existing zoogeographical classifications. Regressions representing distance decay of similarity, and the identification of their outliers, can therefore shed light on the existence of discontinuities or uniformities in the geographic distribution of parasite assemblages and, in turn, in the zoogeography of their fish hosts.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ecotonal marine regions – ecotonal parasite communities: helminth assemblages in the convergence of masses of water in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:809-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Amarante CFD, Tassinari WDS, Luque JL, Pereira MJS. Parasite abundance and its determinants in fishes from Brazil: an eco-epidemiological approach. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2016; 25:196-201. [PMID: 27334820 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The variability in parasite abundance has an ecological basis; however, from an epidemiological point of view, the contribution of factors inherent to the host to the variability in parasite abundance remains an open question. A database consisting of 3,746 specimens of 73 fish species was used to verify the relation between the distribution of parasite abundance in fishes and a set of biotic factors inherent to the hosts. Classical and mixed Poisson regression models were constructed. Prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated. The parasite abundance was significantly higher in female hosts, nonschooling species, species from benthopelagic and pelagic habitats, and fishes with greater body length. Overall, these results suggest that the variability in the abundance of infection is an attribute of the parasite species. Although the results are biologically plausible, important gaps may still exist and should be explored to better understand the variations in parasite abundance, which has great relevance in epidemiological studies. We reinforce the importance of choosing the statistical model most appropriate for the nature of the data to avoid spurious results, especially when the autocorrelation in the data is not taken into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fernandes do Amarante
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica RJ , Brasil, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Wagner de Souza Tassinari
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica RJ , Brasil, Departamento de Matemática, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jose Luis Luque
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica RJ , Brasil, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica RJ , Brasil, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Julia Salim Pereira
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica RJ , Brasil, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Villanueva-Gomila GL, Macchi GJ, Ehrlich MD, Irigoyen AJ, Venerus LA. The reproductive biology of Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829 (Osteichthyes: Pinguipedidae) in temperate rocky reefs of Argentina. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20150053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pinguipes brasilianus is a conspicuous and abundant rocky-reef fish inhabiting the Northern Patagonian gulfs of Argentina, Southwest Atlantic. This study describes its reproductive biology in this region. We made macroscopic and histological descriptions of the testis and ovary development, analyzed the evolution of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in both sexes throughout the year, and estimated fecundity and length at 50% maturity for females. Pinguipes brasilianus is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity and an extended reproductive season, encompassing austral spring and summer. Low GSI values in males (monthly means ranged between 0.11% and 0.75%) and low relative fecundity in female fish (between 2 and 44 oocytes/g) are consistent with a need of close proximity between male and female during oocyte fertilization, sexual courtship and with spawning in pairs and/or within reef crevices. The estimated length at 50% maturity (± SD) for females was 15.22 ± 0.43 cm total length. Although P. brasilianus shares the main reproductive features of its congeneric species Pinguipes chilensis , male GSI and female length at 50% maturity in P. brasilianus were markedly lower than those reported for P. chilensis , while relative and batch fecundity were greater in fish of the same size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo J. Macchi
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Martín D. Ehrlich
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejo J. Irigoyen
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pantoja CS, Borges JN, Santos CP, Luque JL. Molecular and Morphological Characterization of Anisakid Nematode Larvae from the SandperchesPseudopercis numidaandPinguipes brasilianus(Perciformes: Pinguipedidae) off Brazil. J Parasitol 2015; 101:492-9. [DOI: 10.1645/14-625.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
18
|
Warburton EM, Kohler SL, Vonhof MJ. Patterns of parasite community dissimilarity: the significant role of land use and lack of distance-decay in a bat-helminth system. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Warburton
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Western Michigan Univ.; 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008-5410 USA
| | - Steven L. Kohler
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Western Michigan Univ.; 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008-5410 USA
- Environmental and Sustainability Studies Program, Western Michigan Univ.; 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008-5410 USA
| | - Maarten J. Vonhof
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Western Michigan Univ.; 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008-5410 USA
- Environmental and Sustainability Studies Program, Western Michigan Univ.; 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008-5410 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Parasites of Urophycis brasiliensis (Gadiformes: Phycidae) as indicators of marine ecoregions in coastal areas of the South American Atlantic. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:4281-92. [PMID: 25245108 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential value of parasites as ecosystem markers was tested by analyzing the metazoan assemblages of Urophycis brasiliensis caught in four locations distributed in three ecoregions of the Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic. A total of 5,001 metazoan parasites belonging to 33 species were found. The identified parasites varied across locations in terms of presence, prevalence, and abundance, and their multivariate analyses resulted in clear similarity patterns. No differences were observed between two locations of the same ecoregion, whereas an evident separation of samples was observed across ecoregions in support of the existing hypotheses regarding the ecoregional division of the southwestern Atlantic. We proposed that parasite assemblages, which are composed of several metazoan phyla, are potentially useful as ecosystem indicators. This suggestion is derived from the combined evidence of the evolutionary history and biogeography of multiple lineages, which is expected to be more efficient in capturing recurrent patterns in overall biodiversity than individual lineages. Furthermore, as many parasites have complex life cycles, their distribution patterns are dependent not only on environmental conditions but also on the distribution and population density of all hosts involved in their life cycles, adding further sources of distributional variability that act synergistically to define robust geographical patterns. The selection of long-lived parasites and their comparative analysis provided evidence supporting the existence of three different stocks in the four sampled areas. The best parasite tags were those with low specificity in fish hosts, constituting promising biological tags for the stock discrimination of other fish species in the region.
Collapse
|
20
|
Brito SV, Ferreira FS, Ribeiro SC, Anjos LA, Almeida WO, Mesquita DO, Vasconcellos A. Spatial-temporal variation of parasites in Cnemidophorus ocellifer (Teiidae) and Tropidurus hispidus and Tropidurus semitaeniatus (Tropiduridae) from Caatinga areas in northeastern Brazil. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1163-9. [PMID: 24481899 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are natural regulators of their host populations. Despite this, little is known about variations in parasite composition (spatially or temporally) in environments subjected to water-related periodic stress such as the arid and semiarid regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial-temporal variation in endoparasite species' abundance and richness in populations of Neotropical Cnemidophorus ocellifer, Tropidurus hispidus, and Tropidurus semitaeniatus lizards in the semiarid northeast of Brazil. The location influenced the abundance of parasites in all analyzed lizard species, while season (dry and rainy) only influenced the total abundance for T. hispidus. In all seasons, males significantly showed more endoparasites than females in all lizard species, although for T. hispidus, this difference was only found in the dry season. Seasonal variations affect the abundance patterns of parasites. Likely, variables include environmental variations such as humidity and temperature, which influence the development of endoparasite eggs when outside of the host. Further, the activity of the intermediate hosts and the parasites of heteroxenous life cycles could be affected by an environmental condition. The variation in the abundance of parasites between the sampling areas could be a reflection of variations in climate and physiochemical conditions. Also, it could be due to differences in the quality of the environment in which each host population lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel V Brito
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Campus do Pimenta, 63105-100, Crato, Ceará, Brazil,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marine parasites as biological tags in South American Atlantic waters, current status and perspectives. Parasitology 2014; 142:5-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYMany marine fisheries in South American Atlantic coasts (SAAC) are threatened by overfishing and under serious risk of collapsing. The SAAC comprises a diversity of environments, possesses a complex oceanography and harbours a vast biodiversity that provide an enormous potential for using parasites as biological tags for fish stock delineation, a prerequisite for the implementation of control and management plans. Here, their use in the SAAC is reviewed. Main evidence is derived from northern Argentine waters, where fish parasite assemblages are dominated by larval helminth species that share a low specificity, long persistence and trophic transmission, parasitizing almost indiscriminately all available fish species. The advantages and constraints of such a combination of characteristics are analysed and recommendations are given for future research. Shifting the focus from fish/parasite populations to communities allows expanding the concept of biological tags from local to regional scales, providing essential information to delineate ecosystem boundaries for host communities. This new concept arose as a powerful tool to help the implementation of ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management, the new paradigm for fisheries science. Holistic approaches, including parasites as biological tags for stock delineation will render valuable information to help insure fisheries and marine ecosystems against further depletion and collapse.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kanarek G, Zaleśny G. Extrinsic- and intrinsic-dependent variation in component communities and patterns of aggregations in helminth parasites of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) from N.E. Poland. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:837-50. [PMID: 24297694 PMCID: PMC3932169 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigate the effect extrinsic (habitat and season) and intrinsic (host’s age and sex) factors on the richness, diversity, and structure of parasite component communities and aggregation patterns in the helminth fauna of the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo from northeastern Poland. The helminth fauna of cormorants from the brackish water habitat was far richer (30 species) than in those from freshwater lakes (18 species) and strongly depend on season and age of the host. The values of diversity index strongly varied in relation to habitat and host age with clear seasonal differences in the value of diversity index, i.e., its value increased over time in adults from the brackish water habitat and decreased in those from the freshwater lakes. The number of helminths in adult and immature birds varied, depending on the season and habitat: in the brackish water habitat, the overall percentage of helminths was higher in spring than in summer, while in the freshwater habitat a higher proportion of helminths was recorded in summer. During spring, in the brackish water habitat, we observed a higher level of aggregation (for all groups of helminths) than in autumn. The opposite pattern was found in the freshwater habitat. However, this regularity was typical of adult birds only. In immature hosts, the level of aggregation was not predictable and varied among the higher taxa. Our study clearly showed that processes determinate diversity, structure, richness, and patterns of aggregation in helminth assemblages of avian hosts are multi-origin and highly complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Kanarek
- Ornithological Station, Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Nadwiślańska 108, 80-680, Gdańsk, Poland,
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The use of parasites as biological tags to discriminate among marine fish stocks has become a widely accepted method in fisheries management. Here, we first link this approach to its unstated ecological foundation, the decay in the similarity of the species composition of assemblages as a function of increasing distance between them, a phenomenon almost universal in nature. We explain how distance decay of similarity can influence the use of parasites as biological tags. Then, we perform a meta-analysis of 61 uses of parasites as tags of marine fish populations in multivariate discriminant analyses, obtained from 29 articles. Our main finding is that across all studies, the observed overall probability of correct classification of fish based on parasite data was about 71%. This corresponds to a two-fold improvement over the rate of correct classification expected by chance alone, and the average effect size (Zr = 0·463) computed from the original values was also indicative of a medium-to-large effect. However, none of the moderator variables included in the meta-analysis had a significant effect on the proportion of correct classification; these moderators included the total number of fish sampled, the number of parasite species used in the discriminant analysis, the number of localities from which fish were sampled, the minimum and maximum distance between any pair of sampling localities, etc. Therefore, there are no clear-cut situations in which the use of parasites as tags is more useful than others. Finally, we provide recommendations for the future usage of parasites as tags for stock discrimination, to ensure that future applications of the method achieve statistical rigour and a high discriminatory power.
Collapse
|
24
|
Locke SA, Marcogliese DJ, Valtonen ET. Vulnerability and diet breadth predict larval and adult parasite diversity in fish of the Bothnian Bay. Oecologia 2013; 174:253-62. [PMID: 24026499 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of aquatic food webs show that parasite diversity is concentrated in nodes that likely favour transmission. Various aspects of parasite diversity have been observed to be correlated with the trophic level, size, diet breadth, and vulnerability to predation of hosts. However, no study has attempted to distinguish among all four correlates, which may have differential importance for trophically transmitted parasites occurring as larvae or adults. We searched for factors that best predict the diversity of larval and adult endoparasites in 4105 fish in 25 species studied over a three-year period in the Bothnian Bay, Finland. Local predator-prey relationships were determined from stomach contents, parasites, and published data in 8,229 fish in 31 species and in seals and piscivorous birds. Fish that consumed more species of prey had more diverse trophically transmitted adult parasites. Larval parasite diversity increased with the diversity of both prey and predators, but increases in predator diversity had a greater effect. Prey diversity was more strongly associated with the diversity of adult parasites than with that of larvae. The proportion of parasite species present as larvae in a host species was correlated with the diversity of its predators. There was a notable lack of association with the diversity of any parasite guild and fish length, trophic level, or trophic category. Thus, diversity is associated with different nodal properties in larval and adult parasites, and association strengths also differ, strongly reflecting the life cycles of parasites and the food chains they follow to complete transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Locke
- Aquatic Biodiversity Section, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, 7th Floor, Montreal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Alarcos AJ, Timi JT. Stocks and seasonal migrations of the flounder Xystreurys rasile as indicated by its parasites. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 83:531-541. [PMID: 23991872 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (1) to compare the structure and composition of parasite assemblages of the flounder Xystreurys rasile in two regions of the Argentine Sea in order to evaluate the hypothesis for the existence of different stocks, and (2) to test the hypothesis for X. rasile migration from the Argentine-Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone (AUCFZ) towards more southern waters during spring. Parasitological evidence shows that at least two stocks of X. rasile inhabit the coastal and shelf waters of the northern Argentine Sea, one in El Rincón and the other in the AUCFZ. These stocks should be considered as discrete entities in management plans to ensure a sustainable use of these resources. The results also confirm the existence of migratory patterns in the northern stock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Alarcos
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, (7600) Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Patterns of variation in parasite component communities and infracommunities of a littoral fish species from the northern coast of Chile. J Helminthol 2012; 88:89-96. [PMID: 23237008 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x12000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The structure and similarity of the parasite communities of fish can be evaluated at the component community (CC) and infracommunity (IC) levels. Both hierarchical levels have been used to assess parasite variations in fish at large (biogeographic) scales. However, studies evaluating the consistency between these two hierarchical levels at smaller geographical scales are scarce. In this study, the parasite assemblages of 124 Paralabrax humeralis collected by local fishermen by spear fishing at four sites (El Fierro, EF; P. Angamos, PA; Santa María, ISM; San Jorge, BSJ) in northern Chile were compared to assess the variability (or similarity) of their CCs and ICs at a limited geographical scale using multivariate analysis. At the IC level, discriminant analyses showed that P. humeralis parasite communities varied significantly among sites; 70% of ectoparasite ICs were correctly assigned to each site, but only 55% of helminth parasite ICs were correctly classified. At the CC level, the composition of parasite communities as assessed by correspondence analyses varied significantly between sites. Tagia sp., Neobenedenia sp. and Philometra sp. were associated with BSJ, ISM and PA, respectively; Corynosoma sp. and most digeneans were associated with both ISM and EF. Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed significant variations in the degree of similarity between P. humeralis CCs from different sites, but not between ICs. Variations between CCs from different sites reflect fish population processes (e.g., population age, reproductive segregation) and the particular conditions of their respective habitats, whereas ICs reflect individual host movements. This study demonstrated that, when examined at a limited geographical scale, IC is better than CC at capturing the local pool of parasite assemblages when host populations are spatially segregated. Therefore, in this study, it is demonstrated that at a small geographic scale, CC variations are not reflected by IC, when host population is spatially segregated.
Collapse
|
27
|
Spatial structure of the helminth parasite communities of the tonguefish, Symphurus plagiusa, from the Campeche coast, southern Mexico. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:911-20. [PMID: 22921602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goals of this paper were to determine whether the helminth communities of the blackcheek tonguefish, Symphurus plagiusa, exhibit a spatial structure and, if so, to determine the relative influence of selected environmental and spatial variables. The parasite communities of tonguefish and environmental data (e.g., temperature, salinity, oxygen) were sampled monthly over a network of 37 stations over 1 year (February 2006 to January 2007). Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used. Spatial variables were generated using the analysis of principal coordinates of neighbour matrices (PCNM) method. A total of 1,010 flatfishes and nine helminth taxa were collected. For the environmental variables, hierarchical cluster analyses produced groups of stations associated with the Yucatan dry, rainy and winter seasons. At the infracommunity level, there was no group formation as indicated by ANOSIM and NMDS nor association with environmental or spatial variables. At the component community level, there was significant group formation, and RDA analyses of core, satellite and all species produced significant associations with environmental variables. However, model fit improved substantially (from 17-52% to 49-83% of explained variance) when the spatial variables (variables generated with PCNM method) were added. Thus, the helminth component communities of S. plagiusa were affected by associated environmental variables and unknown ecological processes captured by the spatial variables acting at different spatial scales over time. In contrast, at the infracommunity level there was apparently a very fine spatial grain, where the numerical dominance of core species resulted in biased group formation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Parasite diversity and microsatellite variability in native and introduced populations of four Neogobius species (Gobiidae). Parasitology 2012; 139:1493-505. [PMID: 22814338 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Species introduced into new areas often show a reduction in parasite and genetic diversity associated to the limited number of founding individuals. In this study, we compared microsatellite and parasite diversity in both native (lower Danube) and introduced populations of 4 Ponto-Caspian gobies, including those (1) introduced from within the same river system (middle Danube; Neogobius kessleri and N. melanostomus), and (2) introduced from a different river system (River Vistula; N. fluviatilis and N. gymnotrachelus). Microsatellite data confirmed the lower Danube as a source population for gobies introduced into the middle Danube. Both native and introduced (same river system) populations of N. kessleri and N. melanostomus had comparable parasite species richness and microsatellite diversity, possibly due to multiple and/or continual migration/introduction of new individuals and the acquisition of local parasites. Reduced parasite species richness and microsatellite diversity were observed in introduced (different river system) populations in the Vistula. A low number of colonists found for N. fluviatilis and N. gymnotrachelus in the Vistula potentially resulted in reduced introduction of parasite species. Insufficient adaptation of the introduced host to local parasite fauna, together with introduction into an historically different drainage system, may also have contributed to the reduced parasite fauna.
Collapse
|
29
|
Braicovich PE, Luque JL, Timi JT. Geographical patterns of parasite infracommunities in the rough scad, Trachurus lathami Nichols, in the Southwestern Atlantic ocean. J Parasitol 2012; 98:768-77. [PMID: 22360472 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2950.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed temporal variability in parasite infections of rough scad (Trachurus lathami) in 3 samples from Miramar (MI) in 2008, separated by periods of 1 mo, and 2 samples from Villa Gesell (VG), 1 each in 2008 and 2009 (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina), respectively. A sample was also obtained from Cabo Frio (CF) (Brazil) in 2009 to compare differences in parasite communities between fish from this locality and each Argentinean locality. All rough scad were parasitized by at least 1 of 27 parasite species. Similarity-based multivariate analysis revealed significant differences between localities, but temporal homogeneity in each Argentinean locality. Overall, prevalence and abundance of parasite species were most similar between samples from MI and VG, while the greatest differences occurred between samples from MI and CF. A canonical analysis of principal coordinates showed significant differences among samples. Grillotia carvajalregorum was the most important species in determining the position of Argentinean samples, especially those from MI, while Ectenurus virgulus , Raphidascaris sp., and Hysterothylacium sp. were the most important species related to fish from CF. The parasite assemblage of T. lathami showed a notable temporal persistence within the same locality and a high variability at the spatial scale, suggesting the existence of 3 independent stocks of T. lathami in South Atlantic waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola E Braicovich
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Funes 3350, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carballo MC, Cremonte F, Navone GT, Timi JT. Similarity in parasite community structure may be used to trace latitudinal migrations of Odontesthes smitti along Argentinean coasts. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 80:15-28. [PMID: 22220887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the existence of migratory movements and to identify ecological stocks of the silverside Odontesthes smitti along its distribution in the Southern Atlantic Ocean, using metazoan parasites as biological tags. Samples were obtained from San José Gulf (SJ) (42° 25' S; 64° 07' W) and Nuevo Gulf (NG) (42° 47' S; 65° 02' W) in north Patagonia during winter and summer and in waters off Mar del Plata (MDP) (38° 03' S; 57° 32' W), Bonaerense region, during winter. Fifteen parasite species were collected. Multivariate statistical procedures on parasite community data showed strong effect of host size on the structure of parasite assemblages. Taking into account the variations among samples due to host size, the differential structure of parasite communities between SJ and NG suggests that fish inhabiting these localities could belong to different ecological stocks. Fish from MDP and SJ caught in summer showed similar composition in their parasite assemblages, which is congruent with a migratory cycle that implies that fish caught in MDP during winter inhabit SJ during summer. Further evidence of the Patagonian origin of MDP O. smitti is the presence of the digenean Proctotrema bartolii in fish from both regions. Proctotrema bartolii is acquired by O. smitti only in the Magellanic province, where its intermediate host, Darina solenoides, is distributed. The analyses suggest that O. smitti inhabiting north Patagonian gulfs could belong to different ecological stocks and that O. smitti caught in MDP could have come from SJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Carballo
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CCT La Plata-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Calle 2 No 584, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Parasite communities in three sympatric flounder species (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae). Parasitol Res 2011; 110:2155-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
32
|
Henriquez VP, Gonzalez MT, Licandeo R, Carvajal J. Metazoan parasite communities of rock cod Eleginops maclovinus along southern Chilean coast and their use as biological tags at a local spatial scale. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 79:1851-1865. [PMID: 22141891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The composition of the metazoan parasite fauna of the rock cod Eleginops maclovinus from three locations in southern Chile was compared to assess the local spatial variation of the community component of their parasitic faunas. A total of 13 108 metazoan parasites (5267 endoparasites and 7841 ectoparasites) belonging to 34 taxa were collected from 268 specimens of E. maclovinus between October 2008 and March 2009. The populations and community quantitative descriptors were estimated. Altogether, 97.4% of the fish were infected with at least one parasite taxon. The most prevalent species were Hypoechinorhynchus magellanicus (Acanthocephala), Caligus rogercresseyi, Lepeophtheirus mugiloides, Clavella adunca (Copepoda) and Similascarophis sp. (Nematoda). Five species are new records for this host: Argulus araucanus, Hirudinea gen. sp1., Hirudinea gen. sp2., Benedenia sp. and Camallanidae gen. sp. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed that the metazoan parasite fauna of E. maclovinus varied qualitatively and quantitatively among three locations, with 89.7% of fish being correctly assigned to their respective locations. This suggested that parasites could be a reliable tool to discriminate individual fish from geographically close locations. There was a weak relationship between the parasite fauna and fish size and there were no accumulations of parasites in the host over time, which could be associated with ontogenetic changes of diet associated with habitat use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V P Henriquez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Recursos y Ambientes Costeros I∼mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fish trophic level and the similarity of non-specific larval parasite assemblages. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:309-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
34
|
Lanfranchi AL, Timi JT. A New Species of Heterosentis Van Cleave, 1931 (Acanthocephala, Arhythmacanthidae), a Parasite of Pinguipedid Fishes in the Southwest Atlantic. J Parasitol 2011; 97:111-5. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2507.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
35
|
Parasites of a marine benthic fish in the Southwestern Atlantic: searching for geographical recurrent patterns of community structure. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:261-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
36
|
Parasite assemblages of Nemadactylus bergi (Pisces: Latridae): the role of larval stages in the short-scale predictability. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:1373-9. [PMID: 20697912 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The short-scale temporal repeatability in the structure and composition of parasite communities of Nemadactylus bergi were analyzed by comparing population and infracommunity descriptors in five samples caught off Mar del Plata, Argentina (38º 27' S, 57º 90' W) at intervals of 20 days. This is the first study aiming to detect relevant local or short-term processes in an area where larval endohelminths dominate the parasite assemblages and are expected to provide predictability to the communities they belong. The parasite fauna of this host species was composed by 18 species, 16 of them being endoparasites, among which larval stages accounted for most of both the number of parasite individuals found and the highest percentages of average similarity among infracommunities. The structure of parasite communities of N. bergi was, as predicted, repeatable across samples at short spatial and temporal scales and, as expected, this predictability was mainly provided by larval stages, namely Corynosoma australe and Grillotia carvajalregorum. These results imply that a single sample of N. bergi from this locality will be enough to catch the structure and intrinsic variability of their component communities in further studies aiming to compare parasite assemblages at larger spatial scales. These studies should, however, take into account the heterogeneity in the size of fish among samples, which proved to be an important confounding factor in comparisons among samples by affecting their similarity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Timi JT, Luque JL, Poulin R. Host ontogeny and the temporal decay of similarity in parasite communities of marine fish. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:963-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
38
|
Consequences of microhabitat selection for reproductive success in the parasitic copepodNeobrachiella spinicephala(Lernaeopodidae). Parasitology 2010; 137:1687-94. [PMID: 20500924 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYNarrow site specificity in parasites is assumed to be associated with fitness benefits, such as higher reproductive success, although this is never quantified. We linked the body mass and combined mass of egg sacs of female copepods,Neobrachiella spinicephala, parasitic on the sandperch,Pinguipes brasilianus, to attachment sites on the host. Adult females attach permanently either on the lips, the margins of the operculum, or the base of pectoral or pelvic fins. In addition to influences of sampling site, season and host body length, our analyses revealed important fitness effects. First, attachment site significantly influenced copepod body mass; independent of other factors, copepods at the base of fins were 32% larger than those on the lips or operculum. Second, the mass of egg sacs was almost always greater if the copepod was attached at the base of fins rather than to the lip or operculum. Thus, a female weighing 6 mg would, on average, produce 40% larger egg sacs if attached to the base of fins. However, copepods were much more likely to attach at the base of fins on small fish, and on either the lip or the operculum on large fish. We propose that constraints varying with fish size account for the shift from optimal to suboptimal attachment sites as a function of increasing host size. By measuring differences in fitness components between attachment sites, our approach allows hypothesis testing regarding microhabitat selection.
Collapse
|