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Fernández-Medarde A, Santos E. Ras GEF Mouse Models for the Analysis of Ras Biology and Signaling. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:361-395. [PMID: 33977490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have become in recent years a crucial tool to understand the physiological and pathological roles of many cellular proteins. They allow analysis of the functional consequences of [1] complete or partial (time- or organ-limited) removal of specific proteins (knockout animals), [2] the exchange of a wild-type allele for a mutant or truncated version found in human illnesses (knock-in), or [3] the effect of overexpression of a given protein in the whole body or in specific organs (transgenic mice). In this regard, the study of phenotypes in Ras GEF animal models has allowed researchers to find specific functions for otherwise very similar proteins, uncovering their role in physiological contexts such as memory formation, lymphopoiesis, photoreception, or body homeostasis. In addition, mouse models have been used to unveil the functional role of Ras GEFs under pathological conditions, including Noonan syndrome, skin tumorigenesis, inflammatory diseases, diabetes, or ischemia among others. In the following sections, we will describe the methodological approaches employed for Ras GEF animal model analyses, as well as the main discoveries made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
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2
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Naranjo-Lucena A, Correia CN, Molina-Hernández V, Martínez-Moreno Á, Browne JA, Pérez J, MacHugh DE, Mulcahy G. Transcriptomic Analysis of Ovine Hepatic Lymph Node Following Fasciola hepatica Infection - Inhibition of NK Cell and IgE-Mediated Signaling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687579. [PMID: 34122452 PMCID: PMC8194261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a trematode parasite responsible for major economic losses in livestock production, and is also a food-borne zoonotic agent in developing rural regions. For years, the immunoregulatory mechanisms employed by the parasite have hampered efforts to develop a successful vaccine candidate. Given that a comprehensive understanding of the immune response to infection is needed, we investigated the gene expression changes in ovine hepatic lymph nodes after experimental infection with F. hepatica. Lymph nodes from uninfected and infected animals were processed for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) at 16 weeks post-infection. Comparison of groups revealed 5,132 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs). An inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathways, which has previously been described during fasciolosis, was evident in our data. However, other signals previously identified in ruminant peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or liver tissue, such as activation of TGF-β or apoptosis-related pathways were not detected. We found inhibition of some key immunological pathways, including natural killer (NK) cell activity and IgE-mediated signaling. These may point to additional some as yet unrecognized mechanisms employed by the parasite to evade the host immune response. Understanding these, and leveraging information from this and other omics studies, will be important for the development of future vaccine prototypes against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina N Correia
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - John A Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - José Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Mei X, Shi W, Zhao W, Luo H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Sheng Z, Wang D, Zhu XQ, Huang W. Fasciola gigantica excretory-secretory products (FgESPs) modulate the differentiation and immune functions of buffalo dendritic cells through a mechanism involving DNMT1 and TET1. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:355. [PMID: 32680546 PMCID: PMC7368760 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fasciola gigantica infection threatens the health of both humans and animals in the world. The excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of this fluke has been reported to impair the activation and maturation of immune cells. We have previously shown the influence of F. gigantica ESPs (FgESPs) on the maturation of buffalo dendritic cells (DCs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the potency of FgESPs in shifting the differentiation and immune functions of buffalo DCs. Methods Buffalo DCs were incubated with FgESPs directly or further co-cultured with lymphocytes in vitro. qRT-PCR was employed to determine the gene expression profile of DCs or the mixed cells, and an ELISA was used to measure cytokine levels in the supernatants. Hoechst and Giemsa staining assays, transmission electron microscopy, caspase-3/7 activity test and histone methylation test were performed to determine DC phenotyping, apoptosis and methylation. To investigate the mechanism involved with DNA methylation, a Co-IP assay and immunofluorescent staining assay were performed to observe if there was any direct interaction between FgESPs and DNMT1/TET1 in buffalo DCs, while RNAi technology was employed to knockdown DNMT1 and TET1 in order to evaluate any different influence of FgESPs on DCs when these genes were absent. Results qRT-PCR and ELISA data together demonstrated the upregulation of DC2 and Th2/Treg markers in DCs alone and DCs with a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), suggesting a bias of DC2 that potentially directed Th2 differentiation in vitro. DC apoptosis was also found and evidenced morphologically and biochemically, which might be a source of tolerogenic DCs that led to Treg differentiation. In addition, FgESPs induced methylation level changes of histones H3K4 and H3K9, which correlate with DNA methylation. Co-IP and immunofluorescent subcellular localization assays showed no direct interaction between the FgESPs and DNMT1/TET1 in buffalo DCs. The productions of IL-6 and IL-12 were found separately altered by the knockdown of DNMT1 and TET1 in DCs after FgESPs treatment. Conclusions FgESPs may induce the DC2 phenotype or the apoptosis of buffalo DCs to induce the downstream Th2/Treg response of T cells, possibly through a DNMT1- or TET1-dependent manner(s).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Mei
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenping Zhao
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurui Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoan Sheng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongying Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiyi Huang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Twomey AJ, Berry DP, Evans RD, Doherty ML, Graham DA, Purfield DC. Genome-wide association study of endo-parasite phenotypes using imputed whole-genome sequence data in dairy and beef cattle. Genet Sel Evol 2019; 51:15. [PMID: 30999842 PMCID: PMC6471778 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-019-0457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative genetic studies suggest the existence of variation at the genome level that affects the ability of cattle to resist to parasitic diseases. The objective of the current study was to identify regions of the bovine genome that are associated with resistance to endo-parasites. METHODS Individual cattle records were available for Fasciola hepatica-damaged liver from 18 abattoirs. Deregressed estimated breeding values (EBV) for F. hepatica-damaged liver were generated for genotyped animals with a record for F. hepatica-damaged liver and for genotyped sires with a least one progeny record for F. hepatica-damaged liver; 3702 animals were available. In addition, individual cow records for antibody response to F. hepatica on 6388 genotyped dairy cows, antibody response to Ostertagia ostertagi on 8334 genotyped dairy cows and antibody response to Neospora caninum on 4597 genotyped dairy cows were adjusted for non-genetic effects. Genotypes were imputed to whole-sequence; after edits, 14,190,141 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 16,603,644 SNPs were available for cattle with deregressed EBV for F. hepatica-damaged liver and cows with an antibody response to a parasitic disease, respectively. Association analyses were undertaken using linear regression on one SNP at a time, in which a genomic relationship matrix accounted for the relationships between animals. RESULTS Genomic regions for F. hepatica-damaged liver were located on Bos taurus autosomes (BTA) 1, 8, 11, 16, 17 and 18; each region included at least one SNP with a p value lower than 10-6. Five SNPs were identified as significant (q value < 0.05) for antibody response to N. caninum and were located on BTA21 or 25. For antibody response to F. hepatica and O. ostertagi, six and nine quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions that included at least one SNP with a p value lower than 10-6 were identified, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed a significant association between functional annotations related to the olfactory system and QTL that were suggestively associated with endo-parasite phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS A number of novel genomic regions were suggestively associated with endo-parasite phenotypes across the bovine genome and two genomic regions on BTA21 and 25 were associated with antibody response to N. caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Twomey
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Donagh P Berry
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Ross D Evans
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Highfield House, Bandon, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael L Doherty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Deirdre C Purfield
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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5
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Oyesola OO, Früh SP, Webb LM, Tait Wojno ED. Cytokines and beyond: Regulation of innate immune responses during helminth infection. Cytokine 2018; 133:154527. [PMID: 30241895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infection elicits a type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory response. During type 2 inflammation, damaged or stimulated epithelial cells exposed to helminths and their products produce alarmins and cytokines including IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These factors promote innate immune cell activation that supports the polarization of CD4+ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Activated innate and Th2 cells produce the cytokines IL-4, -5, -9, and -13 that perpetuate immune activation and act back on the epithelium to cause goblet cell hyperplasia and increased epithelial cell turnover. Together, these events facilitate worm expulsion and wound healing processes. While the role of Th2 cells in this context has been heavily studied, recent work has revealed that epithelial cell-derived cytokines are drivers of key innate immune responses that are critical for type 2 anti-helminth responses. Cutting-edge studies have begun to fully assess how other factors and pathways, including lipid mediators, chemokines, Fc receptor signaling, danger-associated molecular pattern molecules, and direct cell-cell interactions, also participate in shaping innate cell-mediated type 2 inflammation. In this review, we discuss how these pathways intersect and synergize with pathways controlled by epithelial cell-derived cytokines to coordinate innate immune responses that drive helminth-induced type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyebola O Oyesola
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Beesley NJ, Caminade C, Charlier J, Flynn RJ, Hodgkinson JE, Martinez‐Moreno A, Martinez‐Valladares M, Perez J, Rinaldi L, Williams DJL. Fasciola and fasciolosis in ruminants in Europe: Identifying research needs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:199-216. [PMID: 28984428 PMCID: PMC6190748 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a trematode parasite with a global distribution, which is responsible for considerable disease and production losses in a range of food producing species. It is also identified by WHO as a re-emerging neglected tropical disease associated with endemic and epidemic outbreaks of disease in human populations. In Europe, F. hepatica is mostly associated with disease in sheep, cattle and goats. This study reviews the most recent advances in our understanding of the transmission, diagnosis, epidemiology and the economic impact of fasciolosis. We also focus on the impact of the spread of resistance to anthelmintics used to control F. hepatica and consider how vaccines might be developed and applied in the context of the immune-modulation driven by the parasite. Several major research gaps are identified which, when addressed, will contribute to providing focussed and where possible, bespoke, advice for farmers on how to integrate stock management and diagnosis with vaccination and/or targeted treatment to more effectively control the parasite in the face of increasing the prevalence of infection and spread of anthelmintic resistance that are likely to be exacerbated by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Beesley
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - C. Caminade
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Health Protection Research Unit in
Emerging and Zoonotic InfectionsUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - R. J. Flynn
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - J. E. Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | | | - J. Perez
- Universidad de CordobaCordobaSpain
| | - L. Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine
and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples Federico IINapoliItaly
| | - D. J. L. Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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7
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Zheng Y, Guo X, Su M, Guo A, Ding J, Yang J, Xiang H, Cao X, Zhang S, Ayaz M, Luo X. Regulatory effects of Echinococcus multilocularis extracellular vesicles on RAW264.7 macrophages. Vet Parasitol 2017; 235:29-36. [PMID: 28215864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in intercellular communications via exchanging biological molecules, being involved in host-parasite interplay. Little is to date known about E. multilocularis EVs and their biological activities. Here spherical EVs secreted by E. multilocularis metacestodes were shown to range predominately from 34nm to 95nm in diameter. A total of 433 proteins were identified in the EVs, and the proteins involved in binding (42%) and catalytic activity (41%) were most frequently represented. Moreover, the proteins associated with EV biogenesis and trafficking, including annexin, 14-3-3, tetraspanin and heat shock protein 70kDa, were highly enriched. It was shown that the EVs remarkably suppressed NO produced by activated RAW macrophages via downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (p <0.01). Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1α and IL-1β, was also observed post treatment with the EVs. Conversely, increased expression of the majority (10/11) of key components involved in the LPS/TLR4 pathway was induced by the EVs. These results demonstrate a regulatory effect of E. multilocularis EVs on macrophages, suggesting a role in parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xiaola Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Meng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Aijiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Juntao Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Mazhar Ayaz
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Vukman KV, Lalor R, Aldridge A, O'Neill SM. Mast cells: new therapeutic target in helminth immune modulation. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:45-52. [PMID: 26577605 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infection and their secreted antigens have a protective role in many immune-mediated inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. However, studies have focused primarily on identifying immune protective mechanisms of helminth infection and their secreted molecules on dendritic cells and macrophages. Given that mast cells have been shown to be implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of many inflammatory disorders, their role should also be examined and considered as cellular target for helminth-based therapies. As there is a dearth of studies examining the interaction of helminth-derived antigens and mast cells, this review will focus on the role of mast cells during helminth infection and examine our current understanding of the involvement of mast cells in TH 1/TH 17-mediated immune disorders. In this context, potential mechanisms by which helminths could target the TH 1/TH 17 promoting properties of mast cells can be identified to unveil novel therapeutic mast cell driven targets in combating these inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Vukman
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4., H-1089, Budapest, Hungry.,Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Lalor
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Aldridge
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S M O'Neill
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Aldridge A, O'Neill SM. Fasciola hepatica tegumental antigens induce anergic-like T cells via dendritic cells in a mannose receptor-dependent manner. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1180-92. [PMID: 26931640 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
FoxP3(+) Treg cells and anergic T cells are the two regulatory phenotypes of T-cell responses associated with helminth infection. Here, we examine the T-cell responses in mice during Fasciola hepatica infection, and to its tegumental coat antigens (FhTeg) that are shed from the fluke every 2-3 h. FhTeg comprises a rich source of glycoproteins, mainly oligomannose N-glycans that bind to mannose receptor. This study demonstrated a novel mechanism for the T-cell unresponsiveness observed during F. hepatica infection and after injection with FhTeg. Markers of T-cell anergy, such as GRAIL, EGR2, ICOS, and ITCH, are enhanced amongst CD4(+) T-cell populations during infection and following FhTeg injection. This is characterized by a lack of cytokine responses and reduced proliferative activity, which can be reversed with the addition of IL-2. FhTeg-activated dendritic cells (DCs) suppress T cells in vitro as measured by enhanced GRAIL and CTLA4 by RNA and suppressed cytokine expression in anti-CD3 stimulated CD4(+) T cells. FhTeg-treated DCs have enhanced MR expression, which is critical for DC-CD4(+) T-cell communication. Taken together, this study presents markers of anergy in a mouse model of F. hepatica infection, and improves our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and how helminths modulate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Aldridge
- Fundamental and Translational Immunology Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra M O'Neill
- Fundamental and Translational Immunology Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Adams PN, Aldridge A, Vukman KV, Donnelly S, O'Neill SM. Fasciola hepatica tegumental antigens indirectly induce an M2 macrophage-like phenotype in vivo. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:531-9. [PMID: 25039932 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The M2 subset of macrophages has a critical role to play in host tissue repair, tissue fibrosis and modulation of adaptive immunity during helminth infection. Infection with the helminth, Fasciola hepatica, is associated with M2 macrophages in its mammalian host, and this response is mimicked by its excretory-secretory products (FhES). The tegumental coat of F. hepatica (FhTeg) is another major source of immune-modulatory molecules; we have previously shown that FhTeg can modulate the activity of both dendritic cells and mast cells inhibiting their ability to prime a Th1 immune response. Here, we report that FhTeg does not induce Th2 immune responses but can induce M2-like phenotype in vivo that modulates cytokine production from CD4(+) cells in response to anti-CD3 stimulation. FhTeg induces a RELMα expressing macrophage population in vitro, while in vivo, the expression of Arg1 and Ym-1/2 but not RELMα in FhTeg-stimulated macrophages was STAT6 dependent. To support this finding, FhTeg induces RELMα expression in vivo prior to the induction of IL-13. FhTeg can induce IL-13-producing peritoneal macrophages following intraperitoneal injection This study highlights the important role of FhTeg as an immune-modulatory source during F. hepatica infection and sheds further light on helminth-macrophage interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Adams
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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11
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Perch liver reaction to Triaenophorus nodulosus plerocercoids with an emphasis on piscidins 3, 4 and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Vet Parasitol 2014; 200:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Dalton JP, Robinson MW, Mulcahy G, O'Neill SM, Donnelly S. Immunomodulatory molecules of Fasciola hepatica: candidates for both vaccine and immunotherapeutic development. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:272-85. [PMID: 23623183 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, causes fascioliasis in domestic animals (sheep, cattle), a global disease that is also an important infection of humans. As soon as the parasite invades the gut wall its interaction with various host immune cells (e.g. dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells) is complex. The parasite secretes a myriad of molecules that direct the immune response towards a favourable non-protective Th2-mediate/regulatory environment. These immunomodulatory molecules, such as cathepsin L peptidase (FhCL1), are under development as the first generation of fluke vaccines. However, this peptidase and other molecules, such as peroxiredoxin (FhPrx) and helminth defence molecule (FhHDM-1), exhibit various immunomodulatory properties that could be harnessed to help treat immune-related conditions in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Dalton
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, St. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Vukman KV, Adams PN, Metz M, Maurer M, O’Neill SM. Fasciola hepaticaTegumental Coat Impairs Mast Cells’ Ability To Drive Th1 Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2873-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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