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Silva TD, Gonçalves-Santos E, Gonçalves RV, Souza RLM, Caetano JE, Caldas IS, Diniz LF, Marques MJ, Novaes RD. Matrix metalloproteinases inhibition reveals the association between inflammation, collagen accumulation and intestinal translocation of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111353. [PMID: 38086267 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic infection that causes enterohepatic morbidity associated with severe granulomatous inflammation triggered by parasite eggs. In this disease, granulomatous inflammation leads to intestinal erosion and environmental excretion of S. mansoni eggs from feces, an essential process for propagating the parasite and infecting host organisms. Metalloproteinases (MMP) are involved in S. mansoni-induced hepatic granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis. However, the relationship between MMP and collagen accumulation with the intestinal excretion of parasite eggs remains unclear. Thus, the present study investigated whether MMP inhibition is capable of modulating granulomatous inflammation, collagen accumulation and mechanical resistance to the point of influencing the dynamics between intestinal retention and excretion of S. mansoni eggs in infected mice. Our findings indicated that doxycycline (a potent MMP inhibitor) aggravates intestinal inflammation and subverts collagen dynamics in schistosomiasis. By attenuating MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, this drug is capable of enhancing fibrosis and mechanical resistance of the intestinal wall, hindering S. mansoni eggs translocation. Although collagen content was not correlated with MMP activity, intestinal retention and fecal excretion of parasite eggs in untreated mice; these correlations were observed for doxycycline-treated animals. Thus, our study provides evidence that doxycycline is able to attenuate fecal elimination of S. mansoni eggs by inhibiting MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, events potentially associated with excessive collagen accumulation, which increases intestinal mechanical resistance and hinders eggs translocation through the intestinal wall. Variations in intestinal collagen dynamics are relevant since they may represent changes in the environmental dispersion of S. mansoni eggs, bringing repercussions for schistosomiasis propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago D Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel L M Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Edson Caetano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo S Caldas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Livia F Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos J Marques
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Horcajo P, Coronado M, Pastor-Fernández I, Collantes-Fernández E, Rico-San Román L, Reyes-Palomares A, Ortega-Mora LM. Whole-transcriptome analysis reveals virulence-specific pathogen-host interactions at the placenta in bovine neosporosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1198609. [PMID: 37520552 PMCID: PMC10380943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on bovine neosporosis has achieved relevant milestones, but the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of foetal death or protection against foetal death remain unclear. In a recent study, placentas from heifers challenged with the high-virulence isolate Nc-Spain7 exhibited focal necrosis and inflammatory infiltrates as soon as 10 days post-infection (dpi), although parasite detection was minimal. These lesions were more frequent at 20 dpi, coinciding with higher rates of parasite detection and the occurrence of foetal death in some animals. In contrast, such lesions were not observed in placentas from animals infected with the low-virulence isolate Nc-Spain1H, where the parasite was detected only in placenta from one animal at 20 dpi. This work aimed to study which mechanisms are triggered in the placentas (caruncles and cotyledons) of these pregnant heifers at early stages of infection (10 and 20 dpi) through whole-transcriptome analysis. In caruncles, infection with the high-virulence isolate provoked a strong proinflammatory response at 10 dpi. This effect was not observed in heifers infected with the low-virulence isolate, where IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signalling and TNF-alpha signalling via NF-κB pathways were down-regulated. Interestingly, the expression of E2F target genes, related to restraining the inflammatory response, was higher in these animals. At 20 dpi, more pronounced proinflammatory gene signatures were detectable in heifers infected with the high-virulence isolate, being more intense in heifers carrying dead fetuses. However, the low-virulence isolate continued without activating the proinflammatory response. In cotyledons, the response to infection with the high-virulence isolate was similar to that observed in caruncles; however, the low-virulence isolate induced mild proinflammatory signals at 20 dpi. Finally, a deconvolutional analysis of gene signatures from both placentome tissues revealed a markedly higher fraction of activated natural killers, M1 macrophages and CD8+ T cells for the high-virulence isolate. Therefore, our transcriptomic analysis supports the hypothesis that an intense immune response probably triggered by parasite multiplication could be a key contributor to abortion. Further studies are required to determine the parasite effectors that govern the distinct interactions of high- and low-virulence isolates with the host, which could help elucidate the molecular processes underlying the pathogenesis of neosporosis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Horcajo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Coronado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Pastor-Fernández
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Collantes-Fernández
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rico-San Román
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Armando Reyes-Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis-Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Tsou AM, Yano H, Parkhurst CN, Mahlakõiv T, Chu C, Zhang W, He Z, Jarick KJ, Zhong C, Putzel GG, Hatazaki M, Lorenz IC, Andrew D, Balderes P, Klose CSN, Lira SA, Artis D. Neuropeptide regulation of non-redundant ILC2 responses at barrier surfaces. Nature 2022; 611:787-793. [PMID: 36323781 PMCID: PMC10225046 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies indicate that cooperation between neurons and immune cells regulates antimicrobial immunity, inflammation and tissue homeostasis. For example, a neuronal rheostat provides excitatory or inhibitory signals that control the functions of tissue-resident group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) at mucosal barrier surfaces1-4. ILC2s express NMUR1, a receptor for neuromedin U (NMU), which is a prominent cholinergic neuropeptide that promotes ILC2 responses5-7. However, many functions of ILC2s are shared with adaptive lymphocytes, including the production of type 2 cytokines8,9 and the release of tissue-protective amphiregulin (AREG)10-12. Consequently, there is controversy regarding whether innate lymphoid cells and adaptive lymphocytes perform redundant or non-redundant functions13-15. Here we generate a new genetic tool to target ILC2s for depletion or gene deletion in the presence of an intact adaptive immune system. Transgenic expression of iCre recombinase under the control of the mouse Nmur1 promoter enabled ILC2-specific deletion of AREG. This revealed that ILC2-derived AREG promotes non-redundant functions in the context of antiparasite immunity and tissue protection following intestinal damage and inflammation. Notably, NMU expression levels increased in inflamed intestinal tissues from both mice and humans, and NMU induced AREG production in mouse and human ILC2s. These results indicate that neuropeptide-mediated regulation of non-redundant functions of ILC2s is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that integrates immunity and tissue protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Tsou
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher N Parkhurst
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tanel Mahlakõiv
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Coco Chu
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengxiang He
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katja J Jarick
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Connie Zhong
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory G Putzel
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mai Hatazaki
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivo C Lorenz
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Andrew
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Balderes
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio A Lira
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Center for Nutrition and Inflammation, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Castaño Barrios L, Da Silva Pinheiro AP, Gibaldi D, Silva AA, Machado Rodrigues e Silva P, Roffê E, da Costa Santiago H, Tostes Gazzinelli R, Mineo JR, Silva NM, Lannes-Vieira J. Behavioral alterations in long-term Toxoplasma gondii infection of C57BL/6 mice are associated with neuroinflammation and disruption of the blood brain barrier. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258199. [PMID: 34610039 PMCID: PMC8491889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apicomplexa protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is a mandatory intracellular parasite and the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. This illness is of medical importance due to its high prevalence worldwide and may cause neurological alterations in immunocompromised persons. In chronically infected immunocompetent individuals, this parasite forms tissue cysts mainly in the brain. In addition, T. gondii infection has been related to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as mood, personality, and other behavioral changes. In the present study, we evaluated the kinetics of behavioral alterations in a model of chronic infection, assessing anxiety, depression and exploratory behavior, and their relationship with neuroinflammation and parasite cysts in brain tissue areas, blood-brain-barrier (BBB) integrity, and cytokine status in the brain and serum. Adult female C57BL/6 mice were infected by gavage with 5 cysts of the ME-49 type II T. gondii strain, and analyzed as independent groups at 30, 60 and 90 days postinfection (dpi). Anxiety, depressive-like behavior, and hyperactivity were detected in the early (30 dpi) and long-term (60 and 90 dpi) chronic T. gondii infection, in a direct association with the presence of parasite cysts and neuroinflammation, independently of the brain tissue areas, and linked to BBB disruption. These behavioral alterations paralleled the upregulation of expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and CC-chemokines (CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β and CCL5/RANTES) in the brain tissue. In addition, increased levels of interferon-gamma (IFNγ), TNF and CCL2/MCP-1 were detected in the peripheral blood, at 30 and 60 dpi. Our data suggest that the persistence of parasite cysts induces sustained neuroinflammation, and BBB disruption, thus allowing leakage of cytokines of circulating plasma into the brain tissue. Therefore, all these factors may contribute to behavioral changes (anxiety, depressive-like behavior, and hyperactivity) in chronic T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Castaño Barrios
- Laboratory of Biology of the Interactions, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Da Silva Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Biology of the Interactions, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gibaldi
- Laboratory of Biology of the Interactions, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Alice Silva
- Multiuser Laboratory for Research Support in Nephrology and Medical Sciences, Federal University Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ester Roffê
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Helton da Costa Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Neide Maria Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Biology of the Interactions, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lin K, Zhou D, Li M, Meng J, He F, Yang X, Dong D, Wang X, Wu X, Chen X, Hou J. Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting TRAF6 signalling in macrophages. Parasitology 2021; 148:887-894. [PMID: 33775265 PMCID: PMC11010193 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato has complex defence mechanisms that protect it from the anti-parasitic immune response for long periods. Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid (EgCF) is involved in the immune escape. Nevertheless, whether and how EgCF modulates the inflammatory response in macrophages remains poorly understood. Here, real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that EgCF could markedly attenuate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pro-inflammatory factors including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-6 but increase the expression of IL-10 at mRNA and protein levels in mouse peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. Mechanically, western blotting and immunofluorescence assay showed that EgCF abolished the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ERK1/2 signalling pathways by LPS stimulation in mouse macrophages. EgCF's anti-inflammatory role was at least partly contributed by promoting proteasomal degradation of the critical adaptor TRAF6. Moreover, the EgCF-promoted anti-inflammatory response and TRAF6 proteasomal degradation were conserved in human THP-1 macrophages. These findings collectively reveal a novel mechanism by which EgCF suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting TRAF6 and the downstream activation of NF-κB and MAPK signalling in both human and mouse macrophages, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the E. granulosus-induced immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lin
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Medical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Min Li
- Nursing School of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jin Meng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feiming He
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dan Dong
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Abstract
Biological rhythms appear to be an elegant solution to the challenge of coordinating activities with the consequences of the Earth's daily and seasonal rotation. The genes and molecular mechanisms underpinning circadian clocks in multicellular organisms are well understood. In contrast, the regulatory mechanisms and fitness consequences of biological rhythms exhibited by parasites remain mysterious. Here, we explore how periodicity in parasite traits is generated and why daily rhythms matter for parasite fitness. We focus on malaria (Plasmodium) parasites which exhibit developmental rhythms during replication in the mammalian host's blood and in transmission to vectors. Rhythmic in-host parasite replication is responsible for eliciting inflammatory responses, the severity of disease symptoms, and fueling transmission, as well as conferring tolerance to anti-parasite drugs. Thus, understanding both how and why the timing and synchrony of parasites are connected to the daily rhythms of hosts and vectors may make treatment more effective and less toxic to hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley F Prior
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Patricia A Assis
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Isabella C Hirako
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - David R Weaver
- Department of Neurobiology & NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sarah E Reece
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Chanyalew M, Abebe M, Endale B, Girma S, Tasew G, van Zandbergen G, Ritter U, Gadisa E, Aseffa A, Laskay T. Enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in Ethiopian cutaneous leishmaniasis upon exposure to Leishmania aethiopica. Cytokine 2020; 145:155289. [PMID: 32951968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) vary due to the infecting Leishmania species and host genetic makeup that result in different immune responses against the parasites. The host immune response to Leishmania aethiopica (L.aethiopica), the causative agent of CL in Ethiopia, is poorly understood. To contribute to the understanding of the protective immune response in CL due to L.aethiopica, we characterized the cytokine response to L. aethiopica in patients with the localized form of CL (LCL) and age-and sex-matched apparently healthy controls. By applying a whole blood based in vitro culture we found enhanced release of TNF, IL-6, MCP-1 or CCL2, IP-10 or CXCL10, MIP-1β or CCL4 and IL-8 or CXCL8- but not of IL-10CL patients in response to L. aethiopica compared to the controls. No difference was observed between LCL cases and controls in the secretion of these cytokines and chemokines in whole blood cultures treated with the TLR-ligands LPS, MALP-2 or polyI: C. The observed increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines reflects an enhanced response against the parasites by LCL patients as compared to healthy controls rather than a generally enhanced ability of blood leukocytes from LCL patients to respond to microbial constituents. Our findings suggest that the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines is associated with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L.aethiopica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menberework Chanyalew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Markos Abebe
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birtukan Endale
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Selfu Girma
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Ethiopia Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen D-63225, Germany.
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, D-23560 Lübeck, Germany.
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8
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Melchor SJ, Saunders CM, Sanders I, Hatter JA, Byrnes KA, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Ewald SE. IL-1R Regulates Disease Tolerance and Cachexia in Toxoplasma gondii Infection. J Immunol 2020; 204:3329-3338. [PMID: 32350081 PMCID: PMC7323938 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that establishes life-long infection in a wide range of hosts, including humans and rodents. To establish a chronic infection, pathogens often exploit the trade-off between resistance mechanisms, which promote inflammation and kill microbes, and tolerance mechanisms, which mitigate inflammatory stress. Signaling through the type I IL-1R has recently been shown to control disease tolerance pathways in endotoxemia and Salmonella infection. However, the role of the IL-1 axis in T. gondii infection is unclear. In this study we show that IL-1R-/- mice can control T. gondii burden throughout infection. Compared with wild-type mice, IL-1R-/- mice have more severe liver and adipose tissue pathology during acute infection, consistent with a role in acute disease tolerance. Surprisingly, IL-1R-/- mice had better long-term survival than wild-type mice during chronic infection. This was due to the ability of IL-1R-/- mice to recover from cachexia, an immune-metabolic disease of muscle wasting that impairs fitness of wild-type mice. Together, our data indicate a role for IL-1R as a regulator of host homeostasis and point to cachexia as a cost of long-term reliance on IL-1-mediated tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Melchor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Claire M Saunders
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Imani Sanders
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jessica A Hatter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Kari A Byrnes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Sarah E Ewald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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9
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Carvalho LA, Whyte SK, Braden LM, Purcell SL, Manning AJ, Muckle A, Fast MD. Impact of co-infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Moritella viscosa on inflammatory and immune responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Fish Dis 2020; 43:459-473. [PMID: 32100325 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of a co-infection with Moritella viscosa at different exposure levels of sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). M. viscosa (1.14 × 106 cfu/ml) was introduced to all experimental tanks at 10 days post-lice infection (dpLs). Mean lice counts decreased over time in both the medium lice co-infection (31.5 ± 19.0 at 7 dpLs; 16.9 ± 9.3 at 46 dpLs) and high lice co-infection (62.0 ± 10.8 at 7 dpLs; 37.6 ± 11.3 at 46 dpLs). There were significantly higher mortalities and more severe skin lesions in the high lice co-infected group compared to medium lice co-infected group or M. viscosa-only infection. Quantitative gene expression analysis detected a significant upregulation of genes in skin from the high lice co-infection group consistent with severe inflammation (il-8, mmp-9, hep, saa). Skin lesions retrieved throughout the study were positive for M. viscosa growth, but these were rarely located in regions associated with lice. These results suggest that while M. viscosa infection itself may induce skin lesion development in salmon, co-infection with high numbers of lice can enhance this impact and significantly reduce the ability of these lesions to resolve, resulting in increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Carvalho
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | | | - Sara L Purcell
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Anthony J Manning
- Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, The New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council (RPC), Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Anne Muckle
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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10
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Wan X, Chowdhury IH, Jie Z, Choudhuri S, Garg NJ. Origin of Monocytes/Macrophages Contributing to Chronic Inflammation in Chagas Disease: SIRT1 Inhibition of FAK-NFκB-Dependent Proliferation and Proinflammatory Activation of Macrophages. Cells 2019; 9:E80. [PMID: 31905606 PMCID: PMC7017093 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) causes Chagas disease (CD) that is the most frequent cause of heart failure in Latin America. TNF-α+ monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mφ) are associated with inflammatory pathology in chronic CD. In this study, we determined the progenitor lineage of Mo/Mφ contributing to inflammation and examined the regulatory role of SIRT1 in modulating the Mo/Mφ response in Chagas disease. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice were infected with Tc, treated with SIRT1 agonist (SRT1720) after control of acute parasitemia, and monitored during chronic phase (150 days post-infection). Flow cytometry studies showed an increase in maturation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived Mo of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotype in acutely- and chronically-infected mice; however, these cells were not increased in splenic compartment of infected mice. Instead, yolk-sac-derived CD11b+ F4/80+ Mo/Mφ were increased in sinusoidal compartment of Chagas mice. The splenic CD11b+ F4/80+ Mo/Mφ of Chagas (vs. control) mice exhibited increased mRNA, protein, and surface expression of markers of proinflammatory phenotype (CD80+/CD64+ > CD200+/CD206+) associated with proinflammatory cytokines response (IL-6+TNF-α >> Arg-1+IL-10), and these were also detected in the myocardium of chronically infected mice. Infected mice treated with SRT1720 (vs. infected/untreated) exhibited decreased splenic expansion and myocardial infiltration of proinflammatory Mo/Mφ. SRT1720 did not alter the inherent capability of splenic Mo/Mφ of Chagas mice to respond to pathogen stimulus. Instead, SRT1720 dampened the Tc-induced increase in the expression and/or phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and downstream transcription factors (Pu.1, c-Myb, and Runx1) involved in Mφ proliferation and migration and Notch1 involved in functional activation. Studies in cultured Mφ confirmed the agonistic effects of SIRT1 in controlling the Tc-induced, FAK-dependent increase in the expression of transcription factors and showed that SIRT1 agonist and FAK inhibitor abrogated the NF-κB transcriptional activity and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in Tc-infected Mφ. CONCLUSIONS The proinflammatory Mo/Mφ of yolk sac origin drive the splenic and tissue inflammatory response in chronic CD. SRT1720 reprogrammed the Tc-induced FAK-dependent transcription factors involved in Mφ proliferation and proinflammatory activation in Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxiu Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (X.W.); (I.H.C.); (Z.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Imran Hussain Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (X.W.); (I.H.C.); (Z.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (X.W.); (I.H.C.); (Z.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Subhadip Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (X.W.); (I.H.C.); (Z.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (X.W.); (I.H.C.); (Z.J.); (S.C.)
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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11
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Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a lethal complication of malaria infection characterized by central nervous system dysfunction and is often not effectively treated by antimalarial combination therapies. It has been shown that the sequestration of the parasite-infected red blood cells that interact with cerebral vessel endothelial cells and the damage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) play critical roles in the pathogenesis. In this study, we developed a ferritin nanozyme (Fenozyme) composed of recombinant human ferritin (HFn) protein shells that specifically target BBB endothelial cells (BBB ECs) and the inner Fe3O4 nanozyme core that exhibits reactive oxygen species-scavenging catalase-like activity. In the experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) mouse model, administration of the Fenozyme, but not HFn, markedly ameliorated the damage of BBB induced by the parasite and improved the survival rate of infected mice significantly. Further investigations found that Fenozyme, as well as HFn, was able to polarize the macrophages in the liver to the M1 phenotype and promote the elimination of malaria in the blood. Thus, the catalase-like activity of the Fenozyme is required for its therapeutic effect in the mouse model. Moreover, the Fenozyme significantly alleviated the brain inflammation and memory impairment in ECM mice that had been treated with artemether, indicating that combining Fenozyme with an antimalarial drug is a novel strategy for the treatment of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yili Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine , Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences , Suzhou 215133 , China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes in Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , 40 Daxue Road , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes in Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , 40 Daxue Road , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
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12
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Peiffer LB, Poynton SL, Ernst SE, Hicks JL, De Marzo AM, Sfanos KS. Inflammation-associated pathologies in a case of prostate schistosomiasis: Implications for a causal role in prostate carcinogenesis. Prostate 2019; 79:1316-1325. [PMID: 31212384 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital infection with Schistosoma haematobium is a risk factor for the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The pathophysiology is thought to be mediated in part by inflammation, cellular damage, and bladder regeneration induced by the parasitic infection. Herein, we report an unusual case of schistosomiasis of the prostate that was found concurrent with prostate adenocarcinoma in a radical prostatectomy specimen from a man in the United States. METHODS The infecting Schistosoma species was characterized via histomorphology and acid-fast stain. The concurrent Gleason score 6 prostate cancer was assessed for ETS transcription factor ERG (ERG), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), p27, and p53 status using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cellular proliferation and the presence of intermediate cells in prostatic atrophy were assessed via immunostaining for Ki67 and CK903, respectively. RESULTS Histomorphology and acid-fast stain of the infecting species were consistent with S. haematobium. We classified the Gleason score 6 prostate adenocarcinoma via IHC as ERG positive, PTEN intact, p27 intact, and without p53 nuclear accumulation. The prostatic epithelium immediately adjacent to the schistosomiasis-related granulomatous inflammation was atrophic and accompanied by increased cellular proliferation and the presence of intermediate cells. Upon literature review, we determined that prostate schistosomiasis is associated with a young age of prostate cancer diagnosis and highly aggressive prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS This is a rare case of prostate schistosomiasis in the United States; however, prostate schistosomiasis occurs frequently in endemic areas. The patient had traveled to a Schistosoma-endemic region, which was the likely location of exposure to the parasite. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the association of proliferative inflammatory atrophy and intermediate cells with schistosomiasis of the prostate. We propose that prostate schistosomiasis may be considered as a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer in geographic regions where Schistosoma species are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Peiffer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah L Poynton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E Ernst
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica L Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Ty MC, Zuniga M, Götz A, Kayal S, Sahu PK, Mohanty A, Mohanty S, Wassmer SC, Rodriguez A. Malaria inflammation by xanthine oxidase-produced reactive oxygen species. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e9903. [PMID: 31265218 PMCID: PMC6685105 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a highly inflammatory disease caused by Plasmodium infection of host erythrocytes. However, the parasite does not induce inflammatory cytokine responses in macrophages in vitro and the source of inflammation in patients remains unclear. Here, we identify oxidative stress, which is common in malaria, as an effective trigger of the inflammatory activation of macrophages. We observed that extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by xanthine oxidase (XO), an enzyme upregulated during malaria, induce a strong inflammatory cytokine response in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. In malaria patients, elevated plasma XO activity correlates with high levels of inflammatory cytokines and with the development of cerebral malaria. We found that incubation of macrophages with plasma from these patients can induce a XO-dependent inflammatory cytokine response, identifying a host factor as a trigger for inflammation in malaria. XO-produced ROS also increase the synthesis of pro-IL-1β, while the parasite activates caspase-1, providing the two necessary signals for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We propose that XO-produced ROS are a key factor for the trigger of inflammation during malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen C Ty
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Marisol Zuniga
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Anton Götz
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sriti Kayal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical EngineeringNational Institute of TechnologyRourkelaOdishaIndia
| | - Praveen K Sahu
- Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in IndiaIspat General HospitalRourkelaOdishaIndia
| | - Akshaya Mohanty
- Infectious Diseases Biology UnitInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarOdishaIndia
| | - Sanjib Mohanty
- Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in IndiaIspat General HospitalRourkelaOdishaIndia
| | - Samuel C Wassmer
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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14
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Han IH, Kim JH, Jang KS, Ryu JS. Inflammatory mediators of prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promote proliferative and invasive properties of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2019; 79:1133-1146. [PMID: 31050003 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) is the most common sexually transmitted parasite. It is detected in prostatic tissue of benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer (PCa) and has been suggested to cause chronic prostatitis. Moreover, up to 20% of all cancers worldwide are associated with chronic inflammation. Here, we investigated whether inflammatory mediators produced by normal human prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1) stimulated with Tv could promote growth and invasiveness of PCa cells. METHODS Conditioned medium of RWPE-1 cells was prepared by stimulating them with Tv (trichomonad-conditioned medium [TCM]) and without Tv (conditioned medium [CM]). Promotion of PCa cells (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) was assessed by wound healing, proliferation, and invasion assays. RESULTS We observed that the production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, CCL2, CXCL8, prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2 ), and COX2 by RWPE-1 cells was increased by stimulating them with Tv. When PCa cells were incubated with TCM, their proliferation, invasion, and migration increased. Moreover, they showed increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers by a reduction in epithelial markers and an increase in mesenchymal markers. In vivo, xenograft tumor tissues injected with TCM also showed increased expression of cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, as well as induction of EMT. Receptors and signal molecules of PCa cells increased in response to exposure to TCM, and blocking receptors (CXCR1, CXCR2, C-C chemokine receptor 2, glycoprotein 130, EP2, and EP4) reduced the proliferation of PCa cells with decreased production of cytokines (CCL2, IL-6, and CXCL8) and PGE2 , and expression of NF-κB and Snail1. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Tv infection may be one of the factors creating the supportive microenvironment to promote proliferation and invasiveness of PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hwan Han
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Seok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ryu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Dos S Jesus T, Dos S Costa R, Alcântara-Neves NM, Barreto ML, Figueiredo CA. Variants in the CYSLTR2 are associated with asthma, atopy markers and helminths infections in the Brazilian population. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 145:15-22. [PMID: 31126515 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways and its most common phenotype is characterized by a T2 type response with IgE production and inflammatory mediators in response to common allergens. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, are mediators known to possess important proinflammatory action. CysLTs can bind to the Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 2 (CysLTR2) and activate an inflammatory. Polymorphisms in CysLTR2 have been associated with asthma and atopy, although the mechanism is not clear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms in CYSLTR2 with asthma phenotypes, atopy markers and helminth infection. METHODS Genotyping was performed using a panel Illumina and carried out in 1245 participants of SCAALA program (Social Change, Asthma, Allergy in Latin American). Logistic regressions for asthma, helminth infections (Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides) and allergy markers (skin tests and IgE production) were performed using PLINK 1.9 software adjusted for sex, age, helminth infection and ancestry markers. RESULTS The G allele of rs1323556 was negatively associated with asthma in the additive model (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.93) and in the dominant model (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53-0.74). The G allele of rs1575464 was also negatively associated with asthma in two genetic models, additive (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62-0.96) and dominant (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.97). The G allele of rs61735175 was positively associated with asthma severity in the additive model (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.07-2.77) and in the dominant model (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.09-2.85). Five SNVs were associated with atopy markers and four SNVs were associated with helminth infections. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms in the CYSLTR2 gene are associated with asthma, atopy markers and helminth infection in Brazilian individuals, which may lead to protection or risk for such conditions, however, more studies are needed to evaluate the functional of this variants here in described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Dos S Jesus
- Departamento de Biorregulação, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n - Canela, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ryan Dos S Costa
- Departamento de Biorregulação, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n - Canela, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Neuza Maria Alcântara-Neves
- Departamento de Biorregulação, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n - Canela, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Alexandrina Figueiredo
- Departamento de Biorregulação, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n - Canela, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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16
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Alajmi RA, Al-Megrin WA, Metwally D, Al-Subaie H, Altamrah N, Barakat AM, Abdel Moneim AE, Al-Otaibi TT, El-Khadragy M. Anti- Toxoplasma activity of silver nanoparticles green synthesized with Phoenix dactylifera and Ziziphus spina-christi extracts which inhibits inflammation through liver regulation of cytokines in Balb/c mice. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190379. [PMID: 30992387 PMCID: PMC6522717 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis constitutes a global infection caused by oblige intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii Although often asymptomatic, infection can result in more severe, potentially life threatening symptoms particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The present study evaluated the anti-Toxoplasma effects in experimental animals of silver nanoparticles synthesized in combination with extracts of natural plants (Phoenix dactylifera and Ziziphus spina-christi) as an alternative method to standard sulfadiazine drug therapy. Liver functions estimated by and AST and ALT were significantly increased in T. gondii-infected mice compared with the control group as well as hepatic nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and caused significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione activities in the liver homogenates. Nanoparticles pretreatment prevented liver damage as determined by enzyme activity inhibition, in addition to significant inhibition of hepatic NO levels and significant elevation in liver SOD and CAT activities. Moreover, nanoparticle treatment significantly decreased hepatic LPO and NO concentrations and proinflammatory cytokines but significantly boosted the antioxidant enzyme activity of liver homogenate. In addition, histological examinations showed distinct alterations in the infected compared with untreated control groups. Conversely, nanoparticles pretreatment showed improvement in the histological features indicated by slight infiltration and fibrosis, minimal pleomorphism and less hepatocyte and degeneration. Furthermore, nanoparticles treatment induced a reduction in immunoreactivity to TGF-β and NF-κB in hepatic tissues. Therefore, the present study provides new insights into various natural plants that are used traditionally for the treatment of toxoplasmosis and other parasitic infections, which may be useful as alternative treatment option for T. gondii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem A Alajmi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa A Al-Megrin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Metwally
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hind Al-Subaie
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourah Altamrah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf M Barakat
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tahani T Al-Otaibi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal El-Khadragy
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ryffel B, Huang F, Robinet P, Panek C, Couillin I, Erard F, Piotet J, Le Bert M, Mackowiak C, Torres Arias M, Dimier-Poisson I, Zheng SG. Blockade of IL-33R/ST2 Signaling Attenuates Toxoplasma gondii Ileitis Depending on IL-22 Expression. Front Immunol 2019; 10:702. [PMID: 31057534 PMCID: PMC6482336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral T. gondii infection (30 cysts of 76K strain) induces acute lethal ileitis in sensitive C57BL/6 (B6) mice with increased expression of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in the ileum. Here we show that IL-33 is involved in ileitis, since absence of IL-33R/ST2 attenuated neutrophilic inflammation and Th1 cytokines upon T. gondii infection with enhanced survival. Blockade of ST2 by neutralizing ST2 antibody in B6 mice conferred partial protection, while rmIL-33 aggravated ileitis. Since IL-22 expression further increased in absence of ST2, we blocked IL-22 by neutralizing antibody, which abrogated protection from acute ileitis in ST2 deficient mice. In conclusion, severe lethal ileitis induced by oral T. gondii infection is attenuated by blockade of ST2 signaling and may be mediated in part by endogenous IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Ryffel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- INEM UMR 7355 CNRS and University of Orleans, Orléans, France
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pauline Robinet
- INEM UMR 7355 CNRS and University of Orleans, Orléans, France
| | - Corine Panek
- INEM UMR 7355 CNRS and University of Orleans, Orléans, France
| | | | - François Erard
- INEM UMR 7355 CNRS and University of Orleans, Orléans, France
| | - Julie Piotet
- INEM UMR 7355 CNRS and University of Orleans, Orléans, France
| | - Marc Le Bert
- INEM UMR 7355 CNRS and University of Orleans, Orléans, France
| | | | - Marbel Torres Arias
- Immunology and Virology Laboratory, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | | | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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Scarim CB, de Andrade CR, da Rosa JA, dos Santos JL, Chin CM. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone treatment in indeterminate form of chronic Chagas disease: Reduced intensity of tissue parasitism and inflammation-A histopathological study. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:236-248. [PMID: 30320480 PMCID: PMC6302791 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a nitrofurazone prodrug effective in vivo during acute infections, and it has less hepatotoxicity effect than the standard drug benznidazole (BZN) which has been used during short- and long-term treatment. In the present study, we induced the indeterminate form of Chagas disease in mice with a Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi and analysed the histopathological data about the effects of NFOH and BZN on different tissues, including the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, colon, spleen and brain. After infection, BALB/c mice were treated with NFOH (150 mg/kg) and BZN (60 mg/kg) for 60 days and then submitted to immunosuppression using dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Two trained analysts, as part of a blind evaluation, examined the results using serial sections of 3 mm diameter in two different moments. The results showed reactivation of the disease only in the infected nontreated group (POS). After treatment, amastigote nests were found in the heart, colon, liver and skeletal muscle in the POS group and in the heart and liver of the BZN group. Interestingly, amastigote nests were not found in the NFOH and NEG groups. The histopathological analysis showed fewer tissue lesions and parasite infiltrates in the NFOH group when compared with the BZN and POS groups. We have not observed any increase in the levels of hepatocellular injury biomarkers (AST/ALT) in the NFOH group. These in vivo studies show the potential for NFOH as an effective and safe compound useful as an anti-T. cruzi agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê B. Scarim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Drugs and MedicinesLapdesf ‐ Laboratory of Research and Development of DrugsAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Cleverton R. de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)Faculty of DentistryDepartment of Physiology and PathologyAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - João A. da Rosa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Biological SciencesAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Jean L. dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Drugs and MedicinesLapdesf ‐ Laboratory of Research and Development of DrugsAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Chung M. Chin
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Drugs and MedicinesLapdesf ‐ Laboratory of Research and Development of DrugsAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
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Wang T, Sun X, Qin W, Zhang X, Wu L, Li Y, Zhou C, Zhou H, He S, Cong H. From inflammatory reactions to neurotransmitter changes: Implications for understanding the neurobehavioral changes in mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:737-748. [PMID: 30253194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that can cause a latent infection in the central nervous system, leading to neurobehavioral abnormalities in the host. However, the mechanism underlying these changes remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we detected behavioral changes, pathological injury, secretion of neurotransmitters and related signal pathway in mice infected by T. gondii using behavioral test, histopathology, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, HPLC and real time PCR. Mice showed neurobehavioral disturbances two months after infection with T. gondii. Histopathology revealed the activation of astrocytes and microglia, apoptosis of neurons and decreases in synapses in the brain of infected mice. Excessive secretion of cytokines and chemokines was detected in the brains of mice infected by T. gondii compared to uninfected mice. Furthermore, T. gondii infection led to abnormalities in neurotransmitters and the activation of NF-κB and dopamine (DA) signaling pathways in the infected mice. In conclusion, excessive activation of the inflammation in the brain could induce neuronal apoptosis in mice chronically infected with T. gondii. Dysregulation of the dopaminergic neurotransmitter could provide an explanation of neurobehavioral disorders in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Human Parasitology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiahui Sun
- Department of Human Parasitology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wen Qin
- University hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Leilei Wu
- Department of Human Parasitology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Human Parasitology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chunxue Zhou
- Department of Human Parasitology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huaiyu Zhou
- Department of Human Parasitology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shenyi He
- Department of Human Parasitology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hua Cong
- Department of Human Parasitology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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20
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Oyesola OO, Früh SP, Webb LM, Tait Wojno ED. Cytokines and beyond: Regulation of innate immune responses during helminth infection. Cytokine 2018; 133:154527. [PMID: 30241895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infection elicits a type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory response. During type 2 inflammation, damaged or stimulated epithelial cells exposed to helminths and their products produce alarmins and cytokines including IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These factors promote innate immune cell activation that supports the polarization of CD4+ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Activated innate and Th2 cells produce the cytokines IL-4, -5, -9, and -13 that perpetuate immune activation and act back on the epithelium to cause goblet cell hyperplasia and increased epithelial cell turnover. Together, these events facilitate worm expulsion and wound healing processes. While the role of Th2 cells in this context has been heavily studied, recent work has revealed that epithelial cell-derived cytokines are drivers of key innate immune responses that are critical for type 2 anti-helminth responses. Cutting-edge studies have begun to fully assess how other factors and pathways, including lipid mediators, chemokines, Fc receptor signaling, danger-associated molecular pattern molecules, and direct cell-cell interactions, also participate in shaping innate cell-mediated type 2 inflammation. In this review, we discuss how these pathways intersect and synergize with pathways controlled by epithelial cell-derived cytokines to coordinate innate immune responses that drive helminth-induced type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyebola O Oyesola
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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21
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Cevey ÁC, Mirkin GA, Donato M, Rada MJ, Penas FN, Gelpi RJ, Goren NB. Treatment with Fenofibrate plus a low dose of Benznidazole attenuates cardiac dysfunction in experimental Chagas disease. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2017; 7:378-387. [PMID: 29040909 PMCID: PMC5727348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi induces serious cardiac alterations during the chronic infection. Intense inflammatory response observed from the beginning of infection, is critical for the control of parasite proliferation and evolution of Chagas disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-α, are known to modulate inflammation. In this study we investigated whether a PPAR-α agonist, Fenofibrate, improves cardiac function and inflammatory parameters in a murine model of T. cruzi infection. BALB/c mice were sequentially infected with two T. cruzi strains of different genetic background. Benznidazole, commonly used as trypanocidal drug, cleared parasites but did not preclude cardiac pathology, resembling what is found in human chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Fenofibrate treatment restored to normal values the ejection and shortening fractions, left ventricular end-diastolic, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and isovolumic relaxation time. Moreover, it reduced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α and NOS2) and heart remodeling mediators (MMP-9 and CTGF), and reduced serum creatine kinase activity. The fact that Fenofibrate partially inhibited NOS2 expression and NO release in the presence of a PPAR-α non-competitive inhibitor, suggested it also acted through PPAR-α-independent pathways. Since IκBα cytosolic degradation was inhibited by Fenofibrate, it can be concluded that the NFκB pathway has a role in its effects. Thus, we demonstrate that Fenofibrate acts through PPAR-α-dependent and -independent pathways. Our study shows that combined treatment with Fenofibrate plus Benznidazole is able both to reverse the cardiac dysfunction associated with the ongoing inflammatory response and fibrosis and to attain parasite clearance in an experimental model of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágata C Cevey
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Mirkin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Donato
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular (INFICA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Rada
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico N Penas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo J Gelpi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular (INFICA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora B Goren
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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22
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Oz HS. Induced Aberrant Organisms with Novel Ability to Protect Intestinal Integrity from Inflammation in an Animal Model. Nutrients 2017; 9:E864. [PMID: 28800092 PMCID: PMC5579657 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust and balanced gut microbiota are required to support health and growth. Overgrowth of gut microbial or pathogens can change ecosystem balance, and compromise gut integrity to initiate gastrointestinal (GI) complications. There is no safe and effective modality against coccidiosis. Antibiotic additives routinely fed to food animals to protect against infection, are entered into the food chain, contaminate food products and pass to the consumers. HYPOTHESIS induced aberrant organisms possess distinct ultrastructure and are tolerated by immunodeficient-animals yet are non-pathogenic, but immunogenic in various strains of chicks to act as a preventive (vaccine) and eliminating the needs for antibiotic additives. Methods: cyclophosphamide-immunodeficient and immune-intact-chicks were inoculated with induced aberrant or normal Coccidal-organisms. Immune-intact-chicks were immunized with escalating-doses of organisms. Results: Aberrant organisms showed distinct ultrastructure with 8-free-sporozoites which lacked sporocysts walls and veils. Immunodeficient-chicks inoculated with normal-organisms developed severe GI complications but tolerated aberrant-organisms (p < 0.001) while they had no detectable antibodies. Naïve-animals challenged with a pathogenic-dose showed GI complications, bloody diarrhea, severe lesions and weight loss. Immune-intact-animals immunized with aberrant forms were protected against high dose normal-pathogenic-challenge infection and gained more weight compared to those immunized with normal-organisms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Aberrant organisms possess a distinct ultrastructure and are tolerated in immunodeficient-chicks, yet provide novel immune-protection against pathogenic challenges including diarrhea, malnutrition and weight loss in immune-intact-animals to warrant further investigations toward vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helieh S Oz
- Department of Physiology, Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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23
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Mehrdana F, Kania PW, Nazemi S, Buchmann K. Immunomodulatory effects of excretory/secretory compounds from Contracaecum osculatum larvae in a zebrafish inflammation model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181277. [PMID: 28742146 PMCID: PMC5524353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Excretory/secretory (ES) compounds isolated from third-stage larvae of the anisakid nematode Contracaecum osculatum parasitizing liver of Baltic cod were investigated for effects on immune gene expression in a zebrafish LPS-induced inflammation model. ES products containing a series of proteins, of which some had enzymatic activity, were injected solely or with LPS. ES proteins alone induced up-regulation of a number of immune-related genes, but generally to a lower degree compared to LPS. When co-injected with LPS, the worm products exacerbated merely expression of five genes affecting Th1, Th2, Th17 and innate responses compared to the LPS-injected group. However, the level of overexpression decreased in an inverse dose-dependent manner. The immune regulating action of C. osculatum ES products is interpreted as an important evolutionary ability of larval parasites in the transport host which makes it less susceptible to host immune responses whereby the probability of reaching the final host is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foojan Mehrdana
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sasan Nazemi
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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24
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Speciale A, Trombetta D, Saija A, Panebianco A, Giarratana F, Ziino G, Minciullo PL, Cimino F, Gangemi S. Exposure to Anisakis extracts can induce inflammation on in vitro cultured human colonic cells. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2471-2477. [PMID: 28702801 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anisakis spp. is a parasitic nematode whose infective third-stage larvae may be found within the flesh of fish species commonly consumed by humans. Thorough cooking or freezing should render the fish safe for consumption; furthermore, marinating solutions containing biocidal agents might have a significant action against Anisakis larvae. Some studies suggest a relationship between some parasitic infections and development of inflammatory bowel disorders, and Anisakis infection might be a risk factor for stomach or colon cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate if crude extracts (CEs) obtained from Anisakis larvae marinated in a solution with added allyl isothiocyanate (ACE-AITC) and frozen, or from frozen only Anisakis larvae (ACE), can induce an inflammatory effect on in vitro differentiated colonic Caco-2 cells exposed or not to LPS. Caco-2 exposure to the two CEs induced a marked COX-2 expression and potentiated LPS-induced COX-2 overexpression, confirming that substances present in Anisakis larvae can induce an inflammatory response in the intestinal epithelium, possibly also exacerbating the effects of other inflammatory stimuli. ACE induced a marked decrease in caspase-3 activation, while AITC-ACE increased its activation. However, LPS-induced caspase-3 activation appeared lower in cells treated with ACE and with the lower concentration of AITC-ACE. Thus, it is evident that Anisakis CEs may affect various cell pathways crucial not only in the inflammatory process but also in cell growth and death. Thus, CEs obtained from nonviable Anisakis larvae retain or are otherwise provided with noxious properties able to induce a strong inflammation response in intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, their influence may persist also following pretreatment with the biocidal agent AITC, indicating that the harmful substances contained in crude extracts from Anisakis larvae are resistant to the thermal or biocidal agent treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Panebianco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Filippo Giarratana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Graziella Ziino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Lucia Minciullo
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Qiu S, Fan X, Yang Y, Dong P, Zhou W, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Guo F, Zheng Y, Yang JQ. Schistosoma japonicum infection downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179565. [PMID: 28614408 PMCID: PMC5470717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The “hygiene hypothesis” is a theory try to explain the dramatic increases in the prevalence of autoimmune and allergic diseases over the past two to three decades in developed countries. According to this theory, reduced exposure to parasites and microorganisms in childhood is the main cause for the increased incidences of both T helper 1 (Th1)-mediated autoimmunity and Th2-mediated allergy. In this study, we investigated the impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on the allergic airway inflammation induced by repeated intracheal inoculations of house dust mites (HDM), which is a Th17 and neutrophils dominant murine asthma model, mimicking severe asthma. We found that S. japonicum infection downregulated airway hyperresponsiveness. The infiltrating cells, Th17 and Th2 effector cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and lungs were significantly reduced in the infected mice. Our findings indicated that S. japonicum infection was able to effectively inhibit host’s allergic airway inflammation, which may be related to the upregulated Treg cells upon infection. To our knowledge, it is the first study to reveal the impact of S. japonicum infection on house dust mite induced severe asthma. More in depth investigation is need to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases and Public Health Research Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolin Fan
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases and Public Health Research Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases and Public Health Research Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Panpan Dong
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases and Public Health Research Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases and Public Health Research Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases and Public Health Research Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases and Public Health Research Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jun-Qi Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases and Public Health Research Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Marcin Sierra M, Arroyo M, Cadena Torres M, Ramírez Cruz N, García Hernández F, Taboada D, Galicia Martínez Á, Govezensky T, Sciutto E, Toledo A, Fleury A. Extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis: Demographic, clinicoradiological, and inflammatory features. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005646. [PMID: 28599004 PMCID: PMC5479594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis (ExPNCC), an infection caused by Taenia solium cysticerci that mainly occurs in the ventricular compartment (Ve) or the basal subarachnoid space (SAb), is more severe but less frequent and much less studied than parenchymal neurocysticercosis (ParNCC). Demographic, clinical, radiological, and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid features of patients affected by ExPNCC are herein described and compared with those of ParNCC patients. Methodology and principal findings 429 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of neurocysticercosis, attending the Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, a tertiary reference center in Mexico City, from 2000 through 2014, were included. Demographic information, signs and symptoms, radiological patterns, and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) laboratory values were retrieved from medical records for all patients. Data were statistically analyzed to assess potential differences depending on cyst location and to determine the effects of age and sex on the disease presentation. In total, 238 ExPNCC and 191 ParNCC patients were included. With respect to parenchymal cysts, extraparenchymal parasites were diagnosed at an older age (P = 0.002), chiefly caused intracranial hypertension (P < 0.0001), were more frequently multiple and vesicular (P < 0.0001), and CSF from these patients showed higher protein concentration and cell count (P < 0.0001). SAb patients were diagnosed at an older age than Ve patients, and showed more frequently seizures, vesicular cysticerci, and higher CSF cellularity. Gender and age modulated some traits of the disease. Conclusions This study evidenced clear clinical, radiological, and inflammatory differences between ExPNCC and ParNCC, and between SAb and Ve patients, and demonstrated that parasite location determines different pathological entities. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is caused by the establishment of Taenia solium larvae in the human central nervous system. While NCC diagnosis, treatment, and prevention have clearly improved in the last 40 years, the disease still causes significant morbidity and mortality in endemic regions of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Herein we described demographic, clinical, radiological, and cerebrospinal fluid features of a large series of NCC patients, and evaluated the relevance of parasite location on disease presentation. 191 patients with parenchymal parasites, 125 patients with extraparenchymal cysts, and 113 patients lodging parasites in both locations were included. Our results clearly demonstrated that differences in parasite location actually determines distinct diseases, with wide variations in severity. This is particularly evident when comparing parenchymal with extraparenchymal patients and ventricular with subarachnoid patients. Gender and age also modulate some characteristics of the disease. In conclusion, parasite location is one of the most important features of the disease, which must be considered when approaching an NCC patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Marcin Sierra
- Research Unit on Neuroinflammation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Facultad de Medicina – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - Mariana Arroyo
- Research Unit on Neuroinflammation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Facultad de Medicina – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - May Cadena Torres
- Research Unit on Neuroinflammation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Facultad de Medicina – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - Nancy Ramírez Cruz
- Research Unit on Neuroinflammation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Facultad de Medicina – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - Fernando García Hernández
- Research Unit on Neuroinflammation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Facultad de Medicina – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - Diana Taboada
- Research Unit on Neuroinflammation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Facultad de Medicina – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - Ángeles Galicia Martínez
- Research Unit on Neuroinflammation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Facultad de Medicina – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - Tzipe Govezensky
- Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Andrea Toledo
- Research Unit on Neuroinflammation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Facultad de Medicina – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Research Unit on Neuroinflammation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Facultad de Medicina – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
- Neurocysticercosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
- * E-mail:
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Peniche AG, Bonilla DL, Palma GI, Melby PC, Travi BL, Osorio EY. A secondary wave of neutrophil infiltration causes necrosis and ulceration in lesions of experimental American cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179084. [PMID: 28591228 PMCID: PMC5462435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the importance of neutrophils in the development of chronic lesions caused by L. Viannia spp. using the hamster as experimental model of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL). Neutrophils infiltrated the lesion within the first six hours post-infection. Inhibition of this early infiltration using a polyclonal antibody or cyclophosphamide was associated with transient parasite control but the protective effect vanished when lesions became clinically apparent. At lesion onset (approximately 10 days p.i.), there was an increased proportion of both uninfected and infected macrophages, and subsequently a second wave of neutrophils infiltrated the lesion (after 19 days p.i.) This second neutrophil infiltration was associated with lesion necrosis and ulceration (R2 = 0.75) and maximum parasite burden. Intradermal delivery of N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), aimed to increase neutrophil infiltration, resulted in larger lesions with marked necrosis and higher parasite burden than in mock treated groups (p<0.001 each). In contrast, reduced neutrophil infiltration via cyclophosphamide-mediated depletion led to more benign lesions and lower parasite loads compared to controls (p<0.001 each). Neutrophils of the second wave expressed significantly lower GM-CSF, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide than those of the first wave, suggesting that they had less efficient anti-leishmania activity. However, there was increased inflammatory cytokines and expression of neutrophil proteases (myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G and elastase) in lesions during the second wave of neutrophil infiltration compared with the levels reached during the first wave (6h p.i.). This suggests that augmented neutrophil proteases and inflammatory cytokines during the secondary wave of neutrophils could contribute to skin inflammation, ulceration and necrosis in ACL. The overall results indicate that neutrophils were unable to clear the infection in this model, and that the second wave of neutrophils played an important role in the severity of ACL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G. Peniche
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Diana L. Bonilla
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Gloria I. Palma
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Peter C. Melby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruno L. Travi
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - E. Yaneth Osorio
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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von Klitzing E, Ekmekciu I, Kühl AA, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Intestinal, extra-intestinal and systemic sequelae of Toxoplasma gondii induced acute ileitis in mice harboring a human gut microbiota. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176144. [PMID: 28414794 PMCID: PMC5393883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Within seven days following peroral high dose infection with Toxoplasma gondii susceptible conventionally colonized mice develop acute ileitis due to an underlying T helper cell (Th) -1 type immunopathology. We here addressed whether mice harboring a human intestinal microbiota developed intestinal, extra-intestinal and systemic sequelae upon ileitis induction. Methodology/Principal findings Secondary abiotic mice were generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and associated with a complex human intestinal microbiota following peroral fecal microbiota transplantation. Within three weeks the human microbiota had stably established in the murine intestinal tract as assessed by quantitative cultural and culture-independent (i.e. molecular 16S rRNA based) methods. At day 7 post infection (p.i.) with 50 cysts of T. gondii strain ME49 by gavage human microbiota associated (hma) mice displayed severe clinical, macroscopic and microscopic sequelae indicating acute ileitis. In diseased hma mice increased numbers of innate and adaptive immune cells within the ileal mucosa and lamina propria and elevated intestinal secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators including IFN-γ, IL-12 and nitric oxide could be observed at day 7 p.i. Ileitis development was accompanied by substantial shifts in intestinal microbiota composition of hma mice characterized by elevated total bacterial loads and increased numbers of intestinal Gram-negative commensals such as enterobacteria and Bacteroides / Prevotella species overgrowing the small and large intestinal lumen. Furthermore, viable bacteria translocated from the inflamed ileum to extra-intestinal including systemic compartments. Notably, pro-inflammatory immune responses were not restricted to the intestinal tract as indicated by increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in extra-intestinal (i.e. liver and kidney) and systemic compartments including spleen and serum. Conclusion/Significance With respect to the intestinal microbiota composition “humanized” mice display acute ileitis following peroral high dose T. gondii infection. Thus, hma mice constitute a suitable model to further dissect the interactions between pathogens, human microbiota and vertebrate host immunity during acute intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane von Klitzing
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ira Ekmekciu
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology / Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Sternberg JM, Forrest CM, Dalton RN, Turner C, Rodgers J, Stone TW, Kennedy PGE. Kynurenine Pathway Activation in Human African Trypanosomiasis. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:806-812. [PMID: 28013248 PMCID: PMC5388295 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan oxidation is associated with central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory pathways. Inhibition of this pathway ameliorates CNS inflammation in rodent models of the late (meningoencephalitic) stage of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). In this study, we evaluate whether the kynurenine pathway is activated in clinical HAT and associated with CNS inflammatory responses. Methods We measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tryptophan and kynurenine metabolite concentrations in patients infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results Kynurenine concentration in CSF was increased in both the early and late stages of disease, with a progressive increase in tryptophan oxidation associated with stage progression. Kynurenine pathway activation was associated with increases in neuroinflammatory markers, but there was no clear relationship to neurological symptoms. Conclusions CNS kynurenine pathway activation occurs during HAT, including cases prior to the current diagnostic cutoff for late-stage infection, providing evidence for early CNS involvement in HAT. Metabolite data demonstrate that the kynurenine-3-monooxygenase and kynurenine aminotransferase branches of the kynurenine pathway are active. The association between tryptophan oxidation and CNS inflammatory responses as measured by CSF interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentration supports a role of kynurenine metabolites in the inflammatory pathogenesis of late-stage HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Sternberg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Caroline M Forrest
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Neil Dalton
- WellChild Laboratory, Evelina London Children's Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Turner
- WellChild Laboratory, Evelina London Children's Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Trevor W Stone
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter G E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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Frydas S, Hatzistilianou M, Karagouni E, Madhappan B, D'Orazio N, Riccioni G, Conti F, Carratelli G, Kempuraj D. Chemokines and Parasites. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 16:221-4. [PMID: 14611724 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Frydas
- Parasitology Dept. Veterinary Faculty, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Maia LA, Olinda RG, Araújo TF, Firmino PR, Nakazato L, Neto EGM, Riet-Correa F, Dantas AFM. Cutaneous pythiosis in a donkey (Equus asinus) in Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:436-9. [PMID: 27271986 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716651467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study describes the clinical, epidemiologic, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular aspects PCR of a case of cutaneous pythiosis in a donkey (Equus asinus) from Brazil. During a dry period, the animal grazed for 4 months around a pond where the vegetation remained green. Skin lesions were nodular, multifocal, and disseminated, mainly involving the legs, ventral chest, and mammary gland. On cut surface, there were multifocal to coalescent discrete yellow foci, and occasional small cavitations with a few kunkers. Ulcerative nodular pyogranulomatous and eosinophilic dermatitis with folliculitis and furunculosis were observed histologically. Hyphae were observed in sections stained with Gomori methenamine silver. Immunohistochemistry with Pythium insidiosum antibodies yielded strong immunostaining of hyphae. P. insidiosum DNA was extracted from tissues in paraffin blocks by amplification of a fragment of 105 bp, which targets the 5.8S ribosomal gene. After the diagnosis of pythiosis, the larger skin lesions were excised and treated as second intention healing wounds, which were completely healed 30 days after resection. Small skin lesions regressed spontaneously in ~60 days. The granulomatous inflammation and outcome of the disease in this donkey were similar to cases of pythiosis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanka A Maia
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Maia, Olinda, Firmino Miranda Neto, Dantas)Central Laboratory of Public Health of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Araújo); Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Nakazato)National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Riet-Correa)
| | - Robério G Olinda
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Maia, Olinda, Firmino Miranda Neto, Dantas)Central Laboratory of Public Health of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Araújo); Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Nakazato)National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Riet-Correa)
| | - Tenório F Araújo
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Maia, Olinda, Firmino Miranda Neto, Dantas)Central Laboratory of Public Health of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Araújo); Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Nakazato)National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Riet-Correa)
| | - Paulo R Firmino
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Maia, Olinda, Firmino Miranda Neto, Dantas)Central Laboratory of Public Health of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Araújo); Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Nakazato)National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Riet-Correa)
| | - Luciano Nakazato
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Maia, Olinda, Firmino Miranda Neto, Dantas)Central Laboratory of Public Health of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Araújo); Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Nakazato)National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Riet-Correa)
| | - Eldinê G Miranda Neto
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Maia, Olinda, Firmino Miranda Neto, Dantas)Central Laboratory of Public Health of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Araújo); Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Nakazato)National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Riet-Correa)
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Maia, Olinda, Firmino Miranda Neto, Dantas)Central Laboratory of Public Health of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Araújo); Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Nakazato)National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Riet-Correa)
| | - Antônio F M Dantas
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Maia, Olinda, Firmino Miranda Neto, Dantas)Central Laboratory of Public Health of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Araújo); Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Nakazato)National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Riet-Correa)
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Goddard A, Leisewitz AL, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Kristensen AT, Schoeman JP. Excessive Pro-Inflammatory Serum Cytokine Concentrations in Virulent Canine Babesiosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150113. [PMID: 26953797 PMCID: PMC4783066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia rossi infection causes a severe inflammatory response in the dog, which is the result of the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in cytokine concentrations were present in dogs with babesiosis and whether it was associated with disease outcome. Ninety-seven dogs naturally infected with B. rossi were studied and fifteen healthy dogs were included as controls. Diagnosis of babesiosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and reverse line blot. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at admission, prior to any treatment. Cytokine concentrations were assessed using a canine-specific multiplex assay on an automated analyser. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured. Twelve of the Babesia-infected dogs died (12%) and 85 survived (88%). Babesia-infected dogs were also divided into those that presented within 48 hours from displaying clinical signs, and those that presented more than 48 hours after displaying clinical signs. Cytokine concentrations were compared between the different groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. IL-10 and MCP-1 concentrations were significantly elevated for the Babesia-infected dogs compared to the healthy controls. In contrast, the IL-8 concentration was significantly decreased in the Babesia-infected dogs compared to the controls. Concentrations of IL-6 and MCP-1 were significantly increased in the non-survivors compared to the survivors. Concentrations for IL-2, IL-6, IL-18 and GM-CSF were significantly higher in those cases that presented during the more acute stage of the disease. These findings suggest that a mixed cytokine response is present in dogs with babesiosis caused by B. rossi, and that an excessive pro-inflammatory response may result in a poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew L. Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemarie T. Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan P. Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Gilles M, Combillet F, Alberti N, Malvy D, Korobelnik JF. [Inflammatory orbitopathy secondary to schistosomiasis]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2015; 39:e25-7. [PMID: 26643754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gilles
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - F Combillet
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - N Alberti
- Service de radiologie, centre hospitalier Alpes-Leman, 558, route de Findrol, 74130 Contamine-sur-Arve, France
| | - D Malvy
- Unité tropicale 4(e) Aile 1&3, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - J-F Korobelnik
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Farshid AA, Naem S. First ultrastructural observations on gastritis caused by Physaloptera clausa (Spirurida: Physalopteridae) in hedgehogs (Erinaceus europeaus). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3693-8. [PMID: 26113510 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural changes of gastritis due to infection with Physaloptera clausa in 12 fresh carcasses of euthanized European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) collected from different part of Urmia, Iran, in which they were highly populated with this animal, six females and six males were subjected to detail necropsy with special reference to the stomach. Macroscopic changes of stomach were recorded and some of the worms collected. Based on number of parasites present in the stomach, they were divided into light infection, mild infection, and severe infection. Parasites were collected, and worms identification of the species was confirmed on the basis of light microscope examination with reference to keys. Tissues fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide and processed and plastic embedded; ultrathin sections of 60-70 nm were cut and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate; electron microscopic observations showed that, in light infection some changes were observed in gastric cells such as dilatation and vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum, large numbers of lipid granules, mitochondrial swelling, nuclear chromatin margination, and some nucleus showed washed out appearance. Other cells showed some alterations in mitochondria, dilatation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, loss of both free and bound ribosomes, vesiculation in cytoplasm, and increase Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles. The inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and predominantly eosinophils were identified. In moderate infection, the cellular pattern of gastric mucosa replaced with inflammatory cells. The marked increase of macrophages and other inflammatory cell was observed. A particular finding in our study was the presence of globule leukocyte in the moderate stage. Moreover, scant formation and distribution of collagen fibers as well as fibroblasts were also noted. In severe infection, the most obvious observation was marked distribution of collagen fibers around the mucosal cells. The fibroblastic cells with elongated nucleus and extensive indentation were noticed. In conclusion, the result of our study revealed P. clausa could be a cause of gastritis and according to cellular pattern of inflammatory reaction, with the increase of worm burden and development of infection, chronic gastritis was stabilized. Present investigation documented the ultrastructural changes during verminous gastritis in hedgehogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gorgani-Firouzjaee
- Division of Parasitology Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran,
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Gupta S, Smith C, Auclair S, Delgadillo ADJ, Garg NJ. Therapeutic Efficacy of a Subunit Vaccine in Controlling Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Chagas Disease Is Enhanced by Glutathione Peroxidase Over-Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130562. [PMID: 26075398 PMCID: PMC4468200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses are implicated in chagasic cardiomyopathy. In this study, we examined the therapeutic utility of a subunit vaccine against T. cruzi and determined if glutathione peroxidase (GPx1, antioxidant) protects the heart from chagasic pathogenesis. C57BL/6 mice (wild-type (WT) and GPx1 transgenic (GPxtg) were infected with T. cruzi and at 45 days post-infection (dpi), immunized with TcG2/TcG4 vaccine delivered by a DNA-prime/Protein-boost (D/P) approach. The plasma and tissue-sections were analyzed on 150 dpi for parasite burden, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis. WT mice infected with T. cruzi had significantly more blood and tissue parasite burden compared with infected/GPxtg mice (n = 5-8, p<0.01). Therapeutic vaccination provided >15-fold reduction in blood and tissue parasites in both WT and GPxtg mice. The increase in plasma levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO, 24.7%) and nitrite (iNOS activity, 45%) was associated with myocardial increase in oxidant levels (3-4-fold) and non-responsive antioxidant status in chagasic/WT mice; and these responses were not controlled after vaccination (n = 5-7). The GPxtg mice were better equipped than the WT mice in controlling T. cruzi-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Extensive myocardial and skeletal tissue inflammation noted in chagasic/WT mice, was significantly more compared with chagasic/GPxtg mice (n = 4-6, p<0.05). Vaccination was equally effective in reducing the chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the heart and skeletal tissue of infected WT and GPxtg mice (n = 6, p<0.05). Hypertrophy (increased BNP and ANP mRNA) and fibrosis (increased collagen) of the heart were extensively present in chronically-infected WT and GPxtg mice and notably decreased after therapeutic vaccination. We conclude the therapeutic delivery of D/P vaccine was effective in arresting the chronic parasite persistence and chagasic pathology; and GPx1 over-expression provided additive benefits in reducing the parasite burden, inflammatory/oxidative stress and cardiac remodeling in Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SG); (NG)
| | - Charity Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah Auclair
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anahi De Jesus Delgadillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and the Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SG); (NG)
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Gobert GN, Nawaratna SK, Harvie M, Ramm GA, McManus DP. An ex vivo model for studying hepatic schistosomiasis and the effect of released protein from dying eggs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003760. [PMID: 25965781 PMCID: PMC4428699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report the use of an ex vivo precision cut liver slice (PCLS) mouse model for studying hepatic schistosomiasis. In this system, liver tissue is unfixed, unfrozen, and alive for maintenance in culture and subsequent molecular analysis. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using thick naive mouse liver tissue and sterile culture conditions, the addition of soluble egg antigen (SEA) derived from Schistosoma japonicum eggs, followed 4, 24 and 48 hrs time points. Tissue was collected for transcriptional analysis and supernatants collected to quantitate liver enzymes, cytokines and chemokines. No significant hepatotoxicity was demonstrated by supernatant liver enzymes due to the presence of SEA. A proinflammatory response was observed both at the transcriptional level and at the protein level by cytokine and chemokine bead assay. Key genes observed elevated transcription in response to the addition of SEA included: IL1-α and IL1-β, IL6, all associated with inflammation. The recruitment of antigen presenting cells was reflected in increases in transcription of CD40, CCL4 and CSF1. Indications of tissue remodeling were seen in elevated gene expression of various Matrix MetalloProteinases (MMP3, 9, 10, 13) and delayed increases in TIMP1. Collagen deposition was significantly reduced in the presence of SEA as shown in COL1A1 expression by qPCR after 24 hrs culture. Cytokine and chemokine analysis of the culture supernatants confirmed the elevation of proteins including IL6, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL5. CONCLUSIONS This ex vivo model system for the synchronised delivery of parasite antigen to liver tissue provides an insight into the early phase of hepatic schistosomiasis, corresponding with the release of soluble proteins from dying schistosome eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey N. Gobert
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Marina Harvie
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant A. Ramm
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Jang JC, Chen G, Wang SH, Barnes MA, Chung JI, Camberis M, Le Gros G, Cooper PJ, Steel C, Nutman TB, Lazar MA, Nair MG. Macrophage-derived human resistin is induced in multiple helminth infections and promotes inflammatory monocytes and increased parasite burden. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004579. [PMID: 25568944 PMCID: PMC4287580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infections can be associated with lifelong morbidity such as immune-mediated organ failure. A better understanding of the host immune response to helminths could provide new avenues to promote parasite clearance and/or alleviate infection-associated morbidity. Murine resistin-like molecules (RELM) exhibit pleiotropic functions following helminth infection including modulating the host immune response; however, the relevance of human RELM proteins in helminth infection is unknown. To examine the function of human resistin (hResistin), we utilized transgenic mice expressing the human resistin gene (hRetnTg+). Following infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), hResistin expression was significantly upregulated in infected tissue. Compared to control hRetnTg− mice, hRetnTg+ mice suffered from exacerbated Nb-induced inflammation characterized by weight loss and increased infiltration of inflammatory monocytes in the lung, along with elevated Nb egg burdens and delayed parasite expulsion. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the infected tissue revealed that hResistin promoted expression of proinflammatory cytokines and genes downstream of toll-like receptor signaling. Moreover, hResistin preferentially bound lung monocytes, and exogenous treatment of mice with recombinant hResistin promoted monocyte recruitment and proinflammatory cytokine expression. In human studies, increased serum resistin was associated with higher parasite load in individuals infected with soil-transmitted helminths or filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti, and was positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokines. Together, these studies identify human resistin as a detrimental factor induced by multiple helminth infections, where it promotes proinflammatory cytokines and impedes parasite clearance. Targeting the resistin/proinflammatory cytokine immune axis may provide new diagnostic or treatment strategies for helminth infection and associated immune-mediated pathology. Parasitic helminths, which infect an estimated two billion people worldwide, represent a significant global public health problem. Infection is associated with life-long morbidity including growth retardation and organ failure. Despite these debilitating conditions, there are currently no successful vaccines against helminths. Further, great variability in the host immune response to helminths exists, with the ability of some individuals to develop immunity, while others are susceptible when re-exposed or maintain life-long chronic infections. Identifying new factors that are differentially expressed in immune versus susceptible individuals could provide new targeting strategies for diagnosis or treatment of helminth infection. Here, we identify an important immunoregulatory function for human resistin in helminth infection. Employing transgenic mice in which the human resistin gene was inserted, we show that human resistin is induced by infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, where it promotes excessive inflammation and impedes parasite killing. Moreover, analysis of clinical samples from two cohorts of individuals infected with filarial nematodes or soil-transmitted helminths revealed increased resistin and serum proinflammatory cytokines compared to putatively immune individuals. Together, these studies suggest that human resistin is a detrimental cytokine that is expressed in multiple helminth infections, mediates pathogenic inflammation, and delays parasite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Jang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Gang Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Spencer H. Wang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Josiah I. Chung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Philip J. Cooper
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Steel
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vannella KM, Barron L, Borthwick LA, Kindrachuk KN, Narasimhan PB, Hart KM, Thompson RW, White S, Cheever AW, Ramalingam TR, Wynn TA. Incomplete deletion of IL-4Rα by LysM(Cre) reveals distinct subsets of M2 macrophages controlling inflammation and fibrosis in chronic schistosomiasis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004372. [PMID: 25211233 PMCID: PMC4161449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice expressing a Cre recombinase from the lysozyme M-encoding locus (Lyz2) have been widely used to dissect gene function in macrophages and neutrophils. Here, we show that while naïve resident tissue macrophages from IL-4Rαflox/deltaLysMCre mice almost completely lose IL-4Rα function, a large fraction of macrophages elicited by sterile inflammatory stimuli, Schistosoma mansoni eggs, or S. mansoni infection, fail to excise Il4rα. These F4/80hiCD11bhi macrophages, in contrast to resident tissue macrophages, express lower levels of Lyz2 explaining why this population resists LysMCre-mediated deletion. We show that in response to IL-4 and IL-13, Lyz2loIL-4Rα+ macrophages differentiate into an arginase 1-expressing alternatively-activated macrophage (AAM) population, which slows the development of lethal fibrosis in schistosomiasis. In contrast, we identified Lyz2hiIL-4Rα+ macrophages as the key subset of AAMs mediating the downmodulation of granulomatous inflammation in chronic schistosomiasis. Our observations reveal a limitation on using a LysMCre mouse model to study gene function in inflammatory settings, but we utilize this limitation as a means to demonstrate that distinct populations of alternatively activated macrophages control inflammation and fibrosis in chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic injury and inflammation lead to irreversible fibrosis in a range of diseases and infections. Macrophages alternatively activated by the immune system are capable of regulating inflammation and fibrosis, but our understanding of the source and function of these cells is incomplete. Mice genetically engineered to specifically prevent macrophages from becoming alternatively activated have been used to study the cells' role following infection with the parasite, Schistosoma mansoni. To our surprise, we found these mice prevent alternative activation only in macrophages that have had time to mature and some, perhaps more nascent, macrophages can become alternatively activated following exposure to S. mansoni eggs. We detected lower expression of Lyz2 gene in these cells, leading to less expression of the enzyme excising the receptor gene necessary for alternative activation. Following S. mansoni infection, the livers of these mice have similar levels of fibrosis but significantly more inflammation compared to controls. We conclude that during schistosomiasis, distinct populations of alternatively activated macrophages control inflammation and fibrosis: macrophages expressing low levels of Lyz2 express Arg1 and thus are sufficient to control fibrosis, while more mature Lyz2-expressing macrophages are required for downmodulation of egg-induced inflammation in chronic schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Vannella
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luke Barron
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lee A. Borthwick
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Tissue Fibrosis and Repair Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen N. Kindrachuk
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Prakash Babu Narasimhan
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Hart
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Thompson
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra White
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allen W. Cheever
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thirumalai R. Ramalingam
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Heimesaat MM, Dunay IR, Alutis M, Fischer A, Möhle L, Göbel UB, Kühl AA, Bereswill S. Nucleotide-oligomerization-domain-2 affects commensal gut microbiota composition and intracerebral immunopathology in acute Toxoplasma gondii induced murine ileitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105120. [PMID: 25141224 PMCID: PMC4139296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Within one week following peroral high dose infection with Toxoplasma (T.) gondii, susceptible mice develop non-selflimiting acute ileitis due to an underlying Th1-type immunopathology. The role of the innate immune receptor nucleotide-oligomerization-domain-2 (NOD2) in mediating potential extra-intestinal inflammatory sequelae including the brain, however, has not been investigated so far. Methodology/Principal Findings Following peroral infection with 100 cysts of T. gondii strain ME49, NOD2-/- mice displayed more severe ileitis and higher small intestinal parasitic loads as compared to wildtype (WT) mice. However, systemic (i.e. splenic) levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ were lower in NOD2-/- mice versus WT controls at day 7 p.i. Given that the immunopathological outcome might be influenced by the intestinal microbiota composition, which is shaped by NOD2, we performed a quantitative survey of main intestinal bacterial groups by 16S rRNA analysis. Interestingly, Bifidobacteria were virtually absent in NOD2-/- but not WT mice, whereas differences in remaining bacterial species were rather subtle. Interestingly, more distinct intestinal inflammation was accompanied by higher bacterial translocation rates to extra-intestinal tissue sites such as liver, spleen, and kidneys in T. gondii infected NOD2-/- mice. Strikingly, intracerebral inflammatory foci could be observed as early as seven days following T. gondii infection irrespective of the genotype of animals, whereas NOD2-/- mice exhibited higher intracerebral parasitic loads, higher F4/80 positive macrophage and microglia numbers as well as higher IFN-γ mRNA expression levels as compared to WT control animals. Conclusion/Significance NOD2 signaling is involved in protection of mice from T. gondii induced acute ileitis. The parasite-induced Th1-type immunopathology at intestinal as well as extra-intestinal sites including the brain is modulated in a NOD2-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ildiko R. Dunay
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marie Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Möhle
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Su L, Qi Y, Zhang M, Weng M, Zhang X, Su C, Shi HN. Development of fatal intestinal inflammation in MyD88 deficient mice co-infected with helminth and bacterial enteropathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2987. [PMID: 25010669 PMCID: PMC4091940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with intestinal helminth and bacterial pathogens, such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, continue to be a major global health threat for children. To determine whether and how an intestinal helminth parasite, Heligomosomoides polygyrus, might impact the TLR signaling pathway during the response to a bacterial enteropathogen, MyD88 knockout and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were infected with H. polygyrus, the bacterial enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium, or both. We found that MyD88 knockout mice co-infected with H. polygyrus and C. rodentium developed more severe intestinal inflammation and elevated mortality compared to the wild-type mice. The enhanced susceptibility to C. rodentium, intestinal injury and mortality of the co-infected MyD88 knockout mice were found to be associated with markedly reduced intestinal phagocyte recruitment, decreased expression of the chemoattractant KC, and a significant increase in bacterial translocation. Moreover, the increase in bacterial infection and disease severity were found to be correlated with a significant downregulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in the intestinal tissue in co-infected MyD88 knockout mice. Our results suggest that the MyD88 signaling pathway plays a critical role for host defense and survival during helminth and enteric bacterial co-infection. Infections with intestinal helminths and enteric bacterial pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) continue to be major global health problems, especially for children. The ability of the host to control bacterial enteropathogens may be influenced by host immune status and by concurrent infections. Helminth parasites are of particular interest in this context because of their ability to modulate host immune responses, and because their geographic distribution coincides with those parts of the world where infections caused by bacterial enteropathogens are most problematic. In this study, we determined how intestinal helminth infection regulates host innate immunity against bacterial enteropathogens by using a murine co-infection model. This model involves co-infection with the intestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus and the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, the murine equivalent of EPEC. The infections were carried out in wild-type mice and in mice lacking MyD88, a protein required for signaling by the Toll-like receptors. We found that co-infection with the helminth parasite significantly worsened Citrobacter-induced colitis in the MyD88-deficient mice, in association with increased mortality and compromised innate immune responses. Our observations demonstrate an important role for MyD88-dependent and -independent signaling in host survival during helminth and enteric bacterial co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yujuan Qi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Qinghai University Medical School, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Meiqian Weng
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chienwen Su
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang J, Lin R, Zhang W, Li L, Gottstein B, Blagosklonov O, Lü G, Zhang C, Lu X, Vuitton DA, Wen H. Transcriptional profiles of cytokine/chemokine factors of immune cell-homing to the parasitic lesions: a comprehensive one-year course study in the liver of E. multilocularis-infected mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91638. [PMID: 24637903 PMCID: PMC3956718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of chronically developing alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is characterized by a continuous, granulomatous, periparasitic infiltration of immune cells surrounding the metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis (E.multilocularis) in the affected liver. A detailed cytokine and chemokine profile analysis of the periparasitic infiltrate in the liver has, however, not yet been carried out in a comprehensive way all along the whole course of infection in E. multilocularis intermediate hosts. We thus assessed the hepatic gene expression profiles of 18 selected cytokine and chemokine genes using qRT-PCR in the periparasitic immune reaction and the subsequent adjacent, not directly affected, liver tissue of mice from day 2 to day 360 post intra-hepatic injection of metacestode. DNA microarray analysis was also used to get a more complete picture of the transcriptional changes occurring in the liver surrounding the parasitic lesions. Profiles of mRNA expression levels in the hepatic parasitic lesions showed that a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response, characterized by the concomitant presence of IL-12α, IFN-γ and IL-4, was established very early in the development of E. multilocularis. Subsequently, the profile extended to a combined tolerogenic profile associating IL-5, IL-10 and TGF-β. IL-17 was permanently expressed in the liver, mostly in the periparasitic infiltrate; this was confirmed by the increased mRNA expression of both IL-17A and IL-17F from a very early stage, with a subsequent decrease of IL-17A after this first initial rise. All measured chemokines were significantly expressed at a given stage of infection; their expression paralleled that of the corresponding Th1, Th2 or Th17 cytokines. In addition to giving a comprehensive insight in the time course of cytokines and chemokines in E. multilocularis lesion, this study contributes to identify new targets for possible immune therapy to minimize E. multilocularis-related pathology and to complement the only parasitostatic effect of benzimidazoles in AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wang
- State Key Lab Incubation Base for Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Franche-Comté and Jean Minjoz University Hospital, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Lab Incubation Base for Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Lab Incubation Base for Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Lab Incubation Base for Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Guodong Lü
- State Key Lab Incubation Base for Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuangshan Zhang
- State Key Lab Incubation Base for Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- State Key Lab Incubation Base for Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dominique A. Vuitton
- WHO-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
- * E-mail: (HW); (DV)
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Lab Incubation Base for Xinjiang Major Diseases Research and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (DV)
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Moxon CA, Chisala NV, Wassmer SC, Taylor TE, Seydel KB, Molyneux ME, Faragher B, Kennedy N, Toh CH, Craig AG, Heyderman RS. Persistent endothelial activation and inflammation after Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Malawian children. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:610-5. [PMID: 24048963 PMCID: PMC3903368 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysregulation is central to the pathogenesis of acute Plasmodium falciparum infection. It has been assumed that this dysregulation resolves rapidly after treatment, but this return to normality has been neither demonstrated nor quantified. We therefore measured a panel of plasma endothelial markers acutely and in convalescence in Malawian children with uncomplicated or cerebral malaria. Evidence of persistent endothelial activation and inflammation, indicated by increased plasma levels of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1, angiopoetin 2, and C-reactive protein, were observed at 1 month follow-up visits. These vascular changes may represent a previously unrecognized contributor to ongoing malaria-associated morbidity and mortality.
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Fujita M, Mahanty S, Zoghbi SS, Ferraris Araneta MD, Hong J, Pike VW, Innis RB, Nash TE. PET reveals inflammation around calcified Taenia solium granulomas with perilesional edema. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74052. [PMID: 24058514 PMCID: PMC3773048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurocysticercosis, an infection with the larval form of the tapeworm, Taeniasolium, is the cause of 29% of epilepsy in endemic regions. Epilepsy in this population is mostly associated with calcified granulomas; at the time of seizure recurrence 50% of those with calcifications demonstrate transient surrounding perilesional edema. Whether edema is consequence of the seizure, or a result of host inflammation directed against parasite antigens or other processes is unknown. To investigate whether perilesional edema is due to inflammation, we imaged a marker of neuroinflammation, translocater protein (TSPO), using positron emission tomography (PET) and the selective ligand (11)C-PBR28. METHODS In nine patients with perilesional edema, degenerating cyst or both, PET findings were compared to the corresponding magnetic resonance images. Degenerating cysts were also studied because unlike perilesional edema, degenerating cysts are known to have inflammation. In three of the nine patients, changes in (11)C-PBR28 binding were also studied over time. (11)C-PBR28 binding was compared to the contralateral un-affected region. RESULTS (11)C-PBR28 binding increased by a mean of 13% in perilesional edema or degenerating cysts (P = 0.0005, n = 13 in nine patients). Among these 13 lesions, perilesional edema (n=10) showed a slightly smaller increase of 10% compared to the contralateral side (P = 0.005) than the three degenerating cysts. In five lesions with perilesional edema in which repeated measurements of (11)C-PBR28 binding were done, increased binding lasted for 2-9 months. CONCLUSIONS Increased TSPO in perilesional edema indicates an inflammatory etiology. The long duration of increased TSPO binding after resolution of the original perilesional edema and the pattern of periodic episodes is consistent with intermittent exacerbation from a continued baseline presence of low level inflammation. Novel anti-inflammatory measures may be useful in the prevention or treatment of seizures in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Siddhartha Mahanty
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sami S. Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Desiree Ferraris Araneta
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jinsoo Hong
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theodore E. Nash
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Kelada S, Sethupathy P, Okoye IS, Kistasis E, Czieso S, White SD, Chou D, Martens C, Ricklefs SM, Virtaneva K, Sturdevant DE, Porcella SF, Belkaid Y, Wynn TA, Wilson MS. miR-182 and miR-10a are key regulators of Treg specialisation and stability during Schistosome and Leishmania-associated inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003451. [PMID: 23825948 PMCID: PMC3695057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse suite of effector immune responses provide protection against various pathogens. However, the array of effector responses must be immunologically regulated to limit pathogen- and immune-associated damage. CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) calibrate immune responses; however, how Treg cells adapt to control different effector responses is unclear. To investigate the molecular mechanism of Treg diversity we used whole genome expression profiling and next generation small RNA sequencing of Treg cells isolated from type-1 or type-2 inflamed tissue following Leishmania major or Schistosoma mansoni infection, respectively. In-silico analyses identified two miRNA “regulatory hubs” miR-10a and miR-182 as critical miRNAs in Th1- or Th2-associated Treg cells, respectively. Functionally and mechanistically, in-vitro and in-vivo systems identified that an IL-12/IFNγ axis regulated miR-10a and its putative transcription factor, Creb. Importantly, reduced miR-10a in Th1-associated Treg cells was critical for Treg function and controlled a suite of genes preventing IFNγ production. In contrast, IL-4 regulated miR-182 and cMaf in Th2-associed Treg cells, which mitigated IL-2 secretion, in part through repression of IL2-promoting genes. Together, this study indicates that CD4+Foxp3+ cells can be shaped by local environmental factors, which orchestrate distinct miRNA pathways preserving Treg stability and suppressor function. The diversity of pathogens that the immune system encounters are controlled by a diverse suite of immunological effector responses. Preserving a well-controlled protective immune response is essential. Too vigorous an effector response can be as damaging as too little. Regulatory T cells (Treg) calibrate immune responses; however, how Treg cells adapt to control the diverse suite of effector responses is unclear. In this study we investigated the molecular identity of regulatory T cells that control distinct effector immune responses against two discrete pathogens, an intracellular parasitic protozoa, Leishmania major, and an extracellular helminth parasite, Schitsosoma mansoni. The two Treg populations studied were phenotypically and functionally different. We identified molecular pathways that influence this diversity and more specifically, we identified that two miRNAs (miR-182 and miR-10a) act as “regulatory hubs” critically controlling distinct properties within each Treg population. This is the first study identifying the upstream molecular pathways controlling Treg cell specialization and provides a new platform of Treg cell manipulation to fine-tune their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kelada
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Isobel S. Okoye
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Kistasis
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Czieso
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra D. White
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Chou
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Stacy M. Ricklefs
- Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Dan E. Sturdevant
- Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Stephen F. Porcella
- Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Villar SR, Ronco MT, Fernández Bussy R, Roggero E, Lepletier A, Manarin R, Savino W, Pérez AR, Bottasso O. Tumor necrosis factor-α regulates glucocorticoid synthesis in the adrenal glands of Trypanosoma cruzi acutely-infected mice. the role of TNF-R1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63814. [PMID: 23717489 PMCID: PMC3661674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal steroidogenesis is under a complex regulation involving extrinsic and intrinsic adrenal factors. TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine produced in response to tissue injury and several other stimuli. We have previously demonstrated that TNF-R1 knockout (TNF-R1−/−) mice have a dysregulated synthesis of glucocorticoids (GCs) during Trypanosoma cruzi acute infection. Since TNF-α may influence GCs production, not only through the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, but also at the adrenal level, we now investigated the role of this cytokine on the adrenal GCs production. Wild type (WT) and TNF-R1−/− mice undergoing acute infection (Tc-WT and Tc-TNF-R1−/− groups), displayed adrenal hyperplasia together with increased GCs levels. Notably, systemic ACTH remained unchanged in Tc-WT and Tc-TNF-R1−/− compared with uninfected mice, suggesting some degree of ACTH-independence of GCs synthesis. TNF-α expression was increased within the adrenal gland from both infected mouse groups, with Tc-WT mice showing an augmented TNF-R1 expression. Tc-WT mice showed increased levels of P-p38 and P-ERK compared to uninfected WT animals, whereas Tc-TNF-R1−/− mice had increased p38 and JNK phosphorylation respect to Tc-WT mice. Strikingly, adrenal NF-κB and AP-1 activation during infection was blunted in Tc-TNF-R1−/− mice. The accumulation of mRNAs for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and cytochrome P450 were significantly increased in both Tc-WT and Tc-TNF-R1−/− mice; being much more augmented in the latter group, which also had remarkably increased GCs levels. TNF-α emerges as a potent modulator of steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells during T. cruzi infection in which MAPK pathways, NF-κB and AP-1 seem to play a role in the adrenal synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes regulating GCs synthesis. These results suggest the existence of an intrinsic immune-adrenal interaction involved in the dysregulated synthesis of GCs during murine Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina R Villar
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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van de Hoef DL, Coppens I, Holowka T, Ben Mamoun C, Branch O, Rodriguez A. Plasmodium falciparum-derived uric acid precipitates induce maturation of dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55584. [PMID: 23405174 PMCID: PMC3565962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is characterized by cyclical fevers and high levels of inflammation, and while an early inflammatory response contributes to parasite clearance, excessive and persistent inflammation can lead to severe forms of the disease. Here, we show that Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes contain uric acid precipitates in the cytoplasm of the parasitophorous vacuole, which are released when erythrocytes rupture. Uric acid precipitates are highly inflammatory molecules that are considered a danger signal for innate immunity and are the causative agent in gout. We determined that P. falciparum-derived uric acid precipitates induce maturation of human dendritic cells, increasing the expression of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86, while decreasing human leukocyte antigen-DR expression. In accordance with this, uric acid accounts for a significant proportion of the total stimulatory activity induced by parasite-infected erythrocytes. Moreover, the identification of uric acid precipitates in P. falciparum- and P. vivax-infected erythrocytes obtained directly from malaria patients underscores the in vivo and clinical relevance of our findings. Altogether, our data implicate uric acid precipitates as a potentially important contributor to the innate immune response to Plasmodium infection and may provide a novel target for adjunct therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. van de Hoef
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United State of America
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United State of America
| | - Thomas Holowka
- Section of Infectious Disease and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United State of America
| | - Choukri Ben Mamoun
- Section of Infectious Disease and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United State of America
| | - OraLee Branch
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United State of America
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United State of America
- * E-mail:
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Mita-Mendoza NK, van de Hoef DL, Lopera-Mesa TM, Doumbia S, Konate D, Doumbouya M, Gu W, Anderson JM, Santos-Argumedo L, Rodriguez A, Fay MP, Diakite M, Long CA, Fairhurst RM. A potential role for plasma uric acid in the endothelial pathology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54481. [PMID: 23349902 PMCID: PMC3551755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory cytokinemia and systemic activation of the microvascular endothelium are central to the pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Recently, ‘parasite-derived’ uric acid (UA) was shown to activate human immune cells in vitro, and plasma UA levels were associated with inflammatory cytokine levels and disease severity in Malian children with malaria. Since UA is associated with endothelial inflammation in non-malaria diseases, we hypothesized that elevated UA levels contribute to the endothelial pathology of P. falciparum malaria. Methodology/Principal Findings We measured levels of UA and soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), E-selectin (sE-Selectin), thrombomodulin (sTM), tissue factor (sTF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the plasma of Malian children aged 0.5–17 years with uncomplicated malaria (UM, n = 487) and non-cerebral severe malaria (NCSM, n = 68). In 69 of these children, we measured these same factors once when they experienced a malaria episode and twice when they were healthy (i.e., before and after the malaria transmission season). We found that levels of UA, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-Selectin and sTM increase during a malaria episode and return to basal levels at the end of the transmission season (p<0.0001). Plasma levels of UA and these four endothelial biomarkers correlate with parasite density and disease severity. In children with UM, UA levels correlate with parasite density (r = 0.092, p = 0.043), sICAM-1 (r = 0.255, p<0.0001) and sTM (r = 0.175, p = 0.0001) levels. After adjusting for parasite density, UA levels predict sTM levels. Conclusions/Significance Elevated UA levels may contribute to malaria pathogenesis by damaging endothelium and promoting a procoagulant state. The correlation between UA levels and parasite densities suggests that parasitized erythrocytes are one possible source of excess UA. UA-induced shedding of endothelial TM may represent a novel mechanism of malaria pathogenesis, in which activated thrombin induces fibrin deposition and platelet aggregation in microvessels. This protocol is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00669084).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neida K. Mita-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Departmento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaciόn y Estudios Avanzados – Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana L. van de Hoef
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Parasitology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tatiana M. Lopera-Mesa
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Saibou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Drissa Konate
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mory Doumbouya
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Wenjuan Gu
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Anderson
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departmento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaciόn y Estudios Avanzados – Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Parasitology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rick M. Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lima LM, Santos SB, Oliveira RR, Cardoso LS, Oliveira SC, Góes AM, Loukas A, Carvalho EM, Araújo MI. Schistosoma antigens downmodulate the in vitro inflammatory response in individuals infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20:233-8. [PMID: 23752304 DOI: 10.1159/000348700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causal agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). While the immune response to HTLV-1 infection is polarized to the Th1-type, chronic helminth infections drive the Th2- and T regulatory-type, and are able to downregulate the inflammatory response in some autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether Schistosoma spp. antigens alter the in vitro cytokine response in HTLV-1 infection. METHODS The recombinant Schistosoma antigens Sm29 and ShTSP2 (tetraspanin) and PIII, a fraction of the Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen were added to peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures of HTLV-1-infected individuals and the levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 in the supernatants were measured using the ELISA sandwich technique. RESULTS Compared to the levels of cytokine in nonstimulated cultures, the levels of IFN-γ were reduced in 50, 47 and 50% of patients by the presence of Sm29, ShTsp2 and PIII, respectively. The downregulation of IFN-γ production in the presence of Sm29 antigen was observed mainly in subjects who had lower basal levels of this cytokine. The levels of IL-10, however, increased by the addition of the three antigens in the cultures in 74, 62 and 44% of individuals, respectively. In addition, there was a decrease in the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 levels in cultures stimulated with Sm29 and ShTSP2 when compared to nonstimulated ones. CONCLUSIONS The Schistosoma spp. antigens used in this study were able to downmodulate IFN-γ production in vitro in HTLV-1 infection. This may be associated with the increased levels of IL-10 induced by the antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Mota Lima
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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MacLean L, Reiber H, Kennedy PGE, Sternberg JM. Stage progression and neurological symptoms in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness: role of the CNS inflammatory response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1857. [PMID: 23145191 PMCID: PMC3493381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human African trypanosomiasis progresses from an early (hemolymphatic) stage, through CNS invasion to the late (meningoencephalitic) stage. In experimental infections disease progression is associated with neuroinflammatory responses and neurological symptoms, but this concept requires evaluation in African trypanosomiasis patients, where correct diagnosis of the disease stage is of critical therapeutic importance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This was a retrospective study on a cohort of 115 T.b.rhodesiense HAT patients recruited in Eastern Uganda. Paired plasma and CSF samples allowed the measurement of peripheral and CNS immunoglobulin and of CSF cytokine synthesis. Cytokine and immunoglobulin expression were evaluated in relation to disease duration, stage progression and neurological symptoms. Neurological symptoms were not related to stage progression (with the exception of moderate coma). Increases in CNS immunoglobulin, IL-10 and TNF-α synthesis were associated with stage progression and were mirrored by a reduction in TGF-β levels in the CSF. There were no significant associations between CNS immunoglobulin and cytokine production and neurological signs of disease with the exception of moderate coma cases. Within the study group we identified diagnostically early stage cases with no CSF pleocytosis but intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis and diagnostically late stage cases with marginal CSF pleocytosis and no detectable trypanosomes in the CSF. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that there is not a direct linkage between stage progression, neurological signs of infection and neuroinflammatory responses in rhodesiense HAT. Neurological signs are observed in both early and late stages, and while intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis is associated with neurological signs, these are also observed in cases lacking a CNS inflammatory response. While there is an increase in inflammatory cytokine production with stage progression, this is paralleled by increases in CSF IL-10. As stage diagnostics, the CSF immunoglobulins and cytokines studied do not have sufficient sensitivity to be of clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna MacLean
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter G. E. Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M. Sternberg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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