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Thorn CS, Maness RW, Hulke JM, Delmore KE, Criscione CD. Population genomics of helminth parasites. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e29. [PMID: 36927601 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing technologies have facilitated a shift from a few targeted loci in population genetic studies to whole genome approaches. Here, we review the types of questions and inferences regarding the population biology and evolution of parasitic helminths being addressed within the field of population genomics. Topics include parabiome, hybridization, population structure, loci under selection and linkage mapping. We highlight various advances, and note the current trends in the field, particularly a focus on human-related parasites despite the inherent biodiversity of helminth species. We conclude by advocating for a broader application of population genomics to reflect the taxonomic and life history breadth displayed by helminth parasites. As such, our basic knowledge about helminth population biology and evolution would be enhanced while the diversity of helminths in itself would facilitate population genomic comparative studies to address broader ecological and evolutionary concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Thorn
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - R W Maness
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - J M Hulke
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - K E Delmore
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - C D Criscione
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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2
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Pandya N, Kumar A. Immunoinformatics analysis for design of multi-epitope subunit vaccine by using heat shock proteins against Schistosoma mansoni. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1859-1878. [PMID: 35040367 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2025430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of T cell and B cell that able provide long-term immune response against the schistosomiasisis to the people belongs to the epidemic area. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are up-regulated in schistosomes as their environment changes owing to the developmental cycle, assisting the parasite in living with the adverse circumstances related with its life cycle. Schistosomiasis is still a severe health problem in the people of many countries in worldwide. In this work, to develop a chimeric antigen, we used an advanced and powerful immunoinformatics technique that targeted Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) Heat shock protein (HSPs). Antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity, and physicochemical characteristics were all assessed in silico for the developed subunit vaccine. The 3D structure of the vaccine was constructed and the stability of the vaccine construct was increased by using disulphide engineering. The protein-protein docking and simulation were performed between the vaccine construct and Toll-like receptor-4. The antigenicity probability value obtained for the vaccine construct was 0.93, which indicates that vaccine is non-allergenic and safe for human consumption. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Pandya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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3
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Beesley NJ, Cwiklinski K, Allen K, Hoyle RC, Spithill TW, La Course EJ, Williams DJL, Paterson S, Hodgkinson JE. A major locus confers triclabendazole resistance in Fasciola hepatica and shows dominant inheritance. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011081. [PMID: 36701396 PMCID: PMC9904461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica infection is responsible for substantial economic losses in livestock worldwide and poses a threat to human health in endemic areas. The mainstay of control in livestock and the only drug licenced for use in humans is triclabendazole (TCBZ). TCBZ resistance has been reported on every continent and threatens effective control of fasciolosis in many parts of the world. To date, understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying TCBZ resistance has been limited to studies of candidate genes, based on assumptions of their role in drug action. Taking an alternative approach, we combined a genetic cross with whole-genome sequencing to localise a ~3.2Mbp locus within the 1.2Gbp F. hepatica genome that confers TCBZ resistance. We validated this locus independently using bulk segregant analysis of F. hepatica populations and showed that it is the target of drug selection in the field. We genotyped individual parasites and tracked segregation and reassortment of SNPs to show that TCBZ resistance exhibits Mendelian inheritance and is conferred by a dominant allele. We defined gene content within this locus to pinpoint genes involved in membrane transport, (e.g. ATP-binding cassette family B, ABCB1), transmembrane signalling and signal transduction (e.g. GTP-Ras-adenylyl cyclase and EGF-like protein), DNA/RNA binding and transcriptional regulation (e.g. SANT/Myb-like DNA-binding domain protein) and drug storage and sequestration (e.g. fatty acid binding protein, FABP) as prime candidates for conferring TCBZ resistance. This study constitutes the first experimental cross and genome-wide approach for any heritable trait in F. hepatica and is key to understanding the evolution of drug resistance in Fasciola spp. to inform deployment of efficacious anthelmintic treatments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Beesley
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (NJB); (JEH)
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Allen
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C. Hoyle
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Terry W. Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | - Diana J. L. Williams
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Paterson
- Centre for Genomic Research, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Hodgkinson
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (NJB); (JEH)
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4
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Naidoo P, Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/ CRISPR associated protein 9-mediated editing of Schistosoma mansoni genes: Identifying genes for immunologically potent drug and vaccine development. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e0131. [PMID: 35976333 PMCID: PMC9405935 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0131-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected acute and chronic tropical disease caused by intestinal (Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum) and urogenital (Schistosoma haematobium) helminth parasites (blood flukes or digenetic trematodes). It afflicts over 250 million people worldwide, the majority of whom reside in impoverished tropical and subtropical regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Schistosomiasis is the second most common devastating parasitic disease in the world after malaria and causes over 200,000 deaths annually. Currently, there is no effective and approved vaccine available for human use, and treatment strongly relies on praziquantel drug therapy, which is ineffective in killing immature larval schistosomula stages and eggs already lodged in the tissues. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated gene editing tool is used to deactivate a gene of interest to scrutinize its role in health and disease, and to identify genes for vaccine and drug targeting. The present review aims to summarize the major findings from the current literature reporting the usage of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to inactivate genes in S. mansoni (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), T2 ribonuclease omega-1 (ω1), sulfotransferase oxamniquine resistance protein (SULT-OR), and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (SmNAGAL)), and freshwater gastropod snails, Biomphalaria glabrata (allograft inflammatory factor (BgAIF)), an obligatory component of the life cycle of S. mansoni, to identify their roles in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, and to highlight the importance of such studies in identifying and developing drugs and vaccines with high therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragalathan Naidoo
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Division of Research Capacity Development, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Zilungile Lynette Mkhize-Kwitshana
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Division of Research Capacity Development, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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5
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Guzman MA, Rugel A, Alwan SN, Tarpley R, Taylor AB, Chevalier FD, Wendt GR, Collins JJ, Anderson TJC, McHardy SF, LoVerde PT. Schistosome Sulfotransferases: Mode of Action, Expression and Localization. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1416. [PMID: 35890311 PMCID: PMC9323829 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxamniquine (OXA) is a prodrug activated by a sulfotransferase (SULT) that was only active against Schistosoma mansoni. We have reengineered OXA to be effective against S. haematobium and S. japonicum. Three derivatives stand out, CIDD-0066790, CIDD-0072229, and CIDD-0149830 as they kill all three major human schistosome species. However, questions remain. Is the OXA mode of action conserved in derivatives? RNA-interference experiments demonstrate that knockdown of the SmSULT, ShSULT, and SjSULT results in resistance to CIDD-0066790. Confirming that the OXA-derivative mode of action is conserved. Next is the level of expression of the schistosome SULTs in each species, as well as changes in SULT expression throughout development in S. mansoni. Using multiple tools, our data show that SmSULT has higher expression compared to ShSULT and SjSULT. Third, is the localization of SULT in the adult, multicellular eucaryotic schistosome species. We utilized fluorescence in situ hybridization and uptake of radiolabeled OXA to determine that multiple cell types throughout the adult schistosome worm express SULT. Thus, we hypothesize the ability of many cells to express the sulfotransferase accounts for the ability of the OXA derivatives to kill adult worms. Our studies demonstrate that the OXA derivatives are able to kill all three human schistosome species and thus will be a useful complement to PZQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A. Guzman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (M.A.G.); (A.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.N.A.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Anastasia Rugel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (M.A.G.); (A.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.N.A.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Sevan N. Alwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.N.A.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Reid Tarpley
- Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (R.T.); (S.F.M.)
| | - Alexander B. Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.N.A.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Frédéric D. Chevalier
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - George R. Wendt
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (G.R.W.); (J.J.C.III)
| | - James J. Collins
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (G.R.W.); (J.J.C.III)
| | - Timothy J. C. Anderson
- Disease Intervention & Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Stanton F. McHardy
- Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (R.T.); (S.F.M.)
| | - Philip T. LoVerde
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.N.A.); (A.B.T.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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6
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Platt RN, Le Clec'h W, Chevalier FD, McDew‐White M, LoVerde PT, Ramiro de Assis R, Oliveira G, Kinung'hi S, Djirmay AG, Steinauer ML, Gouvras A, Rabone M, Allan F, Webster BL, Webster JP, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Anderson TJC. Genomic analysis of a parasite invasion: Colonization of the Americas by the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2242-2263. [PMID: 35152493 PMCID: PMC9305930 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni, a snail-borne, blood fluke that infects humans, was introduced into the Americas from Africa during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. As this parasite shows strong specificity to the snail intermediate host, we expected that adaptation to South American Biomphalaria spp. snails would result in population bottlenecks and strong signatures of selection. We scored 475,081 single nucleotide variants in 143 S. mansoni from the Americas (Brazil, Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico) and Africa (Cameroon, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda), and used these data to ask: (i) Was there a population bottleneck during colonization? (ii) Can we identify signatures of selection associated with colonization? (iii) What were the source populations for colonizing parasites? We found a 2.4- to 2.9-fold reduction in diversity and much slower decay in linkage disequilibrium (LD) in parasites from East to West Africa. However, we observed similar nuclear diversity and LD in West Africa and Brazil, suggesting no strong bottlenecks and limited barriers to colonization. We identified five genome regions showing selection in the Americas, compared with three in West Africa and none in East Africa, which we speculate may reflect adaptation during colonization. Finally, we infer that unsampled populations from central African regions between Benin and Angola, with contributions from Niger, are probably the major source(s) for Brazilian S. mansoni. The absence of a bottleneck suggests that this is a rare case of a serendipitous invasion, where S. mansoni parasites were pre-adapted to the Americas and able to establish with relative ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy N. Platt
- Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou—Fiocruz/MGBelo HorizonteBrazil
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
| | | | - Amadou Garba Djirmay
- Réseau International Schistosomiases Environnemental Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL)NiameyNiger
| | | | | | | | - Fiona Allan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic DiseasesUniversity of LondonHertfordshireUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- Natural History MuseumLondonUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic DiseasesUniversity of LondonHertfordshireUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Natural History MuseumLondonUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
| | - David Rollinson
- Natural History MuseumLondonUK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College LondonSchool of Public HealthLondonUK
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7
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Le Clec'h W, Chevalier FD, Mattos ACA, Strickland A, Diaz R, McDew-White M, Rohr CM, Kinung'hi S, Allan F, Webster BL, Webster JP, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Djirmay AG, Al Mashikhi KM, Al Yafae S, Idris MA, Moné H, Mouahid G, LoVerde P, Marchant JS, Anderson TJC. Genetic analysis of praziquantel response in schistosome parasites implicates a transient receptor potential channel. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabj9114. [PMID: 34936381 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj9114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Winka Le Clec'h
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | | | - Ana Carolina A Mattos
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | - Robbie Diaz
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | | | - Claudia M Rohr
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Safari Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Fiona Allan
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial College, London, UK.,Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Bonnie L Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial College, London, UK.,Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Joanne P Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial College, London, UK.,Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Aidan M Emery
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial College, London, UK.,Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - David Rollinson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial College, London, UK.,Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Amadou Garba Djirmay
- Réseau International Schistosomiases Environnemental Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL), Niamey, Niger.,World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Khalid M Al Mashikhi
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhofar Governorate, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Salem Al Yafae
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhofar Governorate, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Hélène Moné
- Host-Pathogen-Environment Interactions Laboratory, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Gabriel Mouahid
- Host-Pathogen-Environment Interactions Laboratory, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Philip LoVerde
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jonathan S Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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8
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Jayawardene KLTD, Palombo EA, Boag PR. Natural Products Are a Promising Source for Anthelmintic Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1457. [PMID: 34680090 PMCID: PMC8533416 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes infect almost all forms of life. In the human context, parasites are one of the major causative factors for physical and intellectual growth retardation in the developing world. In the agricultural setting, parasites have a great economic impact through a reduction in livestock performance or control cost. The main method of controlling these devastating conditions is the use of anthelmintic drugs. Unfortunately, there are only a few anthelmintic drug classes available in the market and significant resistance has developed in most of the parasitic species of livestock. Therefore, development of new anthelmintics with different modes of action is critical for sustainable parasitic control in the future. The drug development pipeline is broadly limited to two types of molecules, namely synthetic compounds and natural plant products. Compared to synthetic compounds, natural products are highly diverse, and many have historically proven valuable in folk medicine to treat various gastrointestinal ailments. This review focus on the use of traditional knowledge-based plant extracts in the development of new therapeutic leads, the approaches used as screening techniques, and common bottlenecks and opportunities in plant-based anthelmintic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. T. Dilrukshi Jayawardene
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Enzo A. Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Peter R. Boag
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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9
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LoVerde PT, Alwan SN, Taylor AB, Rhodes J, Chevalier FD, Anderson TJ, McHardy SF. Rational approach to drug discovery for human schistosomiasis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 16:140-147. [PMID: 34111649 PMCID: PMC8193065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis is a debilitating, life-threatening disease affecting more than 229 million people in as many as 78 countries. There is only one drug of choice effective against all three major species of Schistosoma, praziquantel (PZQ). However, as with many monotherapies, evidence for resistance is emerging in the field and can be selected for in the laboratory. Previously used therapies include oxamniquine (OXA), but shortcomings such as drug resistance and affordability resulted in discontinuation. Employing a genetic, biochemical and molecular approach, a sulfotransferase (SULT-OR) was identified as responsible for OXA drug resistance. By crystallizing SmSULT- OR with OXA, the mode of action of OXA was determined. This information allowed a rational approach to novel drug design. Our team approach with schistosome biologists, medicinal chemists, structural biologists and geneticists has enabled us to develop and test novel drug derivatives of OXA to treat this disease. Using an iterative process for drug development, we have successfully identified derivatives that are effective against all three species of the parasite. One derivative CIDD-0149830 kills 100% of all three human schistosome species within 5 days. The goal is to generate a second therapeutic with a different mode of action that can be used in conjunction with praziquantel to overcome the ever-growing threat of resistance and improve efficacy. The ability and need to design, screen, and develop future, affordable therapeutics to treat human schistosomiasis is critical for successful control program outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T LoVerde
- Departments of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Sevan N Alwan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alexander B Taylor
- Departments of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jayce Rhodes
- Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Frédéric D Chevalier
- Program in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Timothy Jc Anderson
- Program in Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stanton F McHardy
- Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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10
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Fukushige M, Chase-Topping M, Woolhouse MEJ, Mutapi F. Efficacy of praziquantel has been maintained over four decades (from 1977 to 2018): A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors influence its efficacy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009189. [PMID: 33730095 PMCID: PMC7968639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antihelminthic drug praziquantel has been used as the drug of choice for treating schistosome infection for more than 40 years. Although some epidemiological studies have reported low praziquantel efficacy in cure rate (CR) and/or egg reduction rate (ERR), there is no consistent robust evidence of the development of schistosome resistance to praziquantel (PZQ). There is need to determine factors that lead to variable treatment CR and/or ERR. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to review CR and ERR as well as identify their predictors. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a literature review was conducted using Biosis Citation Index, Data Citation Index, MEDLINE, and Web of Science Core Collection all of which were provided through Web of Science. Alongside these, EMBASE, and CAB abstracts were searched to identify relevant articles. Random effect meta-regression models were used to identify the factors that influence CR and/or ERR by considering differences in host characteristics and drug dose. In total, 12,127 potential articles were screened and 146 eligible articles (published from 1979 to 2020) were identified and included for the meta-analysis. We found that there has been no significant reduction in CR or ERR over the study period. The results showed more variability in CR, compared with ERR which was more consistent and remained high. The results showed a positive effect of "PZQ treatment dose" with the current recommended dose of 40 mg/kg body weight achieving 57% to 88% CR depending on schistosome species, age of participants, and number of parasitological samples used for diagnosis, and ERR of 95%. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Based on a review of over 40 years of research there is no evidence to support concerns about schistosomes developing resistance to PZQ. These results indicate that PZQ remains effective in treating schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Fukushige
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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Buchter V, Ong YC, Mouvet F, Ladaycia A, Lepeltier E, Rothlisberger U, Keiser J, Gasser G. Multidisciplinary Preclinical Investigations on Three Oxamniquine Analogues as New Drug Candidates for Schistosomiasis**. Chemistry 2020; 26:15232-15241. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Buchter
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57, P.O. box 4002 Basel Switzerland
- University of Basel Petersplatz 1, P.O. Box 4001 Basel Switzerland
| | - Yih Ching Ong
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory of Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - François Mouvet
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry EPFL 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Abdallah Ladaycia
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021 Université Bretagne Loire 4 rue Larrey 49933 Angers Cedex 9 France
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021 Université Bretagne Loire 4 rue Larrey 49933 Angers Cedex 9 France
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry EPFL 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57, P.O. box 4002 Basel Switzerland
- University of Basel Petersplatz 1, P.O. Box 4001 Basel Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory of Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
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12
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Onile OS, Fadahunsi AI, Adekunle AA, Oyeyemi BF, Anumudu CI. An immunoinformatics approach for the design of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine for urogenital schistosomiasis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8795. [PMID: 33062404 PMCID: PMC7534685 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of T and B memory cells capable of eliciting long-term immunity against schistosomiasisis is important for people in endemic areas. Changes in schistosomes environment due to developmental cycle, induces up-regulation of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) which assist the parasite in coping with the hostile conditions associated with its life cycle. This study therefore focused on exploring the role of HSPs in urogenital schistosomiasis to develop new multi-epitope subunit vaccine against the disease using immunoinformatic approaches. The designed subunit vaccine was subjected to in silico antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity and physicochemical parameters analysis. A 3D structure of the vaccine construct was predicted, followed by disulphide engineering for stability, codon adaptation and in silico cloning for proper expression and molecular protein–protein docking of vaccine construct in the vector against toll-like receptor 4 receptor, respectively. Consequently, a 493 amino acid multi-epitope vaccine construct of antigenicity probability of 0.91 was designed. This was predicted to be stable, non-allergenic in nature and safe for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olugbenga S Onile
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Adeyinka I Fadahunsi
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Ameerah A Adekunle
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Bolaji F Oyeyemi
- Molecular Biology Group, Department Science Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Chiaka I Anumudu
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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13
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Rugel AR, Guzman MA, Taylor AB, Chevalier FD, Tarpley RS, McHardy SF, Cao X, Holloway SP, Anderson TJC, Hart PJ, LoVerde PT. Why does oxamniquine kill Schistosoma mansoni and not S. haematobium and S. japonicum? Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 13:8-15. [PMID: 32315953 PMCID: PMC7167500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis is a disease which globally affects over 229 million people. Three major species affecting humans are Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium and S. japonicum. Previous treatment of S. mansoni includes the use of oxamniquine (OXA), a prodrug that is enzymatically activated in S. mansoni but is ineffective against S. haematobium and S. japonicum. The OXA activating enzyme was identified and crystallized, as being a S. mansoni sulfotransferase (SmSULT). S. haematobium and S. japonicum possess homologs of SmSULT (ShSULT and SjSULT) begging the question; why does oxamniquine fail to kill S. haematobium and S. japonicum adult worms? Investigation of the molecular structures of the sulfotransferases indicates that structural differences, specifically in OXA contact residues, do not abrogate OXA binding in the active sites as previously hypothesized. Data presented argue that the ability of SULTs to sulfate and thus activate OXA and its derivatives is linked to the ability of OXA to fit in the binding pocket to allow the transfer of a sulfur group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia R Rugel
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Meghan A Guzman
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Alexander B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, Institutional Research Cores, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Frédéric D Chevalier
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Reid S Tarpley
- Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Stanton F McHardy
- Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Xiaohang Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Stephen P Holloway
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Timothy J C Anderson
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - P John Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, Institutional Research Cores, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Philip T LoVerde
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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14
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Thomas CM, Timson DJ. The Mechanism of Action of Praziquantel: Can New Drugs Exploit Similar Mechanisms? Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:676-696. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180926145537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treating infection with worms from the
genus Schistosoma. The drug is effective, cheap and has few side effects. However, despite its
use in millions of patients for over 40 years its molecular mechanism of action remains elusive.
Early studies demonstrated that PZQ disrupts calcium ion homeostasis in the worm and
the current consensus is that it antagonises voltage-gated calcium channels. It is hypothesised
that disruption of these channels results in uncontrolled calcium ion influx leading to uncontrolled
muscle contraction and paralysis. However, other experimental studies have suggested
a role for myosin regulatory light chains and adenosine uptake in the drug’s mechanism of
action. Assuming voltage-gated calcium channels do represent the main molecular target of
PZQ, the precise binding site for the drug remains to be identified. Unlike other commonly
used anti-parasitic drugs, there are few definitive reports of resistance to PZQ in the literature.
The lack of knowledge about PZQ’s molecular mechanism(s) undermines our ability to predict
how resistance might arise and also hinder our attempts to develop alternative antischistosomal
drugs which exploit the same target(s). Some PZQ derivatives have been identified
which also kill or paralyse schistosomes in culture. However, none of these are in widespread
clinical use. There is a pressing need for fundamental research into the molecular mechanism(
s) of action of PZQ. Such research would enable new avenues for antischsistosomal
drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Timson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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15
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Jones BP, Norman BF, Borrett HE, Attwood SW, Mondal MMH, Walker AJ, Webster JP, Rajapakse RPVJ, Lawton SP. Divergence across mitochondrial genomes of sympatric members of the Schistosoma indicum group and clues into the evolution of Schistosoma spindale. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2480. [PMID: 32051431 PMCID: PMC7015907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma spindale and Schistosoma indicum are ruminant-infecting trematodes of the Schistosoma indicum group that are widespread across Southeast Asia. Though neglected, these parasites can cause major pathology and mortality to livestock leading to significant welfare and socio-economic issues, predominantly amongst poor subsistence farmers and their families. Here we used mitogenomic analysis to determine the relationships between these two sympatric species of schistosome and to characterise S. spindale diversity in order to identify possible cryptic speciation. The mitochondrial genomes of S. spindale and S. indicum were assembled and genetic analyses revealed high levels of diversity within the S. indicum group. Evidence of functional changes in mitochondrial genes indicated adaptation to environmental change associated with speciation events in S. spindale around 2.5 million years ago. We discuss our results in terms of their theoretical and applied implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P Jones
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Billie F Norman
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Hannah E Borrett
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Stephen W Attwood
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Mohammed M H Mondal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Anthony J Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - R P V Jayanthe Rajapakse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Scott P Lawton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK.
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16
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Betson M, Alonte AJI, Ancog RC, Aquino AMO, Belizario VY, Bordado AMD, Clark J, Corales MCG, Dacuma MG, Divina BP, Dixon MA, Gourley SA, Jimenez JRD, Jones BP, Manalo SMP, Prada JM, van Vliet AHM, Whatley KCL, Paller VGV. Zoonotic transmission of intestinal helminths in southeast Asia: Implications for control and elimination. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 108:47-131. [PMID: 32291086 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths are extremely widespread and highly prevalent infections of humans, particularly in rural and poor urban areas of low and middle-income countries. These parasites have chronic and often insidious effects on human health and child development including abdominal problems, anaemia, stunting and wasting. Certain animals play a fundamental role in the transmission of many intestinal helminths to humans. However, the contribution of zoonotic transmission to the overall burden of human intestinal helminth infection and the relative importance of different animal reservoirs remains incomplete. Moreover, control programmes and transmission models for intestinal helminths often do not consider the role of zoonotic reservoirs of infection. Such reservoirs will become increasingly important as control is scaled up and there is a move towards interruption and even elimination of parasite transmission. With a focus on southeast Asia, and the Philippines in particular, this review summarises the major zoonotic intestinal helminths, risk factors for infection and highlights knowledge gaps related to their epidemiology and transmission. Various methodologies are discussed, including parasite genomics, mathematical modelling and socio-economic analysis, that could be employed to improve understanding of intestinal helminth spread, reservoir attribution and the burden associated with infection, as well as assess effectiveness of interventions. For sustainable control and ultimately elimination of intestinal helminths, there is a need to move beyond scheduled mass deworming and to consider animal and environmental reservoirs. A One Health approach to control of intestinal helminths is proposed, integrating interventions targeting humans, animals and the environment, including improved access to water, hygiene and sanitation. This will require coordination and collaboration across different sectors to achieve best health outcomes for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Betson
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Rico C Ancog
- University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Clark
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Billy P Divina
- University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Ben P Jones
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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17
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Chevalier FD, Le Clec’h W, McDew-White M, Menon V, Guzman MA, Holloway SP, Cao X, Taylor AB, Kinung'hi S, Gouvras AN, Webster BL, Webster JP, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Garba Djirmay A, Al Mashikhi KM, Al Yafae S, Idris MA, Moné H, Mouahid G, Hart PJ, LoVerde PT, Anderson TJC. Oxamniquine resistance alleles are widespread in Old World Schistosoma mansoni and predate drug deployment. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007881. [PMID: 31652296 PMCID: PMC6834289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Do mutations required for adaptation occur de novo, or are they segregating within populations as standing genetic variation? This question is key to understanding adaptive change in nature, and has important practical consequences for the evolution of drug resistance. We provide evidence that alleles conferring resistance to oxamniquine (OXA), an antischistosomal drug, are widespread in natural parasite populations under minimal drug pressure and predate OXA deployment. OXA has been used since the 1970s to treat Schistosoma mansoni infections in the New World where S. mansoni established during the slave trade. Recessive loss-of-function mutations within a parasite sulfotransferase (SmSULT-OR) underlie resistance, and several verified resistance mutations, including a deletion (p.E142del), have been identified in the New World. Here we investigate sequence variation in SmSULT-OR in S. mansoni from the Old World, where OXA has seen minimal usage. We sequenced exomes of 204 S. mansoni parasites from West Africa, East Africa and the Middle East, and scored variants in SmSULT-OR and flanking regions. We identified 39 non-synonymous SNPs, 4 deletions, 1 duplication and 1 premature stop codon in the SmSULT-OR coding sequence, including one confirmed resistance deletion (p.E142del). We expressed recombinant proteins and used an in vitro OXA activation assay to functionally validate the OXA-resistance phenotype for four predicted OXA-resistance mutations. Three aspects of the data are of particular interest: (i) segregating OXA-resistance alleles are widespread in Old World populations (4.29–14.91% frequency), despite minimal OXA usage, (ii) two OXA-resistance mutations (p.W120R, p.N171IfsX28) are particularly common (>5%) in East African and Middle-Eastern populations, (iii) the p.E142del allele has identical flanking SNPs in both West Africa and Puerto Rico, suggesting that parasites bearing this allele colonized the New World during the slave trade and therefore predate OXA deployment. We conclude that standing variation for OXA resistance is widespread in S. mansoni. It has been argued that drug resistance is unlikely to spread rapidly in helminth parasites infecting humans. This is based, at least in part, on the premise that resistance mutations are rare or absent within populations prior to treatment, and take a long time to reach appreciable frequencies because helminth parasite generation time is long. This argument is critically dependent on the starting frequency of resistance alleles–if high levels of “standing variation” for resistance are present prior to deployment of treatment, resistance may spread rapidly. We examined frequencies of oxamniquine resistance alleles present in Schistosoma mansoni from Africa and the Middle East where oxamniquine has seen minimal use. We found that oxamniquine resistance alleles are widespread in the Old World, ranging from 4.29% in the Middle East to 14.91% in East African parasite populations. Furthermore, we show that resistance alleles from West African and the Caribbean schistosomes share a common origin, suggesting that these alleles travelled to the New World with S. mansoni during the transatlantic slave trade. Together, these results demonstrate extensive standing variation for oxamniquine resistance. Our results have important implications for both drug treatment policies and drug development efforts, and demonstrate the power of molecular surveillance approaches for guiding helminth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric D. Chevalier
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FDC); (TJCA)
| | - Winka Le Clec’h
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vinay Menon
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meghan A. Guzman
- Departments of Pathology and University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Holloway
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaohang Cao
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander B. Taylor
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Safari Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Anouk N. Gouvras
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial Collge, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial Collge, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial Collge, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial Collge, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNDTR), Imperial Collge, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amadou Garba Djirmay
- Réseau International Schistosomiases Environnemental Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL), Niamey, Niger
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Khalid M. Al Mashikhi
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhofar Governorate, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Salem Al Yafae
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhofar Governorate, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Hélène Moné
- Host-Pathogen-Environment Interactions laboratory, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Gabriel Mouahid
- Host-Pathogen-Environment Interactions laboratory, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - P. John Hart
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip T. LoVerde
- Departments of Pathology and University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. C. Anderson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FDC); (TJCA)
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18
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Lombardo FC, Perissutti B, Keiser J. Activity and pharmacokinetics of a praziquantel crystalline polymorph in the Schistosoma mansoni mouse model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:240-246. [PMID: 31265895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a global disease of significant public health relevance. Only one racemic drug, praziquantel, characterized by low bioavailability, low water solubility and extensive first pass metabolism, is currently available. We studied a new praziquantel formulation (polymorph B), which is based on a racemic praziquantel crystalline polymorph (TELCEU01). Its in vitro activity was tested on newly transformed schistosomula (NTS) and adult Schistosoma mansoni. In vivo studies were conducted in mice harboring chronic S. mansoni infections. Pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of R- and S-praziquantel and R- and S- polymorph B following oral administration with both formulations were generated by sampling mice at 30, 60, 240 min and 24 h post-treatment, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. PK parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental analysis with a linear trapezoidal model. In vitro, commercial praziquantel and the polymorph B performed similarly on both NTS (IC50 = 2.58 and 2.40 µg/mL at 72 h) and adults (IC50 = 0.05 and 0.07 µg/mL at 72 h). Praziquantel showed higher in vivo efficacy with an ED50 of 58.75 mg/kg compared to an ED50 of 122.61 mg/kg for the polymorph B. The PK profiles of the two drugs exhibited differences: R-praziquantel showed an overall 40% higher area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC0→24) (R-praziquantel = 3.42; R-polymorph B = 2.05 h*µg/mL) and an overall 30% lower apparent clearance (Cl/F) (R-praziquantel = 70.68 and R-polymorph B = 97.63 (mg)/(µg/mL)/h). Despite the lack of improved activity and PK properties of polymorph B against S. mansoni, here presented; research on pharmaceutical polymorphism remains a valid and cost-effective option for the development of new praziquantel formulations with enhanced properties such as increased solubility and/or dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio C Lombardo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; Universität Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Perissutti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, p.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; Universität Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Buchter V, Hess J, Gasser G, Keiser J. Assessment of tegumental damage to Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium after in vitro exposure to ferrocenyl, ruthenocenyl and benzyl derivatives of oxamniquine using scanning electron microscopy. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:580. [PMID: 30400935 PMCID: PMC6219169 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is one of the most harmful parasitic diseases worldwide, praziquantel being the only drug in widespread use to treat it. We recently demonstrated that ferrocenyl, ruthenocenyl and benzyl derivatives of oxamniquine (Fc-OXA, Rc-OXA and Bn-OXA) are promising antischistosomal drug candidates. Methods In this study we assessed the tegumental damage of these three derivatives of oxamniquine using scanning electron microscopy. Adult Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium were exposed to a concentration of 100 μM of each drug and incubated for 4–120 h, according to their onset of action and activity. Results While on S. mansoni the fastest acting compound was Fc-OXA, which revealed high activity after 4 h of incubation, on S. haematobium, Rc-OXA revealed the quickest onset, being lethal on all males within 24 h. In both species studied, the three derivatives showed the same patterns of tegumental damage consisting of blebs, sloughing and tegument rupturing all over the body. Additionally, on S. mansoni distinct patterns of tegumental damage were observed for each of the compounds: tissue ruptures in the gynaecophoric canal for Fc-OXA, loss of spines for Rc-OXA and oral sucker rupture for Bn-OXA. Conclusions Our study confirmed that Fc-OXA, Rc-OXA and Bn-OXA are promising broad spectrum antischistosomal drug candidates. All derivatives show fast in vitro activity against S. mansoni and S. haematobium while validating the previous finding that the parent drug oxamniquine is less active in vitro under the conditions described. This work sets the base for further studies on the identification of a lead oxamniquine derivative, with the aim of identifying a molecule with the potential to become a new drug for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Buchter
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, CH, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box, 4003, Basel, CH, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Hess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, CH, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, P.O. Box, 4003, Basel, CH, Switzerland.
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Le Clec’h W, Chevalier FD, McDew-White M, Allan F, Webster BL, Gouvras AN, Kinunghi S, Tchuenté LAT, Garba A, Mohammed KA, Ame SM, Webster JP, Rollinson D, Emery AM, Anderson TJC. Whole genome amplification and exome sequencing of archived schistosome miracidia. Parasitology 2018; 145:1739-1747. [PMID: 29806576 PMCID: PMC6193844 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adult schistosomes live in the blood vessels and cannot easily be sampled from humans, so archived miracidia larvae hatched from eggs expelled in feces or urine are commonly used for population genetic studies. Large collections of archived miracidia on FTA cards are now available through the Schistosomiasis Collection at the Natural History Museum (SCAN). Here we describe protocols for whole genome amplification of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosome haematobium miracidia from these cards, as well as real time PCR quantification of amplified schistosome DNA. We used microgram quantities of DNA obtained for exome capture and sequencing of single miracidia, generating dense polymorphism data across the exome. These methods will facilitate the transition from population genetics, using limited numbers of markers to population genomics using genome-wide marker information, maximising the value of collections such as SCAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winka Le Clec’h
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Genetics, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Frédéric D. Chevalier
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Genetics, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Genetics, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Fiona Allan
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Anouk N. Gouvras
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Safari Kinunghi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Ecologie, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Center for Schistosomiasis & Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Amadou Garba
- Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL-Niger), 333, Avenue des Zarmakoye, B.P. 13724, Niamey, Niger
| | - Khalfan A. Mohammed
- Helminth Control Laboratory Unguja, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Shaali M. Ame
- Public Health Laboratory - Ivo de Carneri, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Patholobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, AL9 7TA, UK United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. C. Anderson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Genetics, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
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21
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Eweas AF, Allam G. Targeting thioredoxin glutathione reductase as a potential antischistosomal drug target. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 225:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Li P, Rios Coronado PE, Longstaff XRR, Tarashansky AJ, Wang B. Nanomedicine Approaches Against Parasitic Worm Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701494. [PMID: 29602254 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine approaches have the potential to transform the battle against parasitic worm (helminth) infections, a major global health scourge from which billions are currently suffering. It is anticipated that the intersection of two currently disparate fields, nanomedicine and helminth biology, will constitute a new frontier in science and technology. This progress report surveys current innovations in these research fields and discusses research opportunities. In particular, the focus is on: (1) major challenges that helminth infections impose on mankind; (2) key aspects of helminth biology that inform future research directions; (3) efforts to construct nanodelivery platforms to target drugs and genes to helminths hidden in their hosts; (4) attempts in applying nanotechnology to enable vaccination against helminth infections; (5) outlooks in utilizing nanoparticles to enhance immunomodulatory activities of worm-derived factors to cure allergy and autoimmune diseases. In each section, achievements are summarized, limitations are explored, and future directions are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | | | | | | | - Bo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
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23
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Cosseau C, Wolkenhauer O, Padalino G, Geyer KK, Hoffmann KF, Grunau C. (Epi)genetic Inheritance in Schistosoma mansoni: A Systems Approach. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:285-294. [PMID: 28040375 PMCID: PMC6125318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The G×E concept, in which genotype × environment interactions bring about the phenotype, is widely used to describe biological phenomena. We propose to extend the initial notion of the concept, replacing G by 'inheritance system'. This system, comprised of both genome and epigenome components, collectively interacts with the environment to shape the development of a phenotype. In the case of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, responsible for intestinal bilharzia, the phenotypic trait that is most relevant to global health is infection success. Taking a systems biology view we show how genetic and epigenetic interactions result in ephemeral, but also heritable, phenotypic variations that are important for infection success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cosseau
- University Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Dept of Systems Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gilda Padalino
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Room 3-31, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Kathrin K Geyer
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Room 3-31, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Room 3-31, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Christoph Grunau
- University Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, University Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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24
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Masamba P, Adenowo AF, Oyinloye BE, Kappo AP. Universal Stress Proteins as New Targets for Environmental and Therapeutic Interventions of Schistosomiasis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E972. [PMID: 27706050 PMCID: PMC5086711 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In spite of various control measures and eradication methods that have been in progress, schistosomiasis still prevails as one of the most prevalent debilitating parasitic diseases, typically affecting the poor and the underprivileged that are predominantly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasitic schistosome blood fluke responsible for causing the disease completes its complex developmental cycle in two hosts: humans and freshwater snails, where they physically undergo gross modifications to endure the different conditions associated with each host. Just like any other organism, the worm possesses mechanisms that help them respond to environmental insults. It has been hypothesized that a special class of proteins known as Universal Stress Proteins (USPs) are up-regulated during sudden environmental changes, thus assisting the worm to tolerate the unfavourable conditions associated with its developmental cycle. The position of praziquantel as the drug of choice against all schistosome infections has been deemed vulnerable due to mounting concerns over drug pressure and so the need for alternative treatment is now a matter of urgency. Therefore, this review seeks to explore the associations and possible roles of USPs in schistosomiasis as well as the functioning of these proteins in the schistosomulae stage in order to develop new therapeutic interventions against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Masamba
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Abiola Fatimah Adenowo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria.
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
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