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Houlder EL, Stam KA, Koopman JPR, König MH, Langenberg MCC, Hoogerwerf MA, Niewold P, Sonnet F, Janse JJ, Partal MC, Sijtsma JC, de Bes-Roeleveld LHM, Kruize YCM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Roestenberg M. Early symptom-associated inflammatory responses shift to type 2 responses in controlled human schistosome infection. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadl1965. [PMID: 38968336 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adl1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an infection caused by contact with Schistosoma-contaminated water and affects more than 230 million people worldwide with varying morbidity. The roles of T helper 2 (TH2) cells and regulatory immune responses in chronic infection are well documented, but less is known about human immune responses during acute infection. Here, we comprehensively map immune responses during controlled human Schistosoma mansoni infection using male or female cercariae. Immune responses to male or female parasite single-sex infection were comparable. An early TH1-biased inflammatory response was observed at week 4 after infection, which was particularly apparent in individuals experiencing symptoms of acute schistosomiasis. By week 8 after infection, inflammatory responses were followed by an expansion of TH2 and regulatory cell subsets. This study demonstrates the shift from TH1 to both TH2 and regulatory responses, typical of chronic schistosomiasis, in the absence of egg production and provides immunological insight into the clinical manifestations of acute schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Houlder
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Koen A Stam
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan Pieter R Koopman
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marion H König
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marijke C C Langenberg
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Astrid Hoogerwerf
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paula Niewold
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Friederike Sonnet
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline J Janse
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Miriam Casacuberta Partal
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C Sijtsma
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Laura H M de Bes-Roeleveld
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne C M Kruize
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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Sun R, Ding J, Yang Y, Wu F, Wang X, Liu M, Liu X, Jin X, Liu Y. Trichinella spiralis alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by modulating the protective Th2 immune response. Vet Parasitol 2024:110206. [PMID: 38797638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a disorder of immune regulation caused by pathogenic microorganisms. A large number of inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators are released, resulting in systemic inflammatory response disorder and acute lung injury (ALI). Helminths infection activate Th2 cytokines and immunomodulatory pathways, which have the function of anti-infection effector molecules. The early infection of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) was mainly intestinal phase. In this study, we explored the effect of intestinal phase infection of T. spiralis on LPS-induced ALI. Compared with control mice, the serum and lung tissues of T. spiralis infected mice had a significant decrease of Th1 inflammatory cytokines, a significant increase of Th2 anti-inflammatory cytokines, and a significant decrease of inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue. These results suggest that T. spiralis during the intestinal phase can act on distal organs (lung) and reduce LPS-induced lung inflammation, providing evidence for a potential new pathway for immune-mediated disease in helminths and a possible role for intestinal worms in the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Department of Helminth, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, China
| | - Fangwei Wu
- Department of Helminth, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Chayé MAM, Gasan TA, Ozir-Fazalalikhan A, Scheenstra MR, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, van Hengel ORJ, Gentenaar M, Manurung MD, Harvey MR, Codée JDC, Chiodo F, Heijke AM, Kalinowska A, van Diepen A, Hensbergen PJ, Yazdanbakhsh M, Guigas B, Hokke CH, Smits HH. Schistosoma mansoni egg-derived thioredoxin and Sm14 drive the development of IL-10 producing regulatory B cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011344. [PMID: 37363916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic schistosome infections, a complex regulatory network is induced to regulate the host immune system, in which IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells play a significant role. Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA) are bound and internalized by B cells and induce both human and mouse IL-10 producing Breg cells. To identify Breg-inducing proteins in SEA, we fractionated SEA by size exclusion chromatography and found 6 fractions able to induce IL-10 production by B cells (out of 18) in the high, medium and low molecular weight (MW) range. The high MW fractions were rich in heavily glycosylated molecules, including multi-fucosylated proteins. Using SEA glycoproteins purified by affinity chromatography and synthetic glycans coupled to gold nanoparticles, we investigated the role of these glycan structures in inducing IL-10 production by B cells. Then, we performed proteomics analysis on active low MW fractions and identified a number of proteins with putative immunomodulatory properties, notably thioredoxin (SmTrx1) and the fatty acid binding protein Sm14. Subsequent splenic murine B cell stimulations and hock immunizations with recombinant SmTrx1 and Sm14 showed their ability to dose-dependently induce IL-10 production by B cells both in vitro and in vivo. Identification of unique Breg cells-inducing molecules may pave the way to innovative therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde A M Chayé
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A Gasan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maaike R Scheenstra
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oscar R J van Hengel
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Max Gentenaar
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mikhael D Manurung
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Harvey
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anouk M Heijke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Hensbergen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Differential Analysis of Key Proteins Related to Fibrosis and Inflammation in Soluble Egg Antigen of Schistosoma mansoni at Different Infection Times. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030441. [PMID: 36986363 PMCID: PMC10054402 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major global health problem. Schistosomes secrete antigens into the host tissue that bind to chemokines or inhibit immune cell receptors, regulating the immune responses to allow schistosome development. However, the detailed mechanism of chronic schistosome infection-induced liver fibrosis, including the relationship between secreted soluble egg antigen (SEA) and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, is still unknown. We used mass spectrometry to identify the SEA protein sequences from different infection weeks. In the 10th and 12th infection weeks, we focused on the SEA components and screened out the special protein components, particularly fibrosis- and inflammation-related protein sequences. Our results have identified heat shock proteins, phosphorylation-associated enzymes, or kinases, such as Sm16, GSTA3, GPCRs, EF1-α, MMP7, and other proteins linked to schistosome-induced liver fibrosis. After sorting, we found many special proteins related to fibrosis and inflammation, but studies proving their association with schistosomiasis infection are limited. Follow-up studies on MICOS, MATE1, 14-3-3 epsilon, and CDCP1 are needed. We treated the LX-2 cells with the SEA from the 8th, 10th, and 12th infection weeks to test HSC activation. In a trans-well cell model in which PBMCs and HSCs were co-cultured, the SEA could significantly induce TGF-β secretion, especially from the 12th week of infection. Our data also showed that TGF-β secreted by PBMC after the SEA treatment activates LX-2 and upregulates hepatic fibrotic markers α-SMA and collagen 1. Based on these results, the CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) screened at the 12th infection week could be investigated further. This study clarifies the trend of immune mechanism variation in the different stages of schistosome infection. However, how egg-induced immune response transformation causes liver tissue fibrosis needs to be studied further.
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Shi W, Xu N, Wang X, Vallée I, Liu M, Liu X. Helminth Therapy for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Current and Future Perspectives. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:475-491. [PMID: 35087284 PMCID: PMC8789313 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s348079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- UMR BIPAR, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaolei Liu; Mingyuan Liu, Tel +86-15943092280; +86-13019125996, Email ;
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Xie S, Wei H, Peng A, Xie A, Li J, Fang C, Shi F, Yang Q, Huang H, Xie H, Pan X, Tian X, Huang J. Ikzf2 Regulates the Development of ICOS + Th Cells to Mediate Immune Response in the Spleen of S. japonicum-Infected C57BL/6 Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687919. [PMID: 34475870 PMCID: PMC8406689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Th cells (helper T cells) have multiple functions in Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection. Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) is induced and expressed in activated T lymphocytes, which enhances the development of B cells and antibody production through the ICOS/ICOSL pathway. It remains unclear about the role and possible regulating mechanism of ICOS+ Th cells in the spleen of S. japonicum-infected C57BL/6 mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were infected with cercariae of S. japonicum through the abdomen. The expression of ICOS, activation markers, and the cytokine production on CD4+ ICOS+ Th cells were detected by flow cytometry (FCM) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Moreover, the differentially expressed gene data of ICOS+ and ICOS- Th cells from the spleen of infected mice were obtained by mRNA sequencing. Besides, Western blot and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to explore the role of Ikzf2 on ICOS expression. Results After S. japonicum infection, the expression of ICOS molecules gradually increased in splenic lymphocytes, especially in Th cells (P < 0.01). Compared with ICOS- Th cells, more ICOS+ Th cells expressed CD69, CD25, CXCR5, and CD40L (P < 0.05), while less of them expressed CD62L (P < 0.05). Also, ICOS+ Th cells expressed more cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-2, and IL-21 (P < 0.05). RNA sequencing results showed that many transcription factors were increased significantly in ICOS+ Th cells, especially Ikzf2 (P < 0.05). And then, the expression of Ikzf2 was verified to be significantly increased and mainly located in the nuclear of ICOS+ Th cells. Finally, ChIP experiments and dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that Ikzf2 could directly bind to the ICOS promoter in Th cells. Conclusion In this study, ICOS+ Th cells were found to play an important role in S. japonicum infection to induce immune response in the spleen of C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, Ikzf2 was found to be one important transcription factor that could regulate the expression of ICOS in the spleen of S. japonicum-infected C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Major Obsteric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anping Peng
- Biological Resource Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Major Obsteric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feihu Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Major Obsteric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingfei Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Major Obsteric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Houlder EL, Costain AH, Cook PC, MacDonald AS. Schistosomes in the Lung: Immunobiology and Opportunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635513. [PMID: 33953712 PMCID: PMC8089482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosome infection is a major cause of global morbidity, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is no effective vaccine for this major neglected tropical disease, and re-infection routinely occurs after chemotherapeutic treatment. Following invasion through the skin, larval schistosomula enter the circulatory system and migrate through the lung before maturing to adulthood in the mesenteric or urogenital vasculature. Eggs released from adult worms can become trapped in various tissues, with resultant inflammatory responses leading to hepato-splenic, intestinal, or urogenital disease – processes that have been extensively studied in recent years. In contrast, although lung pathology can occur in both the acute and chronic phases of schistosomiasis, the mechanisms underlying pulmonary disease are particularly poorly understood. In chronic infection, egg-mediated fibrosis and vascular destruction can lead to the formation of portosystemic shunts through which eggs can embolise to the lungs, where they can trigger granulomatous disease. Acute schistosomiasis, or Katayama syndrome, which is primarily evident in non-endemic individuals, occurs during pulmonary larval migration, maturation, and initial egg-production, often involving fever and a cough with an accompanying immune cell infiltrate into the lung. Importantly, lung migrating larvae are not just a cause of inflammation and pathology but are a key target for future vaccine design. However, vaccine efforts are hindered by a limited understanding of what constitutes a protective immune response to larvae. In this review, we explore the current understanding of pulmonary immune responses and inflammatory pathology in schistosomiasis, highlighting important unanswered questions and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Houlder
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice H Costain
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Cook
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Characteristics of immune function in the acute phase of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:3711-3716. [PMID: 33782751 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is still diagnosed using symptoms and signs together with some histopathological findings. The purpose of this study was to summarize the characteristics and roles of cellular and humoral immunity in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). METHODS A total of 502 cases of patients with acute HSP were diagnosed and observed. The levels of T lymphocyte subsets, natural killer cells (NK cells), and B cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and complement C3 (C3) and complement C4 (C4) levels were detected by velocity scatter turbidimetry. RESULTS Compared with the healthy groups, the levels of cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), B cells, and NK cells and ratio of CD4/CD8 in patients with HSP were decreased (P < 0.05). The levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, and C3 were increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the Kawasaki disease (KD) group, the levels of CD3, CD4, CD8, B cells, NK cells, and IgA in patients with HSP were increased (P < 0.05), and the ratio of CD4/CD8 and levels of IgM, C3, and C4 was decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the pneumonia group, the levels of CD3, CD4, B cells, and IgA in patients with HSP were increased (P < 0.05), and the ratio of CD4/CD8 and levels of IgM and C4 was decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Cellular immunity and humoral immunity were all involved in the pathogenesis of HSP. The decline of NK cells, B lymphocyte cells, CD3, CD4 the increased secretion of immunoglobulin, and the abnormal appearance of IgA and C3 may exist during the progression. It may indicate a worse prognosis and increasing the risk of dedifferentiation. Cellular immunity was lower, which lead to increased production of inflammatory mediators and increased secretion of immunoglobulin, which then mediated systemic small-vessel vasculitis. Key Points • The pathogenesis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) was not completely illuminated. • There was a lack of disease-specific laboratory abnormalities that can be used in the clinical diagnosis of HSP. • We compared the laboratory abnormalities in the immune system of HSP with KD and pneumonia. • Cellular immunity and humoral immunity were all involved in the pathogenesis of HSP. Cellular immunity was lower, which lead to the following pathological changes.
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Xiao J, Guan F, Sun L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lu S, Liu W. B cells induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection display diverse regulatory phenotypes and modulate CD4 + T cell response. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:147. [PMID: 32197642 PMCID: PMC7082913 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increased activity of regulatory B cells (Breg) is known to be involved in immunosuppression during helminth infection, which is characterized by inducing IL-10-producing Breg cells. However, the current knowledge of B cell subsets differentiation and IL-10-independent immunoregulatory mechanisms of B cells in schistosomiasis is insufficient. Methods BALB/c mice were percutaneously infected with cercariae for investigating the profile of B cell subsets during Schistosoma japonicum infection. B cells isolated from the spleen or peritoneal cavity were analyzed for the regulatory phenotype after stimulation with soluble egg antigens (SEA) in vitro. CD4+ T cells were then cocultured with B cells pretreated with or without anti-PD-L1 antibody for investigating the role of B cells from infected mice on regulating CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the in vivo administration of anti-PD-L1 antibody was conducted to investigate the role of PD-L1 in regulating host immunity during infection. Results The percentages of peritoneal and splenic B-1a cells, as well as marginal zone B (MZB) cells were decreased at eight and twelve weeks after infection compared to those from uninfected mice. In splenic B cells, TGF-β expression was increased at eight weeks but declined at twelve weeks of infection, and PD-L1 expression was elevated at both eight and twelve weeks of infection. In addition, SEA stimulation in vitro significantly promoted the expression of IL-10 in peritoneal B cells and CD5 in splenic B cells, and the SEA-stimulated splenic and peritoneal B cells preferentially expressed PD-L1 and TGF-β. The splenic B cells from infected mice were able to suppress the function of Th1 and Th2 cells in vitro but to expand the expression of Tfh transcription factor Bcl6, which was further enhanced by blocking PD-L1 of B cells before co-cultivation. Moreover, Th2 response and Bcl6 expression in CD4+ T cells were also increased in vivo by blocking PD-L1 after infection, although the hepatic pathology was slightly influenced. Conclusions Our findings revealed that S. japonicum infection modulates the differentiation of B cell subsets that have the capability to affect the CD4+ T cell response. This study contributes to a better understanding of B cells immune response during schistosomiasis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengjun Lu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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10
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Lee KY, Lee YL, Chiang MH, Wang HY, Chen CY, Lin CH, Chen YC, Fan CK, Cheng PC. Schistosoma egg antigens suppress LPS-induced inflammation in human IMR-90 cells by modulation of JAK/STAT1 signaling. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:501-513. [PMID: 32033858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of the balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory events during the treatment of pulmonary infection is very important. Soluble Schistosoma egg antigens (SEA) can effectively inhibit the expression of cytokines during hepatic acute inflammation. However, the mechanisms by which these proteins suppress the inflammatory responses in lung cells remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of SEA to inhibit pulmonary inflammation. METHODS The effects of SEA were investigated in LPS-treated lung IMR-90 cells. The involvement of the JAK/STAT-1 signaling pathway in these effects was evaluated by employing CBA assays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting experiments. RESULTS Pretreatment of IMR-90 cells with appropriate concentrations of SEA protected cells against the cytotoxic effects of LPS-induced inflammation in a time-dependent manner. SEA pretreatment significantly attenuated the LPS-induced activation of the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway, including the upregulation of JAK1/2 and STAT1, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines. The level of phosphorylated STAT1 gradually declined in response to increasing concentrations of SEA. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that SEA-induced anti-inflammatory effects initiate with the downregulation of the IFN-γ-JAK-STAT1 signaling pathway, resulting in the attenuation of LPS-induced inflammation in IMR-90 cells. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of SEA in an in vitro model of pulmonary inflammation, involving the modulation of JAK/STAT1 signaling. We propose SEA as potential therapeutic or preventive agents for the selective suppression of STAT1 and the control of inflammatory response in lung IMR-90 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiu Chiang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Yu Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hong Lin
- The Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chou Chen
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kwung Fan
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Ritter M, Osei-Mensah J, Debrah LB, Kwarteng A, Mubarik Y, Debrah AY, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Layland LE. Wuchereria bancrofti-infected individuals harbor distinct IL-10-producing regulatory B and T cell subsets which are affected by anti-filarial treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007436. [PMID: 31120872 PMCID: PMC6550419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite worldwide mass drug administration, it is estimated that 68 million individuals are still infected with lymphatic filariasis with 19 million hydrocele and 17 million lymphedema reported cases. Despite the staggering number of pathology cases, the majority of LF-infected individuals do not develop clinical symptoms and present a tightly regulated immune system characterized by higher frequencies of regulatory T cells (Treg), suppressed proliferation and Th2 cytokine responses accompanied with increased secretion of IL-10, TGF-β and infection-specific IgG4. Nevertheless, the filarial-induced modulation of the host`s immune system and especially the role of regulatory immune cells like regulatory B (Breg) and Treg during an ongoing LF infection remains unknown. Thus, we analysed Breg and Treg frequencies in peripheral blood from Ghanaian uninfected endemic normals (EN), lymphedema (LE), asymptomatic patent (CFA+MF+) and latent (CFA+MF-) W. bancrofti-infected individuals as well as individuals who were previously infected with W. bancrofti (PI) but had cleared the infection due to the administration of ivermectin (IVM) and albendazole (ALB). In summary, we observed that IL-10-producing CD19+CD24highCD38dhigh Breg were specifically increased in patently infected (CFA+MF+) individuals. In addition, CD19+CD24highCD5+CD1dhigh and CD19+CD5+CD1dhighIL-10+ Breg as well as CD4+CD127-FOXP3+ Treg frequencies were significantly increased in both W. bancrofti-infected cohorts (CFA+MF+ and CFA+MF-). Interestingly, the PI cohort presented frequency levels of all studied regulatory immune cell populations comparable with the EN group. In conclusion, the results from this study show that an ongoing W. bancrofti infection induces distinct Breg and Treg populations in peripheral blood from Ghanaian volunteers. Those regulatory immune cell populations might contribute to the regulated state of the host immune system and are probably important for the survival and fertility (microfilaria release) of the helminth. Regulation of the host`s immune system by filarial nematodes is crucial for the fertility and survival of the nematode. Indeed, the majority of W. bancrofti-infected individuals are characterized by a regulated state including increased regulatory T cells (Treg), IL-10, TGF-β and filarial-specific IgG4 and suppressed Th2 cytokine responses. However, the functional role of Treg populations and regulatory B cells (Breg) during filarial infection remains unknown. Thus, in this study we investigated whether W. bancrofti-infected individuals from Ghana harbored distinct Breg and Treg populations which might be important for filarial-specific immunomodulation. Overall, this study shows that W. bancrofti induces distinct Breg populations, especially in patently (microfilaremic) infected individuals who presented significantly increased frequencies of IL-10-producing CD19+CD24highCD38dhigh Breg. Furthermore, clearance of the infection, due to anti-filarial treatment, returned these regulatory immune cells to homeostatic levels showing that an ongoing filarial infection is important for the activation of distinct Breg and Treg subsets. Those regulatory immune cell subsets are a part of a complex system which are induced by filarial nematodes to modulate the host`s immune system and maintain long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yusif Mubarik
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Y. Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Wang G, Jing Y, Zhou H, Ding Y, Wang J, Qiu J, Hua H, Dong C. Association between previous schistosome infection and incident hyperuricemia: A prospective cohort study in China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212702. [PMID: 30789970 PMCID: PMC6384030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 11 million people were estimated to be infected by Schistosoma japonicum in China before the 1950s. However, seldom studies have been conducted to evaluate the longitudinal effects of previous schistosome infection (PSI). We aimed to investigate the association between PSI and hyperuricemia in China. Methods From February 2013 to October 2013, 3,517 Chinese subjects (908 persons with PSI and 2,609 persons without PSI) were recruited from a prospective cohort study of “135”. After two years, 113 and 462 participants had developed hyperuricemia in the persons with and without PSI, respectively. Multivariable logistic models were used to estimate Relative Ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for hyperuricemia. Results The PSI participants had a decreased risk of hyperuricemia compared with those without PSI [adjusted RR (95%CI): 0.73 (0.55, 0.97)]. Within the PSI group, higher level of fasting plasma glucose was significantly associated with the reduced incidence of hyperuricemia in PSI population (RR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.26–0.63). For females, hypertension, increased levels of serum creatinine and triglycerides were the risk factors for incident hyperuricemia in the PSI group. Conclusions Our results suggest that PSI is significantly associated with the lower incidence of hyperuricemia. Moreover, elevated fasting plasma glucose might prevent the onset of hyperuricemia in PSI population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Jing
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Suzhou Industrial Park Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Suzhou Industrial Park Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyong Hua
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Obieglo K, Schuijs MJ, Ozir-Fazalalikhan A, Otto F, van Wijck Y, Boon L, Lambrecht BN, Taube C, Smits HH. Isolated Schistosoma mansoni eggs prevent allergic airway inflammation. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12579. [PMID: 30107039 PMCID: PMC6175163 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic helminth infection with Schistosoma (S.) mansoni protects against allergic airway inflammation (AAI) in mice and is associated with reduced Th2 responses to inhaled allergens in humans, despite the presence of schistosome‐specific Th2 immunity. Schistosome eggs strongly induce type 2 immunity and allow to study the dynamics of Th2 versus regulatory responses in the absence of worms. Treatment with isolated S. mansoni eggs by i.p. injection prior to induction of AAI to ovalbumin (OVA)/alum led to significantly reduced AAI as assessed by less BAL and lung eosinophilia, less cellular influx into lung tissue, less OVA‐specific Th2 cytokines in lungs and lung‐draining mediastinal lymph nodes and less circulating allergen‐specific IgG1 and IgE antibodies. While OVA‐specific Th2 responses were inhibited, treatment induced a strong systemic Th2 response to the eggs. The protective effect of S. mansoni eggs was unaltered in μMT mice lacking mature (B2) B cells and unaffected by Treg cell depletion using anti‐CD25 blocking antibodies during egg treatment and allergic sensitization. Notably, prophylactic egg treatment resulted in a reduced influx of pro‐inflammatory, monocyte‐derived dendritic cells into lung tissue of allergic mice following challenge. Altogether, S. mansoni eggs can protect against the development of AAI, despite strong egg‐specific Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Obieglo
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Otto
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda van Wijck
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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McSorley HJ, Chayé MAM, Smits HH. Worms: Pernicious parasites or allies against allergies? Parasite Immunol 2018; 41:e12574. [PMID: 30043455 PMCID: PMC6585781 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are most commonly associated with allergy and helminth parasite infections. Since the discovery of Th1 and Th2 immune responses more than 30 years ago, models of both allergic disease and helminth infections have been useful in characterizing the development, effector mechanisms and pathological consequences of type 2 immune responses. The observation that some helminth infections negatively correlate with allergic and inflammatory disease led to a large field of research into parasite immunomodulation. However, it is worth noting that helminth parasites are not always benign infections, and that helminth immunomodulation can have stimulatory as well as suppressive effects on allergic responses. In this review, we will discuss how parasitic infections change host responses, the consequences for bystander immunity and how this interaction influences clinical symptoms of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J McSorley
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathilde A M Chayé
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden Immunology of Parasitic Infections Group, Leiden University Medical Centre, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden Immunology of Parasitic Infections Group, Leiden University Medical Centre, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Schwartz C, Hams E, Fallon PG. Helminth Modulation of Lung Inflammation. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:388-403. [PMID: 29339033 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths must establish chronic infections to complete their life cycle and therefore are potent modulators of multiple facets of host physiology. Parasitic helminths have coevolved with humans to become arguably master selectors of our immune system, whereby they have impacted on the selection of genes with beneficial mutations for both host and parasite. While helminth infections of humans are a significant health burden, studies have shown that helminths or helminth products can alter susceptibility to unrelated infectious or inflammatory diseases. This has generated interest in the use of helminth infections or molecules as therapeutics. In this review, we focus on the impact of helminth infections on pulmonary immunity, especially with regard to homeostatic lung function, pulmonary viral and bacterial (co)infections, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwartz
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Emily Hams
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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16
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The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1076-1083. [PMID: 28926539 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunology of the hygiene hypothesis of allergy is complex and involves the loss of cellular and humoral immunoregulatory pathways as a result of the adoption of a Western lifestyle and the disappearance of chronic infectious diseases. The influence of diet and reduced microbiome diversity now forms the foundation of scientific thinking on how the allergy epidemic occurred, although clear mechanistic insights into the process in humans are still lacking. Here we propose that barrier epithelial cells are heavily influenced by environmental factors and by microbiome-derived danger signals and metabolites, and thus act as important rheostats for immunoregulation, particularly during early postnatal development. Preventive strategies based on this new knowledge could exploit the diversity of the microbial world and the way humans react to it, and possibly restore old symbiotic relationships that have been lost in recent times, without causing disease or requiring a return to an unhygienic life style.
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