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Recent metabolomic developments for antimalarial drug discovery. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3351-3380. [PMID: 36194273 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease that remains a global health issue, responsible for a significant death and morbidity toll. Various factors have impacted the use and delayed the development of antimalarial therapies, such as the associated financial cost and parasitic resistance. In order to discover new drugs and validate parasitic targets, a powerful omics tool, metabolomics, emerged as a reliable approach. However, as a fairly recent method in malaria, new findings are timely and original practices emerge frequently. This review aims to discuss recent research towards the development of new metabolomic methods in the context of uncovering antiplasmodial mechanisms of action in vitro and to point out innovative metabolic pathways that can revitalize the antimalarial pipeline.
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Narwal SK, Nayak B, Mehra P, Mishra S. Protein kinase 9 is not required for completion of the Plasmodium berghei life cycle. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Karpe AV, Hutton ML, Mileto SJ, James ML, Evans C, Shah RM, Ghodke AB, Hillyer KE, Metcalfe SS, Liu JW, Walsh T, Lyras D, Palombo EA, Beale DJ. Cryptosporidiosis Modulates the Gut Microbiome and Metabolism in a Murine Infection Model. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060380. [PMID: 34208228 PMCID: PMC8230837 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a major human health concern globally. Despite well-established methods, misdiagnosis remains common. Our understanding of the cryptosporidiosis biochemical mechanism remains limited, compounding the difficulty of clinical diagnosis. Here, we used a systems biology approach to investigate the underlying biochemical interactions in C57BL/6J mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Faecal samples were collected daily following infection. Blood, liver tissues and luminal contents were collected 10 days post infection. High-resolution liquid chromatography and low-resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry were used to analyse the proteomes and metabolomes of these samples. Faeces and luminal contents were additionally subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis of the acquired data illustrated altered host and microbial energy pathways during infection. Glycolysis/citrate cycle metabolites were depleted, while short-chain fatty acids and D-amino acids accumulated. An increased abundance of bacteria associated with a stressed gut environment was seen. Host proteins involved in energy pathways and Lactobacillus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were upregulated during cryptosporidiosis. Liver oxalate also increased during infection. Microbiome–parasite relationships were observed to be more influential than the host–parasite association in mediating major biochemical changes in the mouse gut during cryptosporidiosis. Defining this parasite–microbiome interaction is the first step towards building a comprehensive cryptosporidiosis model towards biomarker discovery, and rapid and accurate diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash V. Karpe
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; (A.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (K.E.H.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Melanie L. Hutton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.L.H.); (S.J.M.); (M.L.J.); (C.E.); (D.L.)
| | - Steven J. Mileto
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.L.H.); (S.J.M.); (M.L.J.); (C.E.); (D.L.)
| | - Meagan L. James
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.L.H.); (S.J.M.); (M.L.J.); (C.E.); (D.L.)
| | - Chris Evans
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.L.H.); (S.J.M.); (M.L.J.); (C.E.); (D.L.)
| | - Rohan M. Shah
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; (A.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (K.E.H.); (S.S.M.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Amol B. Ghodke
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Department of Horticulture, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- BIO21 Institute, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Katie E. Hillyer
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; (A.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (K.E.H.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Suzanne S. Metcalfe
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; (A.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (K.E.H.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Research and Innovation Park, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; (J.-W.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Tom Walsh
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Research and Innovation Park, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; (J.-W.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.L.H.); (S.J.M.); (M.L.J.); (C.E.); (D.L.)
| | - Enzo A. Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - David J. Beale
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; (A.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (K.E.H.); (S.S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3833-5774
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Chakrabarti M, Kannan D, Munjal A, Choudhary HH, Mishra S, Singh S. Chorismate synthase mediates cerebral malaria pathogenesis by eliciting salicylic acid-dependent autophagy response in parasite. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio054544. [PMID: 33268332 PMCID: PMC7774894 DOI: 10.1242/bio.054544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is the severest form of the disease resulting in the morbidity of a huge number of people worldwide. Development of effective curatives is essential in order to overcome the fatality of cerebral malaria. Earlier studies have shown the presence of salicylic acid (SA) in malaria parasite P. falciparum, which plays a critical role in the manifestation of cerebral malaria. Further, the application of SA for the treatment of acute symptoms in cerebral malaria increases the activity of iNOS leading to severe inflammation-mediated death, also called as Reye's syndrome. Therefore, modulation of the level of SA might be a novel approach to neutralize the symptoms of cerebral malaria. The probable source of parasite SA is the shikimate pathway, which produces chorismate, a precursor to aromatic amino acids and other secondary metabolites like SA in the parasite. In this work, we performed the immunological, pathological and biochemical studies in mice infected with chorismate synthase knocked-out Plasmodium berghei ANKA, which does not produce SA. Fewer cerebral outcomes were observed as compared to the mice infected with wild-type parasite. The possible mechanism behind this protective effect might be the hindrance of SA-mediated induction of autophagy in the parasite, which helps in its survival in the stressed condition of brain microvasculature during cerebral malaria. The absence of SA leading to reduced parasite load along with the reduced pathological symptoms contributes to less fatality outcome by cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Chakrabarti
- Host-Parasite Interaction & Disease Modelling Laboratory, Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Deepika Kannan
- Department of Life Science, Shiv Nadar University, Noida, UP 201314, India
| | - Akshay Munjal
- Host-Parasite Interaction & Disease Modelling Laboratory, Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Hadi Hasan Choudhary
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Satish Mishra
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Host-Parasite Interaction & Disease Modelling Laboratory, Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
- Department of Life Science, Shiv Nadar University, Noida, UP 201314, India
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Gupta R, Mishra A, Choudhary HH, Narwal SK, Nayak B, Srivastava PN, Mishra S. Secreted protein with altered thrombospondin repeat (SPATR) is essential for asexual blood stages but not required for hepatocyte invasion by the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:478-491. [PMID: 31755154 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Upon entering its mammalian host, the malaria parasite productively invades two distinct cell types, that is, hepatocytes and erythrocytes during which several adhesins/invasins are thought to be involved. Many surface-located proteins containing thrombospondin Type I repeat (TSR) which help establish host-parasite molecular crosstalk have been shown to be essential for mammalian infection. Previous reports indicated that antibodies produced against Plasmodium falciparum secreted protein with altered thrombospondin repeat (SPATR) block hepatocyte invasion by sporozoites but no genetic evidence of its contribution to invasion has been reported. After failing to generate Spatr knockout in Plasmodium berghei blood stages, a conditional mutagenesis system was employed. Here, we show that SPATR plays an essential role during parasite's blood stages. Mutant salivary gland sporozoites exhibit normal motility, hepatocyte invasion, liver stage development and rupture of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane resulting in merosome formation. But these mutant hepatic merozoites failed to establish a blood stage infection in vivo. We provide direct evidence that SPATR is not required for hepatocyte invasion but plays an essential role during the blood stages of P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Gupta
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Akancha Mishra
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Hadi Hasan Choudhary
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Narwal
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Bandita Nayak
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pratik Narain Srivastava
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Satish Mishra
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Verdaguer IB, Zafra CA, Crispim M, Sussmann RA, Kimura EA, Katzin AM. Prenylquinones in Human Parasitic Protozoa: Biosynthesis, Physiological Functions, and Potential as Chemotherapeutic Targets. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203721. [PMID: 31623105 PMCID: PMC6832408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parasitic protozoa cause a large number of diseases worldwide and, for some of these diseases, there are no effective treatments to date, and drug resistance has been observed. For these reasons, the discovery of new etiological treatments is necessary. In this sense, parasitic metabolic pathways that are absent in vertebrate hosts would be interesting research candidates for the identification of new drug targets. Most likely due to the protozoa variability, uncertain phylogenetic origin, endosymbiotic events, and evolutionary pressure for adaptation to adverse environments, a surprising variety of prenylquinones can be found within these organisms. These compounds are involved in essential metabolic reactions in organisms, for example, prevention of lipoperoxidation, participation in the mitochondrial respiratory chain or as enzymatic cofactors. This review will describe several prenylquinones that have been previously characterized in human pathogenic protozoa. Among all existing prenylquinones, this review is focused on ubiquinone, menaquinone, tocopherols, chlorobiumquinone, and thermoplasmaquinone. This review will also discuss the biosynthesis of prenylquinones, starting from the isoprenic side chains to the aromatic head group precursors. The isoprenic side chain biosynthesis maybe come from mevalonate or non-mevalonate pathways as well as leucine dependent pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Finally, the isoprenic chains elongation and prenylquinone aromatic precursors origins from amino acid degradation or the shikimate pathway is reviewed. The phylogenetic distribution and what is known about the biological functions of these compounds among species will be described, as will the therapeutic strategies associated with prenylquinone metabolism in protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi B. Verdaguer
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Camila A. Zafra
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Marcell Crispim
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Rodrigo A.C. Sussmann
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Porto Seguro 45810-000 Bahia, Brazil
| | - Emília A. Kimura
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Alejandro M. Katzin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7330; Fax: +5511-3091-7417
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Valenciano AL, Fernández-Murga ML, Merino EF, Holderman NR, Butschek GJ, Shaffer KJ, Tyler PC, Cassera MB. Metabolic dependency of chorismate in Plasmodium falciparum suggests an alternative source for the ubiquinone biosynthesis precursor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13936. [PMID: 31558748 PMCID: PMC6763611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The shikimate pathway, a metabolic pathway absent in humans, is responsible for the production of chorismate, a branch point metabolite. In the malaria parasite, chorismate is postulated to be a direct precursor in the synthesis of p-aminobenzoic acid (folate biosynthesis), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (ubiquinone biosynthesis), menaquinone, and aromatic amino acids. While the potential value of the shikimate pathway as a drug target is debatable, the metabolic dependency of chorismate in P. falciparum remains unclear. Current evidence suggests that the main role of chorismate is folate biosynthesis despite ubiquinone biosynthesis being active and essential in the malaria parasite. Our goal in the present work was to expand our knowledge of the ubiquinone head group biosynthesis and its potential metabolic dependency on chorismate in P. falciparum. We systematically assessed the development of both asexual and sexual stages of P. falciparum in a defined medium in the absence of an exogenous supply of chorismate end-products and present biochemical evidence suggesting that the benzoquinone ring of ubiquinones in this parasite may be synthesized through a yet unidentified route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lisa Valenciano
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States
| | - Maria L Fernández-Murga
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, 46026, Spain
| | - Emilio F Merino
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States
| | - Nicole R Holderman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States
| | - Grant J Butschek
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States
| | - Karl J Shaffer
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Peter C Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States.
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Choudhary HH, Gupta R, Mishra S. PKAc is not required for the preerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/3/e201900352. [PMID: 31142638 PMCID: PMC6545604 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutant salivary gland sporozoites lacking PKAc are able to glide, invade hepatocytes, and mature into hepatic merozoites, which release successfully from the merosome, however, fail to initiate blood stage infection when inoculated into mice. Plasmodium sporozoites invade hepatocytes to initiate infection in the mammalian host. In the infected hepatocytes, sporozoites undergo rapid expansion and differentiation, resulting in the formation and release of thousands of invasive merozoites into the bloodstream. Both sporozoites and merozoites invade their host cells by activation of a signaling cascade followed by discharge of micronemal content. cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (PKAc)–mediated signaling plays an important role in merozoite invasion of erythrocytes, but its role during other stages of the parasite remains unknown. Becaused of the essentiality of PKAc in blood stages, we generated conditional mutants of PKAc by disrupting the gene in Plasmodium berghei sporozoites. The mutant salivary gland sporozoites were able to glide, invaded hepatocytes, and matured into hepatic merozoites which were released successfully from merosome, however failed to initiate blood stage infection when inoculated into mice. Our results demonstrate that malaria parasite complete preerythrocytic stages development without PKAc, raising the possibility that the PKAc independent signaling operates in preerythrocytic stages of P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roshni Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Satish Mishra
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Review on Abyssomicins: Inhibitors of the Chorismate Pathway and Folate Biosynthesis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061371. [PMID: 29882815 PMCID: PMC6100094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifolates targeting folate biosynthesis within the shikimate-chorismate-folate metabolic pathway are ideal and selective antimicrobials, since higher eukaryotes lack this pathway and rely on an exogenous source of folate. Resistance to the available antifolates, inhibiting the folate pathway, underlines the need for novel antibiotic scaffolds and molecular targets. While para-aminobenzoic acid synthesis within the chorismate pathway constitutes a novel molecular target for antifolates, abyssomicins are its first known natural inhibitors. This review describes the abyssomicin family, a novel spirotetronate polyketide Class I antimicrobial. It summarizes synthetic and biological studies, structural, biosynthetic, and biological properties of the abyssomicin family members. This paper aims to explain their molecular target, mechanism of action, structure⁻activity relationship, and to explore their biological and pharmacological potential. Thirty-two natural abyssomicins and numerous synthetic analogues have been reported. The biological activity of abyssomicins includes their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria, antitumor properties, latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reactivator, anti-HIV and HIV replication inducer properties. Their antimalarial properties have not been explored yet. Future analoging programs using the structure⁻activity relationship data and synthetic approaches may provide a novel abyssomicin structure that is active and devoid of cytotoxicity. Abyssomicin J and atrop-o-benzyl-desmethylabyssomicin C constitute promising candidates for such programs.
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